In the first instance we find that the Moa-hunters had numerous cooking places amongst these dunes, situated often closely together, which after use became filled up to some extent by the refuse of their feasts, whilst very often a larger heap of broken bones, egg-shells; etc., had been thrown a few feet from the oven, an observation made also at the Rakaia.

The following sections from that locality will, better than words can do, convey a clear insight into their principal features.

Section 7 (Pl. II.) taken about 4 chains from the entrance of the cave, and 1 chain north of the Sumner road, proves clearly that there exists a clear line of demarcation between the Moa-hunters' and shell-fish eaters' deposits.

After examining a bed on the surface, which contained the same species of shells as we obtained from the upper deposits of the cave, I had the sands below them excavated for about 2 feet, when we came upon the remains of a cooking oven, big boulders, charcoal, and near and above it a distinct layer of kitchen middens, which consisted of Moa-bones, the larger ones all broken, and some of them calcined; there were also some of smaller birds, of which those of the spotted shag (Graculus punctatus) were the most numerous; the crested penguin, the large kiwi, and the grey duck being also represented.

Besides them, bones of the dog, which appears to have been also a favourite dish of the Moa-hunter, a tympanic bone of a ziphoid whale and some seal bones were obtained.

Section 8 (Pl. II.), on the other hand, shows convincingly how in many instances the intermixture of the two series of kitchen middens has taken place. It is evident that in that locality, without doubt by rain and wind, a portion of the dunes upon which the refuse heap of the Moa-hunters had been deposited, had become partly destroyed, and that the same spot had afterwards been used as a camping ground by the shell-fish eaters, their kitchen middens having been thrown over the side into a hollow, thus covering as it were unconformably the former deposits of human occupancy.

In none of the clearly defined refuse deposits of the Moa-hunters were any marine shells found, but in one locality a few pieces of our fresh-water mussel (Unio aucklandicus) were discovered, probably used for domestic purposes, but, as before observed, in many instances the line between both series could not be drawn, and it appeared clear that the sands having been blown away, the kitchen middens of the older and newer occupants became not only intermixed, but even that the same boulders which were collected for their ovens by the Moa-hunters might have been used by the shell-fish eating population also.

Owing to the great extent of the area, it was utterly impossible to open up all the ovens occurring there, as this would have been beyond the means at

my command; however, sufficient ground was examined to show that the smaller species, Meionornis didiformis and Euryapteryx rheides were obtained most frequently, whilst Euryapterix gravis was also well represented.

Of Meionornis casuarinus, which was the most numerous species at the Rakaia encampment, only a few bones were observed both in the cave and on the sand hills, which suggests that in the hunting grounds, where the older occupants of that locality obtained their food, this species, so very plentiful near the Rakaia, must have been of rare occurrence.

Portions of the shells of several Moa-eggs were also collected, of which the greater part of one was lying on the surface close to the Sumner road.

The seal bones found so numerously in the older kitchen middens belong to several species, of which the larger fur seal is best represented, the small fur seal not being so frequent.

As will be gathered from the accompanying list, I obtained numerous stone implements, of which three adzes in good preservation were polished, and fragments of eleven others, together with nine pieces of gritty sandstone, used for sharpening or polishing. Of the former, one of the specimens was found immediately above the stones having formed one of the ovens, the others being scattered amongst the kitchen middens, and as this occurrence is a confirmation of the observations made in the cave, there is no doubt that the Moa-hunters used both polished and unpolished stone implements.

A number of small pieces of obsidian were also found, of which some were probably used as spear heads. Most of the rude chipped stone implements, like those collected in the cave, had been made from the basaltic rock in the neighbourhood, most of them were simply flakes without any decided form, but amongst them I observed a few manufactured for spear heads; others had evidently been chipped to be used as knives or scrapers, the rest being cores only.

Flint implements, so well represented at the Rakaia, were also not missing, but with the exception of about a dozen, which were either used as spear heads or knives, the rest were flakes or cores.

Of the remarkable green siliceous deposit (Palla) found in the Gawler's Downs, two small flakes were also amongst the specimens here collected. Two pieces of Moa-bones, partly worked, were secured, having doubtless been in preparation for the manufacture of fish-hooks, with them two ornaments made of the humerus of an albatross were found, neatly cut off to a length of about 1 inch, and resembling the heitikis used by the Maoris, in which the feathers of the tui, or small birds are inserted, and suspended from the neck. As already stated, we picked up also some tympanic bones of whales amongst the refuse heaps, so that it is evident that the use of this bone, for some purpose,