Go to National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa
Volume 33, 1900
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Art. LIV.—The Bite of the Katipo.

[Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 15th January, 1901.]

The short paper I have to lay before you is, I fear, devoid of any great scientific interest. Its only merit lies in the fact that, as far as I can ascertain, no proper account has ever been given of the exact effects of the bite of a katipo (Latrodectus katipo). I fear, though I will try to be as little technical as I can, the description of this case must be tinged with medical terms. Any such terms I will with pleasure explain afterwards if it is deemed necessary.

On the 29th November, 1900, D. H. came to me from Petone. He stated that he had been collecting drift-wood on the beach, and while doing so he felt a sudden sharp pain on

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the back of his left hand. On looking at his hand he found a red spider making its escape across the skin. He immediately killed the spider, bringing me the remains. There was no doubt the animal was a katipo. I saw the patient, who was aged eighteen, about three hours after the bite. He staggered into my consulting-room, and whilst showing me his hand, and explaining how its present condition came about, fainted. He recovered after applying restoratives. I then examined his hand. Though the bite had occurred only three hours before there was acute cellulitis (inflammation of the soft tissues) all over the back of the hand, spreading up into the forearm. The point where the bite had been made was the seat of most acute inflammation. The lymphatics up the arm on its extensor surface were red, and standing out like cords as far as the elbow. The glands at the bend of the elbow were enlarged and very painful. The axillary glands were painful, but not enlarged. The interesting part of the case, however, was the general condition of the patient; as I stated, the man fainted when he came to see me. I may say that he had come in by train and driven to my house, so that no undue exertion had been used. The heart's action was irregular and feeble in the extreme. The pupils of the eye were dilated, and acted badly to light and accommodation. There was some involuntary muscular twitching, chiefly of the face and of the left-arm muscles. The knee-jerks were almost absent. The arm-reflexes had entirely gone, both superficial and deep. The man felt sick, and his tongue was dirty. His temperature was 101° Fahr. He had relatives in Wellington, and I sent him straight home to bed, visiting him an hour later. I then found the inflammation in the left hand had greatly increased, and he was delirious, with a temperature of 103° Fahr. I at once administered ether, and made several deep incisions on the dorsum of the left hand down to the bone, and, as the back of the forearm was œdematous, I made two further incisions there. They all bled freely, which bleeding I did not stop. All the incisions were dressed with antiseptic double cyanide gauze soaked in 1-in-40 carbolic. The next morning the patient was quite rational, the heart's action was much stronger, and the local inflammation had greatly subsided. From this time onwards he made an uninterrupted recovery.

The points of interest are, first, the intensity of the local inflammation. In this case had the man used a knife freely when bitten, caused copious bleeding, and then sucked the wound he probably would have escaped with very little further trouble; but, instead, he left the bite alone. The local effect of the bite was not unlike that of a scorpion, though not by any means so severe. The acute nature of the cellulitis

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coming on in so short a time shows that the poison must be an irritant of a very powerful order. The second point is that while the poison has powerful local it has a very marked general effect. The enfeebling of the heart's action, the weak pulse, delirium, and general debility show that, besides the irritant, there is a second ingredient which acts upon the body as a whole.

In most of these poisonous animals, particularly in snakes, such as cobras, a body known as an albumose has been isolated from their poison, which has been shown to be, at any rate, one of the causes of the poisoning. I cannot help thinking that in the case of the katipo the element which brings on such acute general symptoms, as distinct from the local, is of the nature of an albumose. I took the trouble to collect about a tablespoonful of the blood which came away from the incisions in the inflamed tissue. The blood was very watery and contained far less than its proper amount of red corpuscles—a sign of albumose poisoning. Further, it would not coagulate easily, which is yet another sign. I separated off the albumens from the blood and tested for albumoses, of which there are three. I was enabled to find a large quantity of deutero-albumose in the specimen—a quantity far in advance of anything one would expect to find in the blood, even in a case of cellulitis. On such evidence it would not be safe to say that deutero-albumose is one of the factors in the poison; it would be necessary to extract the poison from the animal and examine it chemically first. I only point out as a curious coincidence that, whereas in snake-bite albumoses are found in their poison, in the blood which came from the tissues immediately affected by the bite of the katipo there was an excess of an albumose present. I may say that the tests for an albumose are very definite. On adding cold nitric acid after other albumens have-been coagulated by saturation with ammonium-sulphate, albumoses are precipitated in the cold from the filtrate and dissolve up again on heating, reappearing on cooling. Further, they give a pink colour with the so-called biuret reaction. These results were obtained in this case.

As to the general treatment of the patient, I gave him digitalis, ether, and ammonia, to support the heart's action. Surgical measures are, however, of by far the greatest value. Free incision and sucking the wound is the best remedy.

In conclusion, I must apologize for the very slight nature of this paper.