have a craze for the making of species on the slightest provocation. Still, any one who would imagine the Homoptera to be a small or unimportant order would be much mistaken. Coccids are but one family of that order, and have only been really studied for some thirty years; but of that alone nearly seven hundred species are now known (1892), and scores of others are sure to be discovered every year. The Aphids, Psyllids, and Aleurodids have as yet been scarcely touched; the Cicadids and other families are constantly receiving additions. It would probably not be an exaggeration to estimate that there are from twenty to thirty thousand species of Homoptera existing in various countries, not more than a seventh of which, perhaps, have been made known to science up to the present day.

There would seem to be a quite sufficient field here for the entomological student. As regards New Zealand, I have myself described eighty species of Coccids, four of Psyllids, and five of Aleurodids, all of which may be considered as indigenous, besides several exotic introduced species. Certainly the two last families, and probably the first, are still more largely represented in this country, and nobody has yet made any investigation of the Aphids. I hope therefore that ere long the New Zealand Homoptera will receive the attention to which their importance clearly entitles them.

It is satisfactory to note that since 1870 the number of homopterologists has been steadily increasing. At that time, with the exception of Signoret, Lichtenstein, Bouché, and Fitch, scarcely anybody studied the order. Now the workers are numerous, either as collectors or describers, and they are spread all over the world. In Europe excellent work has been done by Douglas, Morgan, Löw, Newstead, Buckton, Targioni; in America, by Riley, Howard, Koebele, Comstock, Coquillett, &c.; in India, by Atkinson, Cotes, Nietner, Green; in Australia, by French, Olliff, Tepper; and in New Zealand I have received great help from Messrs. Raithby, Smith, and others. Some of these have turned their attention chiefly to that very important branch, the economic relations of the Homoptera to agriculture; others confine themselves to the purely scientific side of entomology. But the result is that the order is being better studied every year, and I look forward to the time when it will receive its due share of attention in New Zealand also.

The following pages contain notes upon several insects already described, and also descriptions of more than thirty new species. The majority I owe to an occurrence which deserves particular mention. It will be remembered that after my publication in 1878 of an account of Icerya purchasi that pest became so obnoxious in various countries that uni-

versal attention was drawn to it. My late friend Mr. Crawford, of Adelaide, was the first to discover the “natural enemy,” in the shape of a rather large parasitic fly, which he called Lestophonus iceryœ. The pest having become exceedingly injurious in California, the United States Agricultural Department at Washington, which is presided over by scientific experts, determined to leave no stone unturned to put a stop to the damage, which was being done to the extent of millions of dollars, and threatened to increase. An officer of the department, Mr. Albert Koebele, was sent to Australia in 1888 to procure supplies of the Lestophonus from Mr. Crawford, for the purpose of introducing them into California. Calling on his way at New Zealand, where, in the North, Icerya, was dreadfully prevalent, Mr. Koebele was fortunate enough to find a much better enemy to Icerya, in the form of Vedalia cardinalis, one of the Coccinellidœ (ladybirds), and, recognising at once the full importance of this insect, he carried away with him to California a large number of Vedalia, with the result that in two or three years' time that State was practically cleared of Icerya, and its fruit industry saved. Since then Vedalia has been sent about the world wherever Icerya prevails, with a similar good result in every case.

The foregoing is perhaps only a “twice-told tale,” known to many people, although even so it cannot be too often repeated. The public of New Zealand are not so well acquainted with the sequel. The Washington Department, finding that Mr. Koebele's first trip had been so successful, despatched him on a second journey to Australia and New Zealand, “on a search for beneficial insects.” The State of California appropriated 5,000 dollars towards his expenses; the department supplemented the sum as required. The object this time was not to fight against Icerya, but to obtain the natural enemies of other insect pests very injurious to fruit and other trees, such as Aspidiotus aurantii on orange and lemon, or Lecanium oleœ on various plants. Mr. Koebele reached New Zealand in October, 1891, spent a day or two with Mr. Wight and Mr. Cheeseman in Auckland, stayed also a day or two with me in Wellington, passed on to Australia, where he remained till July, 1892, and then returned to California. During this time he was successful in discovering a large number of parasitic insects and in despatching supplies of them to America. I have not yet heard what is the final result of his journey. We can only hope that it will be as useful as in 1888.

As far as regards myself, I am indebted to Mr. Koebele for, as stated just now, a large number of the insects referred to in this paper, whether new species or known insects from

new localities; and I am greatly obliged to him for permission to describe them here. But the people of New Zealand owe to him and to the Agricultural Department of Washington a greater debt. For, on this his second journey, recognising perhaps that he received Vedalia practically from New Zealand, he attempted to repay us as far as possible by introducing into this country some of the insects known to be very useful in America. His first port of call being Auckland, he at once came into communication with Mr. R. Allan Wight, so well known in the colony as an excellent economic entomologist, and immediately placed in his charge, or, rather, liberated in conjunction with him, several parasitic insects. Of course, these being let loose, it is not possible yet awhile to say positively whether they have made much impression against our various pests; yet I understand from both Mr. Koebele and Mr. Wight that they very quickly set to work, and seemed quite ready to acclimatise themselves, and that in all probability their introduction will be, as far as it goes, successful. The importance of this fact will be readily recognised when it is stated that they included some ladybirds, which are special enemies to what we call the “American apple-blight” (Schizoneura), some Syrphidœ, and some Neuroptera (lacewings), enemies to all sorts of aphides and blights, and some larvæ of Raphidia, which feed greedily on codlin-moth. Surely, as I said just now, the people of New Zealand owe a debt to the American scientists who have thus tried to help them.

The introduction of these insect friends is, as I said, satisfactory as far as it goes. I mean by this that, of course, Mr. Koebele on this occasion could not bring a sufficiently large supply; and perhaps it may be a very long time (even with the experience of Vedalia before us) ere any beneficial results are visible. But, besides the kindly feeling which prompted Professor Riley and his colleagues in America to send us these things, they have taught us a lesson which I fear will be thrown away. The appropriation, mentioned above, of the Californian State Legislature is surely an example which the Parliament of New Zealand might profitably follow. And the visit of Mr. Koebele, and his well-meant gift, point out to us the necessity (if, indeed, some of us had not seen it before) of some real and practical work being done in New Zealand to help the farmer and the fruit-grower. From every part of the colony come frequently-repeated complaints. Hessian-flies, bot-flies, codlin-moths, wireworrns, grass-grubs, snails, aphis blights, scale-insects, all sorts of pests riot and flourish in every district and in every orchard; and they do so because those who have most at stake make no thorough efforts to prevent them. What is required is an Agricultural Depart-

red colour of the pellicles, and in the fact that the puparium is almost always very brittle, falling off in the centre, and leaving only a ring with the pellicles exposed. Mr. Olliff has sent me the same insect on Hakea saligna, Sydney.

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Mr. Morgan did not describe the male of his species. I have the male of var. propinqua, which is dark-red, pupating under a white elliptical non-carinated puparium. Length of the insect, exclusive of the spike, about 1/50in. The feet are rather thick; the ten-jointed antenna is normal.

Aspidiotus aurantii, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., 1878, p. 199. Asp. coccineus (Gennad.), Maskell; Scale-Ins. of N.Z., p. 42.

This species is not confined to the orange. I have received it from Australia on Eucalyptus, on pear and plum, and on Laurus nobilis and Buxus sempervirens. Mr. Cockerell has sent me specimens from Jamaica on Lignum vitœ, and informs me that in that island it does not seem to attack citrus trees. Mr. D. W. Coquillett states that in California it is found on many plants, the most important of which seem to be rose, pear, grape, and Eucalyptus.

In my experience the puparia of A. aurantii differ slightly according to the food-plant. On orange and lemon there is a rich, fat, juicy appearance about the puparium, which is reddish-brown. On Eucalyptus, Laurus, Buxus, and Lignum vitœ the puparia are lighter-coloured and more solid. Mr. Coquillett, who, like all the American observers, refers to the species as the “red scale,” mentions (U.S. Dept. of Agric. Entom. Bulletin No. 23, p. 36, 1891) an insect to which he gives the name “yellow scale (Aspidiotus citrinus)” occurring on orange-trees in California. I do not know where the description of this species is to be found, or in what the species differs from A. aurantii.

Aspidiotus eucalypti, Maskell. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, 1887–88, p. 102. Plate XI., figs. 1, 2.

I have received specimens of this species from New South Wales (Mr. Koebele) on Casuarina sp. Although the puparia were covered with much black fungus, the characteristic deep groove of the female insect was clearly present. I regret that in the illustration of this insect in the South Australian Transactions (pl. xii., fig. d) this feature is not properly shown, and I have thought it well to give a fresh figure with this paper. A similar groove, though deeper, occurs in A. articulatus, Morgan, 1889; but that species differs sufficiently in other respects.

The epidermis of A. eucalypti is very distinctly marked with great numbers of minute lines which resemble closely

several males, and subjoin their description, which is not given by Comstock.

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Male puparium white, narrow, flattish, indistinctly carinated; length about 1/30in.

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Adult male yellow, of the normal Diaspid form; length of body about 1/50in. Antennæ of ten joints. The abdominal spike is almost as long as the body of the insect.

My specimens are from Mr. Koebele, on palm, Australia, and also on Leptospermum sp., growing apparently close to the palms.

Fiorinia syncarpiæ, sp. nov. Plate XI., figs. 14, 15.

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Females not excreting any definite and separate puparium, but congregated in numbers under a general mass of thin, whitish, curling, cottony threads, in which the yellow oval pellicles appear scattered. The two pellicles form an elliptical, somewhat convex, scale; length of second pellicle about 1/50in. When viewed by transmitted light it is seen that at each end of the oval scale there are antennæ and a rostrum; it would seem, therefore, that in the metamorphosis from the larval stage the insect becomes reversed, and also that the second-stage female preserves her antennæ. No abdominal lobes are to be made out on the second pellicle.

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Male puparium rather more definitely formed than that of the female; form subcircular, flattish, consisting of loose white cottony fibres; average diameter about 1/30in. Pellicle of larva central, yellow.

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Adult female brownish-yellow, elongated; length about 1/70in. Abdominal margin deeply serrated and irregular, terminating in two conspicuous median lobes separated by a depression, with one smaller lobe on each side. The median lobes are prolonged into scaly processes with deeply-serrated extremities, and on the other lobes, and here and there on the margin, are smaller similar scales, and also a few spiny hairs; the whole abdominal region has thus a very irregular and jagged outline. No groups of spinnerets, but a few scattered single ones. The rostral setæ are very long, and consist of six separate tubes.

Male pupa elongated-oval, the abdomen terminating in two median rectangular lobes with foliated extremities, and one very small lobule at each side; several scaly hairs on the margin. Towards the end of the pupal stage the rudimentary eyes, antennæ, and wings may be detected in process of formation.

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Adult male brown, presenting no special features; length of body about 1/40in. The abdominal spike is rather more than half as long as the body.

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to the margin; and the lateral irregularities may sometimes be resolved into seven or eight indistinct tuberosities. Diameter of test variable: specimens observed range from 1/11in.

The test of the second stage appears to be similar to that of the adult, but smaller; it is very difficult to make out the lateral tuberosities, which sometimes seem to be only five.

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Test of the larva in its latest period before the first metamorphosis whitish, waxy, stelliform, having usually eight lateral radiating processes and a dorsal convex mass of wax: average length of the whole about 1/40in.

Adult female extracted from the test yellowish-brown or dark-brown; subcircular, convex above and concave beneath; form normally Lecanid; anal cleft small, lobes triangular, each bearing a short seta; anal ring with six strong hairs. At the cephalic extremity there is a dorsal elevation or tuberosity, which bears several small subconical papillæ. Antennæ of six joints, of which the third is much the longest. Feet nearly atrophied, short, thick; tarsus very short, claw small, digitules slender knobbed hairs. Rostrum rather large; mentum monomerous. On the margin, near the four spiracles, is on each side a patch containing one large thick conical spine and about twenty other smaller ones. Dorsal epidermis bearing some small circular spinneret-orifices.

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Larva dark-yellow, flattish, elongated, distinctly Lecanid. Eyes large, brown. Antennæ of apparently six joints, but the fourth and fifth are not easily separable. Length of insect in this stage about 1/80in. at first, increasing to about 1/50in. with age.

Male unknown.

Hab. On Mangifera indica (mango), and on Ficus (F. macrophylla ?), the Moreton Bay fig, Brisbane, Australia. Mr. Koebele sent me several specimens.

I have ventured to consider this as a new species, although I am not sure that it is not at least closely allied to C. myricœ, Linn., a species originally from the Cape of Good Hope on Myrica cerifera; and, indeed, my first idea was to attach it to that species, the latest description of which (as far as I know) is given by Fabricius (Ent. Syst., 1794, iv., 227). But, after careful consideration, I find that C. myricœ is not only white in colour towards the edges (the centre being reddish), but also convex—“vertice obtuse acuminatus”—and that the margin bears seven distinct tuberosities. The flat vertex and agglomerated margin of C. rubens do not answer to such a description, and I therefore place it as a separate species, subject of course to future correction.

The wax of C. rubens dissolves readily in potash: on cooling it recoalesces, and I have always found it lose its red colour and become white.

Ceroplastes ceriferus, Anderson. Plate XII., figs. 11–16.

Test of adult female white or yellowish-white, waxy, convex, thick; frequently agglomerated in large masses covering the twigs of the food-plant. Separate individuals may range in size from ⅕in. to ½in. Marginal tuberosities not distinguishable, though the margin is sometimes slightly flattened and irregular. The apex of the test is sometimes produced in a short pointed horn, not erect, but bent over the test. The wax is rather soft and greasy.

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Test of the second stage slightly convex, elliptical; colour greyish-white; median dorsal region usually smooth, separated by a shallow depression from the marginal region, which exhibits eight tuberosities, three on each side and two terminal. Average length of test about 1/7in.

Adult female brown, very convex, elliptical, hollow beneath. Form Lecanid; but the anal cleft and lobes are not easily made out, being contained in a conspicuous cylindrical “tail,” or prolongation of the abdomen. Antennæ of six joints, of which the third is much the longest. Feet rather thick, but not at all atrophied; tibia scarcely longer than the tarsus; upper, or tarsal, digitules slender knobbed hairs, lower pair on the claw rather long, thick, and expanded at the end. Rostrum rather large; mentum doubtfully dimerous. Near the spiracles, on each margin, is a group containing eight large conical spines and about twenty-four smaller ones. Epidermis bearing many circular spinneret-orifices. When the “tail” is subjected to the action of potash and subsequent pressure it is seen to contain at its extremity the abdominal lobes and the anogenital ring, which has six rather strong hairs.

Female of the second stage brown, elliptical, slightly convex. Form Lecanid, exhibiting the normal cleft and lobes; there is no “tail,” but the region surrounding the lobes is thickened. Antennæ and feet as in the adult, but the feet are more slender. The margin bears a row of fine spiny hairs, and four spiracular groups of large conical spines. There are many small circular spinnerets on the epidermis.

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Larva yellow, elliptical, flattish; length about 1/70in. Form normally Lecanid, the anal lobes bearing long setæ. Antennæ thick, with six rather confused joints.

Male unknown.

Hab. In Australia, on Melaleuca hypericifolia, Myrica cerifera, and other plants; in India, on Celastrus ceriferus, and on the Assam tea-plant, Kangra Valley. My Australian specimens were sent to me by Mr. Koebele and Mr. Olliff; the Indian ones are from Mr. Cotes.

I have given a detailed description here of this insect

Lecanium hesperidum, auctorum.

Mr. Douglas and Mr. Newstead, in the Ent. Mo. Magazine for September, 1891, p. 244, make some observations regarding this species and its distinction from L. lauri, Boisduval. They give a comparison between the two, based on certain differences observed in the feet, for, as they remark, “the antennæ in both kinds do not appreciably differ.” Dr. Signoret (Essai, p. 230) expressed doubts whether the two were not really identical, but the conclusion of Messrs. Douglas and Newstead is that the characters of the feet are sufficiently distinct to separate the two species.

In one of the numbers of “Insect Life” (I cannot just now mention the particular number) Professor Riley asked the question whether the true L. hesperidum exists in New Zealand. The question only came in incidentally, if I recollect aright; but presumably its meaning was that probably our New Zealand form might be L. lauri; and, considering that it occurs here upon a large number of plants, notably ivy, holly, and the different kinds of Laurus, and that citrus trees are uncommon in the colony except in the North, the question was a very natural one.

Mr. Koebele sent to me from Sydney, early in the present year, some leaves of orange infested by a scale very closely resembling L. hesperidum, but larger and lighter-coloured than our New Zealand form; and Mr. Olliff later on sent twigs of the same plant infested by the same scale. I have taken the opportunity of comparing carefully the Australian and the New Zealand forms, and the result is that I am unable to establish a sufficient specific difference between L. hesperidum and L. lauri. I take no account of size or colour in the two—the rich juices of citrus naturally, as I think, induce the insects feeding thereon to be larger and handsomer than those on the hard food of holly or ivy—but I have confined myself to the characters of the feet. I find that the characters as tabulated by Mr. Newstead (Ent. Mo. Mag., Sept., 1891, p. 245) are indiscriminately noticeable both in my specimens (five) examined on citrus, and in the specimens (eight) examined on holly, laurel, &c. Thus, the Australian specimens have short tarsal digitules, two fine terminal tarsal hairs, two coxal hairs—characters of L. lauri; and one very long hair on the trochanter—a character of L. hesperidum. The New Zealand specimens have long tarsal digitules, a long trochanter hair, and coxa hairless—characters of L. hesperidum; and two terminal tarsal hairs—a character of L. lauri.

The conclusion, therefore, would seem to be that either L. hesperidum lives on laurel, ivy, holly, and other plants in New Zealand, whilst L. lauri attacks citrus in Australia—thus

reversing the European arrangement—or else the two species are identical. The latter alternative is that which induced me to report L. hesperidum alone in 1878 and 1887 in New Zealand, and which seems to me still to be correct.

Lecanium tessellatum, Signoret. Sign., Essai, p. 231. Plate XIII., fig. 1.

This insect, which, from its flatness and viviparous habit, belongs to Signoret's first series of the genus, is characterized especially by “a marquetry pattern on the epidermis, in which each separate section is unlike the one next to it, but quite similar to the similarly-situated section on the opposite side.” Each side, therefore, of the body seems quite irregularly marked, but the two sides are symmetrical. The insect is reddish-brown, flat, rather acuminate anteriorly and broadly rounded posteriorly. The markings are not to be clearly made out until after treatment with reagents. Length about ⅛in.

Hab. In Australia, on Laurus nobilis, Sydney. My specimens are from Mr. Koebele. Signoret reports the insect as on palms in hothouses in Europe.

Lecanium acuminatum, Signoret. Sign., Essai, p. 227. Plate XIII., figs. 2, 3.

Adult female yellowish-brown, flat, acuminate at the cephalic extremity and very broadly rounded posteriorly. Length about ⅛in. Antennæ of seven joints, of which the fourth is the longest, the fifth and sixth the shortest. Tarsus about half as long as the tibia. The epidermis bears a large number of circular marks, each with a central clear space.

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Female of second stage broadly elliptical, flat, yellowish; length about 1/30in. Antennæ of six joints.

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Larva yellowish-brown, flat, broadly elliptical; length about 1/30in.

Male unknown.

Hab. In the Sandwich Islands, on guava (Psidium sp.). Sent by Mr. Koebele.

I do not doubt my identification of this species. Signoret (whose specimens were on hothouse orchids in Paris) does not mention the dermal markings.

Lecanium anthurii, Boisduval. Signoret, Essai, p. 265.

I have received from Mr. French specimens of an insect on Asparagus sp., Melbourne, which appear to me to belong to this species, which belongs to Signoret's fourth series, being very convex, with a dermal pattern of oval marks, not conjoined, and with a median clear space in each. The colour is brown. The original species occurred in Europe on a hothouse orchid.

Lecanium filicum, Boisduval. Signoret, Essai, p. 436. Plate XIII., fig. 4.

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Adult female semiglobular, with a flattened margin; colour reddish-brown; diameter about 1/13in. Epidermis exhibiting regular oval markings. Antennæ of eight joints. Tarsus showing a distinct articulation with the tibia. Body frequently carinated.

Female of the second stage flattish, elongated-elliptical.

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Larva yellowish, flat, elliptical. Length about 1/70in.

Hab. In Australia, on a fern, probably Lomaria sp., Tweed River. Sent by Mr. Koebele.

Signoret (and after him Douglas) separates this species from L. hemisphœricum, which it very closely resembles, by the carinations of the dorsum. I am not sure, however, that the distinction is quite satisfactory. The frond of fern which I received was covered with great numbers of individuals, and whilst some of them exhibited carinations others did not. It is not likely that the two species are mingled on the plant, and, as about half the specimens were not quite smooth, I have felt compelled to place them as L. filicum.

Lecanium depressum, Signoret. Sign., Essai, p. 269.

Adult female reddish-brown, darkening with age to nearly black; form elliptical, more or less convex; length variable from ⅛in. to ¼in. Antennæ of eight joints, of which the third is the longest. Feet rather long; tarsus almost as long as the tibia. Epidermis marked with many cells of irregular shape, closely conjoined and forming a “marquetry pattern”; in the middle of each cell is a small oval clear spot. At the very latest stage, when the insect is darkest in colour, the cells cannot be seen until after treatment with potash.

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Female of the second stage light-brown, flattish, elliptical; length about 1/16in. Antennæ of six joints. Dorsum frequently, but not always, exhibiting one longitudinal and two transverse carinæ.

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Larva brown, flat, elliptical; length about 1/50in. Antennæ of six joints.

Hab. In New Zealand, not common, on various greenhouse plants; in Australia, on Hakea sp., on “cultivated vine,” and on an unnamed plant, Sydney and Tweed River; and in the Sandwich Islands, on Psidium (guava) and Bambusa (bamboo). Mr. Olliff sent it to me on Hakea; my other exotic specimens are from Mr. Koebele.

I reported this insect in New Zealand in 1878, and after examination, and comparison with the Australian and Sandwich Islands specimens, I have no doubt of its identity. Signoret was the first to describe it in detail, although Targioni had previously given it its name. In Signoret's description he

says that, whereas his specimens in hothouses at Paris exhibited dorsal carinæ, those from hothouses in Italy had dorsal depressions. It is clear that in this respect the insect varies, and the dorsal marquetry is really the distinguishing character of it. Targioni's name—L. depressum—must, of course, be retained, though the feature to which it refers is of no value. Mr. Douglas reports the species (Ent. Mo. Mag., 1887, p. 28) in England on Ficus. The second stage and larva have not been described hitherto.

Lecanium longulum, Douglas; Lecanium chirimoliœ, Maskell, 1889.

This insect occurs in the Sandwich Islands, and is there apparently common; for Mr. Koebele brought me thence several plants upon which I found it plentiful—e.g., Psidium, Bambusa, Acacia, Citrus, and several unnamed.

I mentioned in 1890 my conviction of the identity of this species with mine from Fiji; and comparison with these specimens from Honolulu confirms that opinion.

Lecanium scrobiculatum, sp. nov.Plate XIII., figs. 5–7.

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Adult female brownish-yellow, elliptical; very convex in the median region and slightly flattened towards the margins, having thus a sort of dorsal “hump”; length about 1/13in. Epidermis rough, with a network of minute wrinkles on the flatter portions, forming small cell-like divisions; smoother on the dorsal convexity, but marked there with many very minute pit-like depressions. Antennæ of seven joints, of which the third and fourth are the longest, and about equal to each other. Feet rather thick; tarsus as long as the tibia; claw very small; all the digitules appear to be very short. On the margin of the body is a row of small spiny hairs, not set close together. At each of the four spiracular depressions of the margin is a chitinous semicircular band, which bears some short club-shaped spines. Abdominal cleft small; lobes large, conical, setiferous; anogenital ring with many hairs.

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Female of the second stage yellow, elliptical, flattish, but with a raised median longitudinal ridge; length about 1/18in. Epidermis wrinkled as in the adult, but the pits on the median region are not noticeable. Antennæ of six slender joints; the third and fourth joints in the specimens observed were very long and thin. Feet normal. Spiracular spines long. A row of spiny hairs runs round the margin of the body.

Larva not observed.

Male pupa covered with a white, thin, glassy, elongated test, very shiny and brittle. Many of the specimens observed enclosed hymenopterous parasites, the pupæ of which, showing

ters exactly as he stated them, my species would not come quite into Prosopophora: for example, he says, “Surface with granulose raised lines; no anal cleft or tubercles.” But the first of these is of no generic importance whatsoever; it may be a fair specific character: the second is manifestly not quite correct, as in his fig. 1f he shows two distinct tubercles. It is therefore not only convenient, but even necessary, to somewhat amend the generic characters; and this being done I can avoid the danger of overloading the study of Coccids with a new genus founded upon insufficient distinctions.

Mr. Douglas, having seen only one species, expresses much doubt as to the group in which Prosopophora should be placed. My two Australian species (or varieties) clearly show it to be Acanthococcid, and not far removed from Planchonia: indeed, I have hesitated long before separating it from that genus. There seems, indeed, to be no marginal fringe on the test or sac; but the adult female exhibits figure-of-eight orifices which, though much smaller, resemble those of Planchonia epacridis.

Prosopophora acaciæ, sp. nov. Plate XIV., figs. 1–7.

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Adult female covered by a waxy test; test elliptical, slightly convex, smooth, yellowish-brown; length about 1/7in.; margin irregular, but without fringe; there is a small orifice at the posterior extremity. When the test is lifted up the portion of the twig immediately beneath is seen to be depressed and concave, and the space so formed is usually filled with eggs or eggshells.

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Male pupa covered by a white, waxy, elliptical test; length of test about 1/23in. Anterior portion of test smooth, the posterior region transversely corrugated.

Adult female brown, filling the test, but shrivelling at gestation. Antennæ very short, rather thick, with apparently only four joints, but the joints are much confused, and there may be six; the last joint bears a few hairs. Feet atrophied, very small and thick, the tibia and femur confused, the tarsus very small and very short, followed by a minute claw; digitules probably absent. Anal tubercles moderate, each bearing two or three spiny hairs. The epidermis bears a great number of tubular cylindrical spinnerets, and many very minute figure-of-eight orifices. On the margin there are a few conical spines and a double row of very small figure-of-eight orifices.

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Female of the second stage brown, flattish, elliptical; length about 1/30in. Antennæ of six rather thick joints. Anal tubercles large, converging at the extremity so as almost to exhibit an abdominal cleft, but close examination shows that there are no dorsal lobes, and that the abdomen is not Lecanid; on each tubercle there is a long terminal seta.

dorsal opening in the sac; but this opening is not, I think, constant, and in no case does it reduce the sac to anything like a mere cushion. The insect is practically enclosed. The six hairs of the anogenital ring are abnormal, the generic number being eight; but, as I remarked in my paper of 1890 (vol. xxiii., p. 32), the student of Coccids must be prepared to look on any character as elastic and variable. The distinctive specific feature of E. turgipes is the peculiar form of the feet; and I have found in preparing a number of specimens for microscopic examination that in all cases they assumed the position shown in my figure—they radiate like spokes of a wheel, whereas in other Coccids they are naturally bent downwards. The outline of the insect being circular, the six feet are placed at equal distances, so that the anterior pair are in front of the rostrum, the posterior pair very far towards the anal tubercles. Perhaps, also, the very long sixth joint of the larval antennæ may be looked on as an exceptional character.

Eriococcus coriaceus, sp. nov. Plate XV., figs. 1–3.

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Sac of adult female varying in colour from light-yellow or buff to dark-orange or red; form elliptical; sometimes single, sometimes aggregated in masses on a twig. Texture very leathery and tough. There is a small orifice at the posterior extremity. Length about 1/15 in.

Sac of male pupa of similar material and colours, but smaller.

Adult female dark-red, filling the sac. Antennæ of seven subequal joints, which in a few specimens seen appear like eight. Feet normal, the tibia about half as long as the tarsus. Anal tubercles moderate; anogenital ring with eight hairs. Epidermis bearing many fine short hairs and short slender spines. Mentum dimerous.

Female of the second stage not observed.

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Larva red, flattish, elliptical; length about 1/15 in. Form normal; antennæ of six joints; anal tubercles conspicuous.

Adult male unknown.

Hab. In Australia, on Eucalyptus sp. Specimens from Mr. Olliff, New South Wales.

This species, in the form of its sac and in the antenna, approaches E. eucalypti, Mask.; but the sac has no glassy tubes on it, and the body of the insect has slender hairs instead of the thick conical spines of that species. It is viviparous, and several specimens seen were so full of lively larvæ that it seemed a wonder how these could find room.

Eriococcus coriaceus, sp. nov. Plate XV., figs. 4–6.

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Sac of adult female yellow, not closely felted, subglobular;diameter about 1/10in.

mens have antennæ of seven joints, but otherwise agree with the type, and the antennal difference is not important. The buff-coloured meal covering the dorsum readily distinguishes the species at first sight.

Dactylopius ericicola, sp. nov. Plate XV., figs. 10, 11.

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Adult female varying in colour from dark-brown to red; subglobular, with the ventral surface concave at gestation; accompanied, but not covered, by grey or dirty-white cotton, which is frequently aggregated in masses; length of insect about 1/20in. Antennæ of seven joints, all subequal except the last, which is as long as any two others. Feet moderate; digitules fine hairs. Anal tubercles very minute and inconspicuous; anogenital ring with six hairs. Epidermis very minutely wrinkled, and bearing some circular spinneret-orifices and some conical spines.

Female of the second stage not observed.

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Larva brown, rather elongated and slender; length about 1/80in. Antennæ rather thick, with six joints, subequal except the last, which is longer than any two others. Feet also thick. Mentum dimerous.

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Adult male dark reddish-brown; length about 1/20in. Antennæ of ten joints, all rather thick and subequal. Feet rather long and slender. Abdominal spike very short; setæ very long.

There is usually much black fungus accompanying this insect, and it is also much infested by a minute yellow hymenopterous parasite.

Hab. In Australia, on Erica autumnalis. My specimens are from Mr. French.

I am under the impression that Erica autumnalis is not a native of Australia, and consequently the insect here described may not be Australian, but perhaps imported there from the Cape of Good Hope. I cannot identify it with any known species, though it comes nearest to D. globosus, Mask., from which it differs by not being covered by its cotton, and in the characters of the epidermis.

Dactylopius nipæ, sp. nov. Plate XV., figs. 12–15.

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Adult female dark-red in colour, flattish, subcircular; diameter about 1/30in. exclusive of the cotton; excreting on the dorsum whitish or yellowish cottony meal, and all round the margin subcylindrical tassels of yellowish cotton, which are sometimes equally long all round, sometimes longer posteriorly; the dorsal meal is often arranged in rows in little granular masses. Antennæ of either seven or eight joints, of which the last is much the longest, the third and the penulti-

mate slightly longer than the rest. Feet rather long, of normal form; lower digitules very slightly dilated. Anal tubercles very minute and inconspicuous; anogenital ring with six hairs. Mentum trimerous. Epidermis with many very minute circular spinneret-orifices. Margin bearing some conical spines not set close together; and some more of these spines are scattered on the cephalic region.

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Female of the second stage purplish-red, elongated, flattish; length about 1/40in.; not covered with cotton, but with sparse white meal on the dorsum and a few cottony tassels at the posterior extremity. Antennæ of six joints.

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Larva purplish-red, flattish, elliptical; length about 1/50in. Antennæ of six rather thick joints, the last much the longest, the rest subequal. Anal tubercles very small, convergent, bearing moderate setæ.

Male pupa enclosed in white cotton; usually aggregated in masses on the leaf.

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Adult male brownish-red; length about 1/40in. Wings not iridescent. Antennæ of ten joints, the third, fourth, and tenth longer than the rest. Dorsal eyes two, ventral eyes two, ocelli two. Abdominal spike short and very broad at the base, having the appearance of two basal lobes with a conical process. Feet moderate; at the extremity of the tibia are several strong spines.

Hab. In Demerara, on an aquatic palm, Nipa fruticans. My specimens were sent to me by Mr. J. W. Douglas, who has allowed me to describe the insect here.

In outward appearance this resembles rather a Ripersia, from the character of the cottony processes of the adult female; but, some specimens showing seven and others eight joints in the antennæ, I attach it to Dactylopius. I believe it to be quite distinct.

Dactylopius eucalypti, Maskell. N.Z. Trans., vol. xxiv., p. 35.

The specimens of this insect which Mr. Crawford sent to me a few years ago were clustered between sheets of bark in a mass of cotton, mingled with larvæ and males. I have lately received from Mr. W. W. Froggatt, of Sydney, a large number on leaves of Eucalyptus robusta. These specimens agree entirely with my South Australian types as far as regards the anatomical characters of the antennæ, feet, and anogenital ring, and also the feathery fringe of the larva; but instead of secreting cotton they are naked, each resting in a pit or depression in the leaf which exactly corresponds to its outline. As these specimens were sent to me in alcohol I am unable to say whether in nature they would have any cotton or not; but in any case the point is not important in view of the ana-

segments short and compressed. Length about ⅕in. The epidermis is very hard and solid, and resists the action of potash even after prolonged boiling. The antennæ are almost completely atrophied, and are exceedingly difficult to detect, being placed close to the anterior margin, where the skin is darkest and hardest, so that it is only by very careful search that they can be seen at all; they are roundly conical, composed of apparently three or four joints much confused; there are a few terminal hairs. Feet entirely absent. Anal tubercles absent; the anogenital ring is difficult to examine owing to the hardness of the epidermis; it is simple and hairless. The abdominal extremity is truncate. Epidermis bearing great numbers of minute fine hairs dorsally, and on the ventral surface on each segment at each side is a group of small elliptical orifices placed close together

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Female of the second stage brown, slightly convex and elongated; length about 1/12in.; the cephalic region large and the abdominal segments small, as in the adult; posterior extremity truncate. Antennæ close to the cephalic margin, small, conical, atrophied as in the adult, with three or four confused joints. Feet absent. The anogenital ring seems to have six slender hairs. Epidermis bearing great numbers of circular spinneret-orifices. Margin having a few slender spines, which are more numerous on the abdominal segments.

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Larva red, with white cottony meal; elongated, flattish; length about 1/40in. The form is narrow and looks disproportionately long. Antennæ rather long, with six joints, of which the sixth is much the longest and largest, the third, fourth, and fifth the shortest and subequal. Feet moderately long; the tibia and tarsus are about equal; the digitules are fine hairs. Abdominal extremity slightly truncate; anal tubercles very small or absent; terminal setæ normal; anal ring with six hairs. Margin with a few cephalic slender spines and one on each side of each abdominal segment. Mentum dimerous.

Male unknown.

Hab. In Sandwich Islands, on bamboo. Specimens sent from Honolulu by Mr. Koebele.

This is a very peculiar and striking insect, which I cannot place elsewhere than in this genus. It is one of the most difficult with which I have had to deal, as regards the various organs, on account of the excessive hardness of the epidermis. Yet I believe that the account here given of it is sufficiently correct.

Sphærococcus inflatipes, sp. nov. Plate XVII., figs. 1–5.

Adult female covered by a waxy test, which is open beneath, convex above; the dorsal region of the test is elevated in a more or less conical manner, sometimes smoothly

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rounded, sometimes with the sides corrugated as if with radiating buttresses; the marginal region is spread out rather flat, but often wrinkled, and the margin itself is usually slightly thickened. The normal outline of a test is subcircular or elliptical, but sometimes three or four have the margins conjoined and as if forming one mass. At the dorsal apex there is a small orifice. Colour of the test yellowish- or reddish-brown; the external diameter averages about 1/20in. When the test and the insect are removed a small slightly-depressed scar is left in the bark, covered with very thin white meal. Between the test and the dorsum of the insect, and not closely attached to either, there is a small, circular, thin, white, waxy indusium, which covers the central portion of the dorsum. The female insect is reddish-brown, filling the test; diameter about 1/30in.; the dorsal region is rather darker than the ventral; the body is rather thick, subcircular, and slightly depressed. Antennæ slightly tapering, of six short subequal joints, on the last of which are some longish hairs. At first sight there seem to be only two feet, but on examination it is found that the four anterior ones are much smaller and shorter than the posterior pair, which thus appear abnormally large. The four anterior feet are themselves rather swollen, the joints rather thick and wrinkled; the claws are not large, and I can only make out the tarsal digitules; on the trochanter is a long hair. The posterior feet, though large, have not entirely the swollen appearance of the others, and the joints are less wrinkled, but the claw is atrophied and can only be made out with difficulty; tarsal digitules rather long fine hairs, the lower pair absent. The dorsal region bears a very large number of irregularly-elliptical cells, amongst which are some fine spiny hairs; and round the margin is a ring of subconical rather thick spines, those at the posterior extremity being the longest and largest. The ventral epidermis bears fine spiny hairs interspersed with some small circular orifices. The mentum appears to be dimerous. Anogenital ring rather large, simple, hairless; close to it there seem to be two very short setæ.

Female of second stage and larva not observed.

Male unknown.

Hab. In Australia, on Eucalyptus sp. Specimens sent by Mr. French from Myrniong, Victoria. The pieces of bark forwarded are covered with numbers of the little brown tests. I think the normal appearance of the bark would be smooth and light-grey, but the Coccids look like an eruption of pustules on the surface. Mr. French tells me that the insect does much damage to the trees.

I cannot put this insect into any other genus than Sphœrococcus at present. Only one Coccid is known to me so far

this “at least half as big again” as those described by me last year. Those in my own cabinet are sufficiently startling, especially when one compares them with some of the minute, almost invisible, Diaspids. The insects alive in their native locality must be worth seeing; and I should greatly like to investigate them there, and to see the males.

Cœlostoma australe, Maskell. Trans. of Linnæan Soc. of New South Wales, 1890, p. 280.

A characteristic feature of the male of this species is the long brush of white glassy filaments springing from the abdominal extremity. Having received from Mr. Koebele a large number of pupæ, each enclosed in a mass of white cotton, “found on the ground amongst Eucalypts, between leaves, and under pieces of stick, bark, &c.,” I have been enabled to watch the process of hatching, and the growth of the caudal “brush.” The pupa itself is light-red, elongated and somewhat slender, showing rudimentary wings and feet. On emergence therefrom the adult male is also light-red, the body very soft, and the wings flabby and weak. The colour deepens gradually, and the wings expand and become strong; it appears to be a couple of days before the insect acquires its full deep-red colour of the body and nervures. At first there is no sign of the caudal brush, the filaments of which commence to grow after five or six hours, and take two or three days before they reach their full development. Sometimes, when fully grown, the brush forms quite a wide fan of filaments; at other times the filaments are more parallel. I have kept twenty or more of these males in a glass-covered box for more than a fortnight before they died.

This is not the only Coccid male which exhibits a caudal “brush”—a similar feature exists in Orthezia urticœ, Linn., and in Callipappus westwoodii, Guérin, both of them European insects. But the females of these differ from Cœlostoma in possessing rostra, and Orthezia also has only eight joints in the antennæ, and belongs therefore to the Dactylopidœ.

Cœlostoma rubiginosum, sp. nov. Plate XVII., figs. 7–11.

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Adult female dark reddish-brown in colour, but covered with great numbers of short, slender, semi-waxy filaments of lighter colour, the whole producing an effect like rusty iron. Body elongated, thick, much wrinkled but not distinctly segmented, and the margin shows as a ridge running round the insect. Length variable, specimens seen from 1/3in. to 2/3in. Antennæ of eleven joints, subequal and tapering; each joint has some short spiny hairs. Feet rather long; the tibia and tarsus are both much curved; the claw is slender, and the articulation with the tarsus not apparent; digitules absent;

Monophlebus crawfordi, var. levis: Female varying in length, from ¼in. to ½in.; colour yellowish-red, with longitudinal bands of purple; antennæ of nine joints, of which the last is rather longer than any of the others; feet only scantily spinous; epidermis bearing only very few short fine hairs, many circular spinneret-orifices, and great numbers of short subconical spinneret-tubes; no long anal seta.

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Monophlebus crawfordi, var. pilosior: Female varying in length from 1/3in. to 2/3in.; colour brick-red, with longitudinal and transverse bands of brown, giving it a trellis-like appearance dorsally; antennæ of nine joints, the last rather longer than any of the others; feet strongly spinous; epidermis very thickly clothed with strong hairs, and having only a few circular spinnerets; a long white seta protrudes from the abdominal extremity.

I do not lay any stress upon the differences of size in these varieties; nor do I think that the variation in colour of the last is sufficient to be specific. Possibly, when the males of var. levis and pilosior may be discovered they may differ so much from the type as to be quite separate; but they are not as yet known.

Monophlebus fuscus, sp. nov. Plate XVIII., figs. 1–4.

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Adult female brown in colour, elongated, active, distinctly segmented; length averaging in the specimens seen about 1/5in. Antennæ short, rather thick, not conical, of seven joints, of which the third is the longest, the rest subequal. Feet with several hairs, but only moderately spinous; two very short fine digitules. Epidermis bearing many slender hairs, many circular spinneret-orifices, and some short subconical spinnerettubes.

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Larva brown, elongated-oval, flattish, active; length about 1/25in. Body covered with numbers of rather thick spiny hairs; on the margin is a row of short thick tubular spinnerets, each terminating with a thickened edge (probably twelve on each side), and from these spring very long, radiating, slender, glassy threads, which are exceedingly brittle. Antennæ slender, of five joints, the last forming a large fusiform club; all the joints bear hairs, but none of these are very long. Anal tubercles small, setiferous.

Male unknown.

Hab. In Australia, on Eucalyptus sp. My specimens were sent by Mr. Koebele from New South Wales.

I should have hesitated a long time to consider this as a distinct species, on account of the seven-jointed antenna, which suggested an immature condition, had it not been that

is more solid than the dorsal cotton, and is quite conspicuous. At gestation the insect forms beneath it an ovisac of usually rather yellow cotton, the abdominal region becoming raised up; this ovisac in all the specimens observed was very short, scarcely extending beyond the abdomen, yet it was clearly complete and mature, for larvæ emerged from it during three weeks that the insects were under observation, and its dimensions did not increase; the cotton exhibits slight longitudinal corrugations. The antennæ are of ten joints, very slightly tapering; the three first and the last are the longest and subequal, the others rather short and subequal. The feet are rather strong and thick, but present no special features. Epidermis bearing numbers of large circular multilocular spinneret-orifices interspersed amongst the long black hairs; but observation of several specimens did not show any tubular spinnerets or glassy tubes. Observation has also failed to show from what special organs or orifices on the dorsum the columnar pencil of cotton is produced. The mentum is trimerous.

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Female of the second stage red, rather darker than the adult, covered with patches of yellowish cotton; form elliptical, slightly convex; length about 1/18in. Antennæ of eight subequal joints, slightly tapering. Epidermis covered with long black hairs and multilocular spinnerets, as in the adult; the marginal hairs form little tufts, one on each side of each segment. At the abdominal extremity are six rather long setæ.

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Larva red, with dorsal and marginal rows of small tufts of yellow cotton. Length about 1/30in. Form subelliptical, tapering posteriorly. Antennæ of six joints, subequal except the last, which is a large elongated club, and bears four very long hairs. Abdominal extremity without anal tubercles, but bearing six very long setæ with tubercular bases. Feet long and slender. Dorsal epidermis bearing four longitudinal rows of circular spinnerets, also a row on each margin, and similar rows of fine black hairs.

Male pupa not observed.

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Adult male dark-red, the feet and antennæ black. Length of body about 1/15in., expanse of wings about 1/9in. Antennæ of ten joints, of which the first two are short and tubercular, the rest long and slender, and each constricted in the middle; on each joint after the second are two rings of long hairs. Eyes prominent, semiglobular, numerously facetted. Abdomen terminating in a short, straight, conical spike, and with two long cylindrical processes, on the ends of which are several long setæ. Wings dark-grey, the nervures red; and there are two longitudinal whitish narrow bands.

Hab. In Australia, on Leptospermum lœvigatum. Mr.

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twig. The normal form of a test is subcircular, rather convex; the colour is yellowish-brown; the diameter would average about 1/6in. if separated at full growth. The centre of the dorsal portion is occupied by a small elongated narrow red or purple lamina of wax transversely corrugated, and evidently the remains of the test of the early second stage; from this to the margin radiate a number of narrow ridges and depressions which give a corrugated appearance to the whole test; at the posterior extremity of the small central lamina there is a minute orifice. When detached from the twig the underside of the test is seen to be nearly solid, with a small orifice in the middle, so that the insect is almost entirely enclosed. The female insect is dark-red, of the normal globular form of the genus prolonged posteriorly in a short subcylindrical “tail.” Antennæ and feet absent. The usual large spine is present just above the abdominal process. The lac-tubes are, as usual, situated on the thoracic region; they are prominent, subcylindrical, and bearing groups of excretory glands. The body of the insect is very inconspicuously segmented, and on each margin of a segment is a group of very small subcircular spinneret-orifices.

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Female of the second stage covered by a waxy test which at first is elliptical and very slightly convex, but later becomes subcircular, with a central small elongated and narrow corrugated lamina from which depressions radiate to the margin; these depressions are comparatively more conspicuous than in the adult test, producing a more deeply corrugated appearance. Usually the median region is reddish or orange-coloured, the marginal corrugations whitish or yellowish; but the difference between a late second test and an early adult are not easy to make out. These second-stage tests average about 1/25in. in diameter in the early stage. The enclosed insect is at first elongated-elliptical, gradually assuming a subglobular form; colour red. I have not been able to satisfy myself as to the antennæ or feet; but probably both are absent.

I have not observed any larvæ after emergence; but in some adult specimens examined there were a great number of embryonic larvæ; these were red, elliptical, tapering posteriorly, the abdomen ending in two divergent and conspicuous anal tubercles, each bearing a long seta and some short hairs. The antennæ and feet were not sufficiently developed for observation.

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Male pupa covered by a test of red or yellowish-red wax. The form of the test is elongated-elliptical, convex above, the median region moderately rough and frequently simulating the form of the elliptical segmented enclosed pupa; the margin is corrugated as in the case of the female. Length of the test about 1/20in. At the posterior extremity there is a flat hinged