A large round-headed tree, also called White Pine in Otago, and Silver Pine in Nelson, is not uncommon near Dunedin; it is probable that the male and female plants differ in their leaves, similar to the Kahikatea; the timber is valuable for boat-building. This plant is more like a Dacrydium than a Podocarpus. Flowers and fruit not seen.

Manoua (Dacrydium Colensoi). A small tree, found at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 feet, at Dunedin, and at the sea level on the west coast. Leaves of two kinds, spreading and imbricate. Wood close-grained and durable, but could not be found in any quantity.

Manoua (Dacrydium laxifolium), is a very doubtful species, being difficult to distinguish from the last.

Toa toa (Phyllocladus alpinus). Celery leaved Pine. A small tree, common on the central mountains, and at Dunedin on the top of the hills. Wood heavy, very durable, but could not be got in quantity. Bark used in dyeing by the Maoris.

Totara (Podocarpus nivalis). A mountain shrub resembling Totara, of no economic value.

Beeches. This is another ancient family of plants, having existed before the Brown Coal formation.

There are three species in Otago, chiefly confined to the western botanical region.

Red Birch of Otago, Black Birch of Nelson, Beech, etc. (Fagus Menziesi), a valuable timber tree, found from the sea level to 4000 feet altitude, sometimes attaining a diameter of 12 feet. Timber useful for many purposes.

Black Birch of Otago, Beech, etc. (Fagus fusca), another valuable timber tree, attaining a great size; most abundant on the central ranges up to 2000 feet. Good fence stuff.

White Birch of Otago, Beech, etc. (Fagus Solandri). This has the greatest distribution of the three. Wood white, soft, decays easily; and from having been used in some parts of the island, for bridges and telegraphic poles, has brought the family into bad repute.

Myrtle Family. Cook's Tea tree, Scrub Manuka, or Kahikatoa (Leptospermum scoparium). A very ornamental shrub, sometimes attaining a diameter of 18 inches. Wood red, hard, durable.

Manuka (Leptospermum ericoides). A large tree, attaining a diameter of 3 feet. Wood white or red, in old trees nearly black in the centre, sometimes variegated. It is generally used as firewood, piles, and fence stuff, but from its great breaking power, would be well adapted in building where great strenght and durability was required. Common at one time near Dunedin, but now nearly exhausted.

Iron Wood (Metrosideros lucida). Wood hard, heavy, and well adapted for knees in ship-building. Common in the western botanical region.

Myrtles (Myrtus Obcordata and peduculata). Two handsome shrub trees, common near Dunedin.

Some fine creepers, of the Metrosideros genus, are also found in the bush, with red or yellow flowers.

Ribbon Wood Family. Ribbon Wood (Plagianthus betulinus). A very ornamental tree, especially when in flower, being covered with small white flowers. Common at Dunedin. Wood soft, white, splits freely, but not durable. Flowers in October.

Ribbon Wood (Hoheria populnea var. angustifolia). A tree with all the beauties and faults of the last. Common near Dunedin. Flowers in January.

Ribbon Wood (Pennantia corymbosa). This tree and the two former, are often confounded, being very similar in general appearance, in soft, white, easily splitting, worthless wood; in the season, being covered with masses of small white fragrant flowers; and not very dissimilar in the leaves. Common near Dunedin. Flowers in December.

Ribbon Wood (Hoheria populnea var. cratœgifolia). A very ornamental tree, found on the west coast. Similar to the former, but with larger flowers.

Ribbon Wood, or Lace-bark tree (Plagianthus Lyalli). A very ornamental shrub tree, with large leaves and flowers. Common on the central ranges and west coast.

Mapau Family. White Mapau; Tarata (Pittosporum eugenioides). One of the most beautiful trees in New Zealand, grows to a comparatively large size in Otago, with a trunk 18 inches to 2 feet diameter. Leaves shining, silvery. Flowers in large pale yellow corymbs, very fragrant. The leaves, when bruised and mixed with fat, are used by the Maories, as a perfume. Wood soft, white, worthless. Bark exudes a resin.

Black Mapau, or Tipau (Pittosporum Colensoi). A shrub tree, very ornamental in contrast with the last, the whole tree very dark coloured. Flowers solitary, dark purple. Wood soft, white, worthless, 12 inches diameter.

Black Mapau, or Tipau (Pittosporum tenuifolium). A smaller-leaved species, probably a variety of the last; leaves smaller, pale green, shining. Wood soft, white, worthless, 12 inches diameter. Pittosporum rigidum, a straggling shrub of the west coast.

Aralia Family. Kaiwhiria (Panax simplex). A small, darkfoliaged, 1-foliolate shrub-tree. Leaves of young plants, and lower branches of old plants, 3-foliolate, sometimes deeply lobulate, when young (seldom so at Dunedin), slightly fragrant when bruised; this is probably only a variety of the next.

Raukawa (Panax Edgerleyi). A good sized tree at Dunedin, 18 inches-2 feet diameter, large shining leaves, 3-foliolate in the young plant, and deeply lobulate; leaves of lower branches of large trees retain the 3-foliolate form. Leaves fragrant, when bruised, and mixed with fat, used by the Maories as perfumery.

Panax anomalum. A small shrub found at Waikawa.

Panax lineare. A pretty little shrub, found on the west coast.

Horoeka (Panax crassifolium). A singular-looking plant in all stages of its growth. Three varieties are found at Dunedin, only distinguishable, in the young state, and method of inflorescence. Young plants with narrow rod-like stems, from 1–12 feet high, topped with a few reversed long linear leaves; the varieties having different markings and amount of serrations. The full-grown tree has a long naked trunk, 12 inches diameter, round headed, erect foliage, and half umbellate branches. Wood hard when dry.

Gum Tree (Panax Colensoi). A showy small tree, with large shining tri-foliolate leaves in all stages of growth. Wood soft, white, burns

well when dry. Bark exudes gum when wounded. Branches half umbellate.

Panax arboreum. A small tree, similar to the last, with 5-foliolate leaflets petioled, found on the west coast.

Paté (Schefflera digitata). A small tree, common everywhere in Otago. There is probably a variety of this plant in Auckland, as young plants there have the 7 leaflets deeply lobulate, which they never have in Otago. Wood soft, white, useless.

Lime Tree Family. Mako-mako (Aristotelia racemosa). A small, beautiful, quick-growing shrub-tree, with large leaves, and large panicled racemes of pink flowers and berries. Wood soft, white, light, makes pretty veneers.

Aristotelia Colensoi. A small shrub-tree, similar to the last, common on the Clutha.

Aristotelia fruticosa. A small Sub-alpine shrub, common in hilly districts.

Hinau (Elæocarpus dentatus). A large tree, with fastigiate branches, and a variety, with foliage in a round dense head, leaves also differing in length, and amount of recurved margins. Wood of both whitish, heavy, not durable.

Pokako (Elæocarpus Hookerianus). A large round-headed tree, near Dunedin; common also on the west coast. Young plants are very ornamental, differing entirely in foliage, till 4–6 feet high, often forming flat table-topped shrubs. Wood not durable.

Tutu Family (Coriaria ruscifolia, var). The plant known as Tutu, on the pasture lands of Otago, is a strong robust shrub 3–6 feet high, dying down to the ground every year. The roots creep and interlace below the surface, forming sometimes considerable masses of spongy wood, which, when dried, have been used as fuel.

In the spring, stems spring up from any part of the root, forming often a close growth, impenetrable to everything but pigs.

Tree Tutu (Coriaria ruscifolia). A small shrub-tree, with a trunk 6–8 inches diameter, growing often solitary in the bush. As this plant is only found in the shelter of bush, it may probably be the same as the last, although, as on the margins of the West Coast sounds, where the plants are numerous, each has an independent root.

Thyme-leaved Tutu (Coriaria thymifolia). The varieties of this are so numerous that it is difficult to determine the size of the species; a gradation of intermediate forms may be found between C. ruscifolia, and the small Alpine, 6 inches high.

Alpine Tutu (Coriaria angustissima). A very distinct species, found only in Sub-alpine localities, its branches are never arranged on planes, and the leaves are reduced to needles, the whole plant being similar to a bottle brush.

Legume Family. Kohwai (Sophora tetraptera, var. grandiflora). A splendid tree, with laburnum-like flowers, the trunk often attains a diameter over two feet. Var. microphylla is only found on the west coast; a small tree with weeping branches and few flowers. Wood valuable as fence stuff, being very durable, it is also prettily marked, and adapted for cabinet work. A remarkable variety of this plant is found in Marlborough Province, 6–12 inches high, spreading, and

covering patches of the ground, and so rigid that it may be walked upon.

Carmichællia crassicaulis. A most singular plant, from its grooved, cylindric stems, and leafless habit.

Carmichællia nana. A curious dwarf plant, found on grass river flats and on mountains, with rigid flat leaves.

Carmichællia grandiflora. This may be called the New Zealand Broom, being generally found with leaves. Habitat: the Lakes.

Carmichællia odorata. Old plants leafless, forming a mass of round rush-like branches.

Carmichællia flagelliformis. Found on the west coast.

Carmichællia juncea. Common on the Waitaki Valley, forming patches that might be mistaken for rushes.

Coprosma Family. Karamu. This is one of the most numerous and wide spread in the Province; many of them are very ornamental shrubs, forming in many places, the greater part of the scrub and undergrowth of the bush. Alpine species are also found a few inches high. The most ornamental found near Dunedin are:

Coprosma linariifolia. A shrub-tree, trunk 4–8 inches diameter. Bark rough, wood yellow.

Karamu (Coprosma robusta). With large shining leaves and red berries.

Coprosma rotundifolia. A pretty shrub 8 feet high. The distribution of the others will be given in the appended List.

Heath Family. This beautiful family has several fine representatives in Otago. The Gaultherias cover large areas of ground on the mountains, the fruit being eaten by the Kaka parrots. The Cyathodes genus are very ornamental; and the Dracophyllums, with their singular grass-like foliage, and racemes of waxy, white flowers, would prove fine additions to garden shrubbery; trunks sometimes attain a diameter of 12–18 inches. Wood soft, white, finely marked, making pretty veneers.

Veronica Family. Koromiko. One of the largest in Otago, and forming a prominent feature in the New Zeland Flora. Many of them are remarkable for great beauty, and novelty in their imbricated foliage. Some of the finest are Sub-alpine, and the family is well represented in Otago. (See List of Plants.)

Composite Family. This, the largest family of plants in the world, retains their proportion in Otago. The principal are, Tupari (Olearia operina). Trunk 6–8 inches diameter, very ornamental, found only on the west coast, but grows well at Dunedin, transplanted.

Olearia nitida. A very ornamental shrub-tree, with showy fragrant white flowers. Trunk 12–18 inches diameter; wood white with yellow markings.

Olearia dentata. A very ornamental small tree, when in flower covered with white fragrant blossoms. Trunk 2–3 feet diameter. Wood white with yellow markings.

Olearia ilicifolia. Very similar to the last.

Ake ake (Olearia avicenniœfolia). A very ornamental shrub-tree, covered with white, fragrant blossoms, in the season. Trunk 6–12 inches diameter. Wood finely marked with yellow and brown streaks, makes pretty veneers.

Olearia moschata. An ornamental shrub, as also

Olearia nummularifolia.

Olearia Hectori. A very ornamental shrub-tree, covered in season with white blossoms, of a strong, peach fragrance; common between the clutha and Mataura Rivers, and in the Wanaka Lake district.

Olearia virgata, with several varieties, which probably pass into the last; extreme form, with needle-shaped leaves, found at Dunedin. These varieties form in many places a large part of the scrub.

Cotton plant (Celmisia). Several of this numerous genus would make pretty additions to the garden. Celmisia coriacea, from its abundance on the Lammerlaw Ranges, might be used in the manufacture of paper, having a large amount of fibrous material on the back of the leaves.

Cassinia. The species of this genus are widely distributed, forming the greater part of the hill scrub, everywhere common round Dunedin.

Ozothamnus. Some of the species would be very ornamental on garden rock-work, as they are very pretty in their natural state, creeping over stones.

Puheritaiko (Senecio rotundifolius) and S. elœagnifolius, are very ornamental shrub-trees, having large leathery leaves, covered on the back with white wool.

Lily Family. Cabbage-tree (Cordyline australis). A beautiful tree, especially when in flower. Trunk 1–3 feet diameter, dividing about 10 feet from the ground, into 3 to 4 main branches, which fork into lesser ones, each ultimate branch terminating in a large bunch of swordshaped leaves, flowers from dense oval masses, 12 inches or more long. The juice of the roots contains a small quantity of sugar, and the whole plant, being fibrous, might be used in the manufacture of paper.

Cordyline indivisa. This species has only one head of leaves, which are longer and broader than the last; found only on the west coast of the South Island.

Flax (Phormium tenax). The next in importance of the Lily family. The variety most common in Otago is a large-leaved plant, on rich wet soil, but probably inferior on that account as a fibrous material. The Tihore, or silky flax, cultivated in the North Island by the Maories, is a finer-leaved variety, and having long narrow rounded and twisted drooping capsules, might be introduced to Otago, if fine silky fibre was essential. The Otago variety would no doubt be valuable in the manufacture of paper or rope.

Astelia nervosa, A. Solandri, and a small swamp species, A. linearis, are found in Otago, but seldom on trees. The two former are common on the ground, near Dunedin, forming large flax-like tufts, of long linear leaves, with three stout ribs.

Anthericum Hookeri. Very abundant near Dunedin, in paddocks, flowers in long yellow spikes; leaves with a strong odour when bruised.

The Liane Group (Climbers). There are several very ornametal plants in this group belonging to differnt genera. They are found everywhere, climbing trees, rambling over rocks, and interweaving shrubs; sometimes on open ground, twisting and forming masses of interlaced stems of themselves.