II.—Zoology.

Cylichna striata, Hutton. Figs. 1, 2.

Cylichna striata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z., p. 52 (1873); Cat. Tertiary Moll. and Echin. N.Z., p. 16; Manual N.Z. Moll., p. 120; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xviii., p. 346. C. arachis, Hutton, “Macleay Memorial Volume,” p. 37 (not of Quoy and Gaimard). C. striata, Hutton, “Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ,” p. 69 (not striata, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), vol. xv., p. 319, pl. 59, figs. 11, 12).

The types of this species are in the Colonial Museum. I have been unable to examine them, but Mr. C. Freyberg kindly did so at my request. They appear to be in good condition, sculptured with longitudinal growth-periods distinctly marked, but a total absence of spiral striæ; in fact, agree perfectly in all characters with the Whangaroa Harbour examples, of which there is a good series.

Pilsbry, when dealing with the specimens he had received from New Zealand, evidently had some doubts as to whether they were the true striata, remarking that the measurements given by Hutton indicated a much smaller form than his specimens. In addition to the larger size of his specimens, the measurements prove that they were of a more narrow, slender form. I have no doubt they were C. arachis, Quoy and Gaimard, with which the description agrees very well indeed. Examples of the latter species from New Zealand (I have only seen two) appear to be rather more minutely spirally striate than those from Port Jackson.

The figures and following description of C. striata is derived from the Whangaroa specimens: Shell short, subcylindrical, thin and white; last half-volution with a lightly concave appearance, more noticeable on approaching the lip. Sculptured with numerous well-marked longitudinal growth-periods, irregularly spaced. The crown concave, with a deep and moderately broad axial perforation. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow above, expanded and effuse below; the inner wall with a very thin callus. Columella thickened, slightly twisted, anteriorly rapidly declining, giving it an almost truncated appearance. In the juvenile stages the columella is usually more gently sloping; the crown with the same crater-like concavity, but the axial perforation shallow; the outer lip almost straight. Dimensions of largest specimen: Length, 3.8 mm.; breadth, 1.87 mm.

It is perhaps nearest to C. pygmœa, A. Adams, from Australia, but this species is adorned with well-marked somewhat distantly spaced spiral striæ.

Clathurella epentroma, n. sp. Figs. 3, 4.

Shell small, narrowly fusiform, the spire slender. Colour light reddish-brown or dull-chestnut. Whorls 5½, rounded or obscurely angled above the periphery, adorned with fine spiral and longitudinal sculpture, the latter strongest. Sutures deep. Protoconch of about one and a half whorls, strongly angled, and with four smooth narrow revolving riblets, the posterior minute and situate near to the suture; the apical half-turn obliquely curved down and somewhat imbedded in the succeeding whorl. The last whorl rather longer than the spire. Adult sculpture: The longitudinals number fifteen to sixteen small riblets on the last whorl, equal to or rather wider than the interspaces, and usually less developed on the anterior end; they are continuous in some, irregular in others. The spirals consist of undulating delicate riblets and threads. On the spire-whorls there are two, and on the last seven or eight slightly stronger; of these the four posterior are more widely spaced, two are above the outer lip and one in line with it; frequently forming beads on crossing the longitudinals. Within these spaces there are, on that adjoining the suture, four or five threadlets, sometime irregular in size; on the succeeding three spaces, usually three threadlets in each, the median one frequently strongest. Anterior to this the interspaces with one to three threads. The old beaks sometimes forming short irregular riblets. Aperture of medium breadth, less than half its length. Outer lip simple, the posterior sinus shallow. Columella lightly curved, the anterior canal short and broad. Length, 5.73 mm.; breadth, 2.11 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

This is a very beautifully sculptured little shell. The spirals on the anterior portion of the last whorl are somewhat variable in number and strength. The lightly angular appearance of the spire whorls in some individuals is due to the more prominent spirals being rather more pronounced; the spaces on these whorls are similarly adorned to the posterior portion of the last.

Clathurella epentroma, Murdoch, var. whangaroaensis, n. var. Fig. 5.

Differs from the typical form in the whorls being strongly angled, spire somewhat turrited, and the principal spiral riblets much more pronounced, but similarly placed. Colour, number of whorls, and protoconch the same as typical. Longitudinal ribs fourteen on the last whorl, equal to or narrower than the interspaces. Spirals—on the spire whorls two, and on the last four or five, prominent and forming beads on crossing the longitudinals.

In addition there are on the anterior end a few more crowded and rather smaller. The interspaces with spiral strlæ, four or more, usually minute, sometimes almost microscopic. Outer lip with usually five well-marked sinuations corresponding to the principal spirals, posterior sinus shallow. Length, 6.83 mm.; breadth, 2.5 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

This form appears to somewhat approach Mangilia connectans, Sowb.,^* from South Australia.

Mitromorpha suteri, n. sp. Fig. 6.

Shell small, fusiform, somewhat thin, with fine spiral and usually somewhat obsolete longitudinal riblets. Colour light reddish - brown, sometimes a pale band around the periphery, occasionally a narrow darker band at the sutures. Whorls 5, lightly rounded, the last longer than the spire. Protoconch of two whorls, somewhat globose, smooth and polished, the apical turn oblique to the succeeding whorl. Sculpture: The penultimate whorl with six to seven and the last with sixteen to twenty spiral riblets, seven or eight of which are in front of the aperture; they are slightly variable in strength, some in breadth equal to the interspaces, others rather narrower; also an occasional small thread here and there arises in the interspaces. Longitudinals irregular, low and rounded, more distinct on the spire, frequently obsolete. The growth striæ irregular, somewhat marked, and frequently cutting up the spirals into minute gemmules. Sutures impressed, usually margined with a wider riblet. Aperture somewhat narrow, rather longer than the spire. Outer lip thin, a little flattened; the posterior sinus broad, well marked. Columella almost straight, concave and lightly callused; the canal short and broad. Length, 4.56 mm.; breadth, 1.70 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

At first glance this species might easily pass for a Columbella. From M. substriata, Suter, it is at once distinguished by its colour and much stronger spiral sculpture. It appears to be nearest to M. subabnormis,^† Suter, the latter characterized by the well-developed oblique longitudinal riblets. Suter described this species as Clathurella, but it would appear to be more in harmony with Mitromorpha.

I have much pleasure in associating with this species the name of Mr. Henry Suter, of Auckland.

Drillia lyallensis, n. sp. Fig. 7.

Shell small, fusiform, rather solid. Colour light or dark brownish-red, or somewhat purple (slightly beach-worn specimens). Whorls 6–6½, rather flattened, spire with a lightly turrited appearance, apex smooth; last whorl much longer than the spire, with eleven or twelve low, strong, rounded and slightly oblique ribs, rather wider than the interspaces, obsolete on the anterior half and usually on approaching the outer lip. Spiral sculpture consists of minute striæ, erased upon the ribs, a few at the anterior end stronger, and frequently several rough irregular ridges the remains of the old beaks. Sutures impressed, somewhat deep. Aperture narrow. Outer lip slightly thickened, the posterior sinus near to the suture and moderately deep. Columella lightly curved, not heavily callused; the canal short, broad, and slightly twisted. Length, 12 mm.; breadth, 4.56 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Lyall Bay (Mr. C. Freyberg).

This species is not uncommon in shell sand, but in the majority of specimens the finer sculpture is totally erased. Most examples show prominent scars, flexures repaired during the life of the animal. Of the five specimens before me, three are pierced by a carnivorous mollusc, and, strange as it may appear, each in exactly the same spot—a little above and to the left of the outer lip. In sculpture the species most resembles Clathurella sinclairi, Smith.

Cerithiopsis sarissa, n. sp. Figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, narrow, and tapering to a slender point, adorned with spiral and slightly weaker longitudinal riblets which form gemmules on the lines of intersection, base smooth. Colour light or dark brown, somewhat shining; the sutures of the anterior whorls, fourth spiral on the last, and base dark-purplish. Whorls 11–12, sutures deep. Apical whorls without sculpture; the succeeding with three spiral and numerous slightly oblique longitudinal riblets forming rows of gemmules. On the anterior whorls the sutures are margined with a minute beaded riblet; this gradually strengthens, and on the last whorl forms a fourth spiral, with the beading less marked than on the rows immediately above; beneath this a shallow groove, thence gently curved to the columella, and curving obliquely around the latter is a minute ridge which terminates at the canal. Of the three spiral rows of gemmules the two anterior are the largest, and about equal to the interspaces. The gemmules, of which on the last whorl there are seventeen to twenty per row, are somewhat oval, shining and variously coloured, light-brown, pale-chestnut,

and purple. Aperture ovate, with a well-marked chestnut band on the base, and the colour of the sculpture feebly produced. Outer lip sharp, sinuous. Columella short, nearly straight, and the beak slightly twisted to the left. Length, 6.25 mm.; breadth. 1.8 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Kawhia Harbour, immediately within the entrance, on rocks at low tide (R. M.); Whangaroa Harbour and Plimmerton, Cook Strait (Mr. Hamilton).

This beautiful little shell appears to be quite distinct from other New Zealand species. The few specimens obtained are, except that from Kawhia, dead and somewhat bleached; nevertheless the only example with the apex uninjured is from Whangaroa. The protoconch consist of about 3½ smooth rounded whorls, the apex globose, with the first half-turn oblique. The brephic period is not very distinctly marked off—it appears to consist of one volution; upon it a spiral riblet commences, which on the succeeding whorls forms the anterior spiral; thence follows somewhat strong longitudinal striæ, marking as it were short periods of growth, and from amidst these arise two posterior spirals, abruptly followed by the adult sculpture.

Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutton. Fig. 10.

Cyclostrema fluctuata, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvi., p. 215 (1883, issued May, 1884). Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutton, Pilsbry, Man. Conch. (1), vol. x., p. 259, pl. 64, figs. 47, 48. L. fluctuata, Hutton, “Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ,” p. 81.

This species occurs in fair numbers. The irregular waved longitudinal bands of brown are well marked in some individuals; they extend across the base, but do not reach the umbilicus; the latter usually whitish, at times with broad white radiations. The spiral cingula vary from about twenty-five to thirty-five on the last whorl; the umbilicial area frequently cut up with strong irregular growth-periods. The outer lip descending, rather sharply in some, a thick callus uniting it to the columella. Height, 2.42 mm.; breadth, 3.11 mm.

The figure is derived from specimens collected by Mr. A. Hamilton at Whangaroa Harbour.

Captain Hutton kindly compared these northern forms with the types in the Canterbury Museum.

Hab. Foveaux Strait.

I have also to record the species from the Pliocene formation, Shakespeare Cliff, Wanganui—a single example, smaller than the recent forms.

Leptothyra crassicostata, n. sp. Fig. 11.

Shell small, solid, turbinate, with strong variable spiral sculpture. Colour whitish or light brown, occasionally with irregular markings of brown, most distinct on and below the periphery. Whorls 4, spire short, apex minute and without sculpture. The penultimate whorl with three to five, and the last with twelve to twenty, spiral ribs, four to nine of which are in front of the aperture. The ribs are very variable in size; there are five to eight strong riblets between the periphery and suture on the outer lip; in front of the aperture four or five. about equal to the breadth of the interspaces. On and immediately below the periphery frequently small and crowded, similar on the base, or there may be two or three more prominent intercalated with the smaller spirals, or the basal riblets generally stronger than those on the periphery. The growth-lines strong and irregular, producing here and there a lightly costate appearance, frequently pronounced in the umbilical area. Sutures impressed. Aperture subrotund. Outer lip sharp, descending, rather sharply in some. Columella lightly curved, somewhat produced and expanded anteriorly, a thick posterior callus spreading across to the outer lip. Umbilicus small and deep. Operculum circular, somewhat calcareous, of six or seven narrow folds, the nucleus central. Height, 2.49 mm.; breadth, 3.21 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

Distinguished from L. fluctuata, Hutton, by its much stronger sculpture.

Columbella huttoni, Suter, nom. mut. Fig. 12.

Lachesis sulcata, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z., p. 12 (1873); Cat. Tertiary Moll. and Echin. N.Z., p. 5; Manual N.Z. Moll., p. 45. Columbella huttoni, Suter, for sulcata, Hutton, preoccupied, “Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ,” p. 72 (1904).

The specimen figured is from the material collected by Mr. A. Hamilton at Whangaroa Harbour. The shell is small, robust, with well-marked spiral riblets somewhat wider than the grooves; last whorl longer than the spire, lightly carinate, more distinct in front of the aperture. Colour ash-grey, brown, or reddish-brown, sometimes variegated with white. Whorls rather flattened, 6 in number, including a 2- or 2½-whorled smooth reddish-brown protoconch. Sculpture: On the penultimate whorl five and on the last twelve to fourteen spiral riblets, five of which are in front of the aperture; a few of the riblets on the anterior end are minute, sometimes absent. These are crossed by irregular growth-lines, which give to the shell a slightly roughish appearance. Sutures impressed. Aperture oval, outer lip simple;

columella curved, lightly callused, and frequently a small denticle at the anterior end. Length, 6 mm., breadth, 2.52 mm.

The type locality is Stewart Island, the types preserved in the Canterbury Museum. They would appear to be somewhat larger than the northern forms.

Columbella transitans, n. sp. Fig. 13.

Shell small, fusiform, somewhat shining, with well-marked spiral grooves usually less than half the breadth of the interspaces. Colour light or dark brown, olive, or reddish-brown; some examples with a lighter band immediately below the sutures and produced around the periphery, in others this band is darker than the ground-colour. Whorls 6, rather flattened, the last longer than the spire. Protoconch of two and a half whorls, smooth and shining, light or dark olive, the apex usually lightest. Sutures impressed. Sculpture: The penultimate whorl with five or six and the last with seventeen to twenty-one spiral grooves, six or seven of which are in front of the aperture; occasionally a wider space surrounds the periphery, lightly cleft with a minute groove; longitudinally striate with irregular growth-periods. Aperture oval. Outer lip simple, uniformly curved. Columella lightly callused, the canal short and broad. Length, 5.11 mm.; breadth, 2.14 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

From C. huttoni, Suter, it may be distinguished by its smaller size, more numerous and much narrower spiral grooves. Its sculpture suggests a position intermediate with that species and the next form described.

Columbella paxillus, n. sp. Fig. 14.

Shell small, slender, smooth or with minute spiral grooves; the last whorl lightly angled, only noticeable in front of the aperture. Colour light - brown or reddish - brown or almost black, the sutures occasionally a little lighter. Whorls 5½–6, lightly convex, the last longer than the spire. Protoconch of about two whorls, not well defined, apex polished. Sutures impressed. Sculpture: A few small spirals on the anterior end of the last whorl; above the periphery and on the spire minute, irregular, or absent; occasionally a few inconspicuous longitudinal riblets on the upper whorls of the spire. Aperture short, oval. Outer lip simple. Columella curved and lightly callused, the anterior canal short and broad. Length, 5.04 mm.; breadth, 2.04 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton); Whangarei

Heads; also Takapuna, Manukau, Kawhia, and New Plymouth.

This little shell occurs in fair numbers. It is nearest to the preceding species; distinguished by the minute irregular spiral grooves, or their frequent absence except on the anterior end.

I may mention that Pyrene flexuosa, Hutton (dark form), is quite different in contour from the above: it has the form of C. choava, Reeve, and is probably only a colour variety of that extremely variable species.

Columbella saxatilis, n. sp. Fig. 15.

Shell small, ovate-elongate, sculptured with fine spiral and stronger longitudinal riblets. Colour light or dark brown, usually a pale band around the periphery. Whorls 6, rather flattened. Protoconch of two whorls, smooth and polished. Last whorl comparatively large. Sutures impressed. Sculpture: Longitudinal ribs sixteen to eighteen on a whorl, low and rounded, equal to or a little less than the breadth of the interspaces, becoming obsolete on the anterior end and usually on approaching the outer lip. Spirals undulating, small but well marked, wider than the grooves; on the penultimate six or seven, and on the last sixteen to seventeen, about seven of which are in front of the aperture; on crossing the longitudinals they have occasionally a somewhat granular appearance. Aperture somewhat narrow, longer than the spire. Outer lip rather flattened, a little thickened, and occasionally a few obscure denticles thereon. Columella frequently with two or three small folds or tubercles, the beak lightly twisted to the left; canal short and broad. Length, 5.86 mm.; breadth, 2.73 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Takapuna, from sand in rock-pockets (R. M.); Plimmerton, Cook Strait.

This species is perhaps nearest to C. pisaniopsis,^* Hutton, a Pliocene form.

Crossea glabella, n. sp. Figs. 16, 17.

Shell minute, turbinate, smooth and rather solid. Colour white, somewhat shining. Whorls 3, without sculpture. Spire minute. Sutures distinct, not deep, with a narrow slightly concave depression below and adjoining. Base with broad depression, bounded by a prominent ridge; a second ridge arises from the narrow deep umbilicus; both sweep round to the anterior lip, where they form small well-marked expansions. Aperture subcircular. Inner lip reflected and callused, the latter

spreading across to the outer lip, which is sharp and simple. Height, 1.97 mm.; breadth, 1.94 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton). Found also at Stewart Island (A. H.).

This species, in its smoothness, solidity, and scanty umbilicus, is perhaps nearest to C. carinata,^* Hedley, from New South Wales (75–100 fathoms). It appears to be the first record of the genus from New Zealand.

Odostomia impolita, Hutton. Fig. 18.

Rissoa impolita, Hutton, Cat. Marine Moll. N.Z., p. 29 (1873); Proc. Lin. Soc. N.S.W., vol. ix., p. 941. Barleeia impolita, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll., p. 81. B. impolita, Hutton, Suter, Proc. Mal. Soc. London, vol. iii., p. 7. Odontostoma impolita, Hutton “Index Faunæ Novæ-Zealandiæ,” p. 74.

The figure offered is derived from specimens in the collection of Mr. Henry Suter (hab. Foveaux Strait). These specimens have 5 whorls (one more than given in the description of the species), including the minute polished apex, the heterostrophe character of which is not very clear, due apparently to its being much buried in the succeeding whorl. The whorls are convex, the last much longer than the spire. Spiral striæ minute, rather more pronounced on the anterior half of the last whorl. Columella plait small, the lip anteriorly slightly effuse.

The types are in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Stewart Island.

Odostomia proxima, n. sp. Fig. 19.

Shell small, elongated, rather fragile, smooth. White and slightly shining. Whorls 6, somewhat rounded, the last a little longer than the spire; the apical whorl minute, polished and heterostrophe. Sutures deeply impressed, not channelled. Sculptured with longitudinal irregular minute growth-periods, in places slightly pronounced, usually more marked on the spire. These are crossed by minute spiral striæ and scratches, very irregularly spaced, in some almost absent except for a few on the anterior half of the last whorl. Aperture small, ovate, oblique; columella slightly thickened and reflected, the plait not prominent; the lip anteriorly rather effuse. Base narrowly perforate. Length, 3.9 mm.; breadth, 1.8 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

Distinguished from O. impolita, Hutton, by its more rounded

whorls and greater number, deeper sutures, irregular sculpture, and comparatively longer spire. It appears to be equally distinct from O. fasciata,^* Hutton, a Pliocene form.

Odostomia vestalis, n. sp. Fig. 20.

Shell small, slender, fragile, smooth, and having a somewhat loosely coiled appearance. White and shining. Whorls 6, lightly convex; the last longer than the spire; apical whorl heterostrophe, slightly obliquely tilted. Sutures impressed, shallow and lightly submargined. Sculptured with minute irregular growth-lines, crossed by irregular microscopic striæ, the latter only indicated here and there. Aperture pyriform; columella lightly reflected, the plait small, rather deep within the aperture; anterior lip lightly effuse. Length, 4.31 mm.; breadth, 1.63 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

This form, of which there is but a single example, is nearest to the preceding species; distinguished by its more slender form, more shallow sutures, less rounded whorls, and more rapidly lengthening or loosely coiled appearance.

Odostomia (Pyrgulina) rugata, Hutton.

Odostomia (Parthenia) plicata, Hutton (not of Montford), Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvii., p. 319, pl. xviii., fig. 17 (1884, issued May 1885). Odostomia rugata, Hutton (nom. mut.), Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xviii., p. 353 (1885, issued May 1886); “Macleay Memorial Volume,” p. 58, pl. vii., fig. 51.

This species has hitherto been recorded only as a Tertiary fossil. Pliocene: Wanganui and Petane. Found also in the Pareora system. It appears to be rare, both fossil and recent. Of the latter I have seen but three examples, and not in very good condition. I may add—the shell is white, somewhat shining and rather solid; the longitudinal riblets strong, slightly oblique advancing, seventeen to eighteen on the last whorl, feeble or obsolete on the anterior end; spirally adorned with minute dense striæ. Sutures impressed and lightly margined. Columella plait strong. Measurements (approx.): Length, 2.76 mm.; breadth, 1.28 mm. The fig. 51 in the “Macleay Memorial Volume” shows the riblets on the spire-whorls sloping forward, or advancing in a most marked manner. In the examples before me the slope is certainly less than half that shown in this figure.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour, and Plimmerton, Cook Strait (Mr. A. Hamilton); Takapuna (Rev. W. H. Webster).

Vulpecula (Pusia) hedleyi, n. sp. Fig. 21.

Shell small, shortly fusiform, sculpture minute. Colour greyish-white, occasionally very faintly mottled with brown. Whorls 4½–5, rather flattened; spire short, conical, apex blunt; the last proportionally very large. Sutures lightly impressed. Sculptured with minute spiral grooves and with irregular longitudinal plications, the latter slightly more prominent at the sutures. Aperture oblique, narrow and much longer than the spire. Lip uniformly curved and slightly thickened. Columella white, lightly callused and armed with four plaits, the anterior two more oblique; opposite the latter the columella is lightly swollen. Anterior canal short and broad. Length, 5.42 mm.; breadth, 2.63 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangarei Heads, dredged in shallow water (Mr. C. Cooper, of Auckland).

Distinguished from other New Zealand species by the feeble longitudinal sculpture and short spire. I have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. Charles Hedley, of the Australian Museum—a token of appreciation of his invariable kindly assistance.

Trophon (Kalydon) curta, n. sp. Fig. 22.

Shell small, ovate, rather solid, spirally and longitudinally ribbed, the latter strongest and forming prominent nodules on the lines of intersection. Colour whitish, occasionally a brown band on the base, rarely a few ill-defined scattered spots on the periphery. Whorls 6, lightly shouldered. Protoconch of two whorls, smooth except the last half-turn, upon which two small spirals arise. The sculpture consists of ten or eleven, rarely twelve, longitudinal ribs, narrower than the interspaces except when the latter number occurs, then equal or rather wider. Of the spirals there are two on the spire-whorls and six or seven on the last—occasionally three on the penultimate and eight on the last; the anterior spiral not infrequently prominent and the nodules sometimes obsolete. Aperture ovate. Outer lip slightly expanded, the margin occasionally feebly dentate; anterior canal short and somewhat curved. Length, 5.7 mm.; breadth, 2.59 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

Occurs in fair numbers, and appears to be the smallest of the genus recorded from New Zealand.

Rissoa leptalea, n. sp. Figs. 23, 24.

Shell minute, subrimate, slender, smooth, and rather fragile. Colour white, shining and semi-transparent. Whorls 5, having a somewhat loosely coiled, and those of the spire swollen, ap-

pearance. Apex minute; the last whorl longer than the spire. Without sculpture except the microscopic growth-lines. Sutures impressed and lightly margined. Aperture ovato-subcircular, peristome continuous; the columella and lip broadly expanded, the latter shortly descending. Length, 1.94 mm.; breadth, 66 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

Of this minute form there are only two examples. It is perhaps nearest to R. lubrica,^* Suter, from Stewart Island.

Rissoa microstriata, n. sp. Fig. 25.

Shell minute, ovate-elongate, smooth and white. Whorls 5, somewhat swollen at the shoulders, thence gently flattened to the sutures; the latter impressed and lightly margined. Apex minute; last whorl longer than the spire. The sculpture consists of microscopic dense spiral striæ, broken up into variable lengths by the irregular lines of growth. Aperture obliquely broadly ovate; lip slightly thickened, a callus spreading across the body to the columella; the latter thickened and lightly reflected. Length, 2.11 mm.; breadth, 1.08 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

This little shell is perhaps near to Barleeia neozelanica,^† Suter, while the sculpture, though microscopic, may be compared with Rissoa emarginata, Hutton, a Pliocene form.

Rissoa insculpta, n. sp. Fig. 28.

Shell small, elongate, slightly rimate, rather fragile. White. Whorls 5, lightly rounded; the last whorl much longer than the spire; the apex minute. Sutures impressed. Sculptured with minute spiral threadlets, absent on the apical whorls, about sixteen on the penultimate, and on the last about twenty-five, of which seventeen to eighteen are in front of the aperture. These are crossed by irregular growth-lines, here and there rather pronounced. Aperture broadly ovate, slightly oblique, and the peristome continuous. Columella regularly curved, lightly thickened and expanded, anteriorly a little produced; outer lip slightly thickened and projecting from the whorl above. Length, 2.56 mm.; breadth, 1.35 mm.

Type in the Colonial Museum.

Hab. Whangaroa Harbour (Mr. A. Hamilton).

This form is near to R. foveauxiana,^‡ Suter. It differs in

being more slender, more feebly rimate, sculpture much finer, sutures less deep, and the whorls less rounded. Perhaps the preceding species, R. microstriata, is next in the order of kinship. For comparison I herewith offer a figure of R. foveauxiana, derived from specimens identified by Mr. H. Suter; also a figure of R. fumata, Suter, derived from a typical specimen (hab. Lyall Bay).

List of Species from Whangaroa Harbour.

Potamopyrgus antipodum, Gray.

Rissoa huttoni, Suter.

" hamiltoni, Suter.

" subfusca, Hutton.

" " var. micronema, Suter.

" foveauxiana, Suter.

" cheilostoma, Ten.-Woods.

" suteri, Hedley.

" rosea, Hutton.

" neozelanica, Suter (Barleeia).

" leptalea, Murdoch.

" microstriata, Murdoch.

" insculpta, Murdoch.

Rissoina rugulosa, Hutton.

Eatoniella olivacea, Hutton.

Littorina mauritiana, Lamarck.

Risellopsis varia, Hutton.

" var. carinata, Kesteven.

Calyptræa maculata, Quoy and Gaimard.

" scutum, Lesson.

Trichotropis inornata, Hutton.

Crossea glabella, Murdoch.

Natica australis, Hutton.

Scala zelebori, Frauenfeld.

Janthina exigua, Lamarck.

Leptothyra fluctuata, Hutton.

" crassicostata, Murdoch.

Phasianella limbata, Hutton.

Trochus tiaratus, Quoy and Gaimard.

Cantharidus dilatatus, Sowerby.

" sanguineus, Gray.

Monilea egena, Gould.

Calliostoma punctulatum, Martyn.

Ethalia zelandica, Hombron and Jacquinot.

Incisura lytteltonensis, E. A. Smith (Scissurella).

Megatebennus moniliferus, Hutton.

Emarginula striatula, Quoy and Gaimard.

Acmæa pileopsis, Quoy and Gaimard.

Class Pelecypoda.

Barnea similis, Gray.

Saxicava arctica, Lin.

Cardium pulchellum, Gray.

Chione crassa, Quoy and Gaimard.

Tapes fabagella, Deshayes.

Cyamiomactra problematica, Bernard.

Kellya sanguineum, Hutton.

Art. XIII.—Report on the Mollusca collected by Messrs. Keith Lucas and G. L. Hodgkin in Six Lakes of New Zealand.

By Henry Suter.

Fam. UnionidÆ.

in all specimens. Inside bluish-white, pearly, blotched with yellowish, especially in the umbonal cavity.

(4.) Lake Waikaremoana (Stat. 37—Dredged in 15 ft.).—Four specimens of different size, showing all the characters of those from Stat. 14.

In some specimens in my collection, kindly sent to me by Mr. Elsdon Best, and collected in Lake Waikaremoana, the radiate sculpture is distinctly nodulous, sometimes V-shaped, thus approaching D. websteri, Simpson. Typical specimens of aucklandica from creeks near Auckland show the same sculpture to a most marked degree, and I consider D. websteri as a D. menziesi in which the nodulous sculpture is developed to the highest degree.

I have seen, thanks to Mr. E. Best's great kindness, a large number of Diplodon from Lake Waikaremoana, but not one approaching Colenso's type of waikarense, which is a large, thin, yellowish-olive-coloured shell, having more the appearance of an Anodonta. The Waikaremoana specimens are all much smaller, thicker, darker in colour, and less winged. Mr. A. Hamilton, Director of the Colonial Museum, to whom I spoke about it, and who has visited the locality, suggests that Colenso did not get his specimens from Lake Waikaremoana itself, but from some small lake or lagoon in the vicinity. This seems to be correct, as I obtained, again through the unremitting kindness of Mr. E. Best, a number of specimens from a lagoon near Ruatoki, Tuhoeland, and these are typical waikarense, Colenso; one of them showing the same outline and the same dimensions as the cotype in the Canterbury Museum.

An error in Colenso's diagnosis of Unio waikarense (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xiv., 169) wants correcting. He says, “Posterior slope keeled.” This, however, is not correct: the shell is not keeled. How misleading such an incorrect statement is may be guessed from Simpson's remark on the species in his “Synopsis of the Naiades,” p. 890 (footnote): “Suter thinks this is a variety of menziesi, but Colenso states that the posterior slope is keeled. If this is so it must be quite different from the species.” There is also an error in the quotation in Simpson's work, as he gives the year 1841 as the date of the publication of the Tasman. Journ. Nat. Sci. vol. ii., whereas it is 1845. Colenso says that he discovered the shell in 1841, but his description was published four years later.

I have compared typical specimens of waikarense with many specimens of menziesi from about twenty different localities, and I am unable to separate the two. In all essential characters the two agree, and there remains nothing but to make Colenso's species a synonym of D. menziesi, Gray.

Diplodon menziesi, Gray, subsp. hochstetteri, Dunker (1862).

Unio hochstetteri, Dunker, Malak. Blätter, vol. viii., 1862, p. 153.

The type was collected by Hochstetter in the Waikato River.

(1.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 46—From dredgings in 10–30 ft.).—Six specimens, blackish-brown, much corroded round the beaks, most of them more produced and rounded posteriorly than the type, but some have the posterior end distinctly truncated and more or less biangular. In correspondence with Mr. C. T. Simpson I expressed the opinion that hochstetteri is a pathological subspecies,^* having seen the same form amongst specimens of rugatus, Hutton, from the Kopuaranga River,^† and also amongst menziesi from the River Avon. The young shells are invariably typical D. menziesi, but on growing larger the deformity constituting hochstetteri becomes more and more apparent. Some specimens are more affected, others less, thus producing a strongly truncated biangular posterior margin, or it remains only flatly rounded. At the posterior end the periostracum is produced in thick, foliated layers, and the inner margin is considerably thickened by pearly substance, forming large rugosities, and very often pearls adhering to the shell are met with. Loose small pearls of irregular form are only exceptionally found. In my opinion the cause of this is most likely some parasitic creature, as is the case in most of the pearl-producing bivalves. The outer exposed layers round the beaks are smooth, light-brown, waxy. The concentric striation is rather coarse, the marks of rest distinct and elevated. The inside is but little iridescent, except along the ventral margin, outside the mantle impression, grey to light-brown, sometimes blotched with brown; there are more or less considerable rugosities beyond those at the posterior margin. The dorsal scars in the umbonal cavity are small and deep, and to the number of two to four. The anterior adductor impressions are irregular in shape, and much deeper than the posterior ones, which are oval and shallow. Right valve with two pseudocardinals, the upper anterior forming a small lamella, the posterior being strong, compressed, high, triangular, and slightly corrugated. The single lateral tooth is regularly slightly curved and somewhat crenate at its posterior end, which is abruptly descending. Left valve with two pseudocardinals arising from a common base, both blunt, the anterior tooth larger and but slightly crenate. The two laterals are also curved, the lower of them is strongly lamellated and denticulated at its posterior end, which slopes down very gradually.

(2.) Lake Rotoiti (Stat. 8—Obtained by dredging in 12 ft.).—Two specimens of medium size, strongly concentrically ridged, umbones much eroded, posterior end subtruncated, not yet distinctly biangular. They represent the intermediate stage between the young menziesi and the full-grown hochstetteri. Interior olive-bluish, pearly, a row of small dorsal scars in the umbonal cavity, parallel to the hinge line. Muscular scars strongly impressed. Right valve with two very unequal pseudo-cardinals, the anterior small, lamellar, the posterior compressed, with a broad posterior base, crenulated, trifid; the lateral tooth slightly curved, narrow, high, truncate and corrugate posteriorly. Left valve with the two pseudocardinals coalescent, separated only by a groove, the anterior strong, triangular, rugose. The two laterals with crenate edges, obliquely truncated behind. The dimensions of the two specimens are—Length, 50 mm.; height, 34 mm.; diam., 16 mm.; and, length, 41 mm.; height, 29 mm.; diam., 12.5 mm.

Diplodon menziesi, Gray, subsp. rugata, Hutton (1883).

Unio rugatus, Hutton, N.Z. Journ. Sci., vol. i., 1883, p. 478.

Lake Waikare (Stat. 41—From dredgings in all parts of the lake; most common on sand and on stony shore).—Six specimens, two of which are quite young. The latter are winged posteriorly, the beaks already eroded, and there are three to six nodulous ridges descending in front of the umbo, nearly parallel to the anterior margin; they are concentrically finely thread-striated; colour olive-brown; the inside is bluish-pearly, yellow under the beaks. The larger specimens are subventricose and thin, less winged, the dorsal margin nearly parallel to the length-axis; the beaks are corroded, the anterior margin rounded, sometimes slightly truncate, the posterior margin produced and the ventral margin broadly convex. The concentric striae are irregular, rugose posteriorly, fine and more regular at the anterior end; the marks of rest are fairly distinct. Most of the specimens are partly covered with a dark-brown ferrugineous coating. Interior bluish, yellowish, or purple pearly, sometimes strongly blotched with olive. Muscular scars shallow. Right valve with two compressed triangular pseudocardinals close together, the anterior tooth smaller, lamellar and smooth, the posterior stronger, broader, and somewhat rugose. The lateral tooth is slender, curved, rugose on the edge of the posterior part. Left valve with two elongated, rounded, rugose pseudocardinals which sometimes coalesce, when only a slight notch indicates the original two teeth. The two laterals are long, slender, sinuate, and distinctly pectinate at the posterior edges. There are always a few small rather deep dorsal scars in the umbonal cavity.

Diplodon menziesi, Gray, n. subsp. lucasi.

Lake Manapouri (Stat. 35—Dredging in 60 ft.).—Three specimens; one of them may be taken as adult. Shell (figs. 2 and 3) oblong-ovate, very much compressed, thin and fragile, inequilateral, beaks low, eroded; surface with close strongly pronounced rest-marks and between them a few lines of growth, all close together and foliated at the anterior end. In the adult specimen the middle part has distinct radiate nodulous sculpture, partly V-shaped, but no such ornamentation is to be found on the young specimens. The straight dorsal margin is subparallel to the ventral margin, which is slightly sinuate; the anterior margin is angularly rounded, the posterior obliquely truncated and slightly produced. Nearly the whole of the shell is covered with a thin ferrugineous coating; the epidemis is olive-green, waxy. The ligament is small, not much raised. In the right valve the two pseudocardinals are compressed, small; the upper anterior tooth is a small, smooth lamella, the lower tooth is more elevated, conoidal, and strongly crenate; the lateral tooth is almost straight, thin and rugose at its posterior portion. In the left valve there is a rather long compressed lower anterior rugose pseudocardinal, the upper tooth is quite rudimentary; the upper lateral tooth is a little higher and more rugose posteriorly than the other. Interior bluish-white, pearly, a little blotched with olive in the umbonal cavity, where there are rather large and deep dorsal scars. The adductor-muscle scars are shallow. The young specimens are slightly winged.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

This subspecies is nearest to the typical aucklandica, but is distinguished from it by its exceptionally compressed form, the thinness of the shell, the strongly marked and close concentric lines, the more tapering posterior margin, and the feebly developed pseudocardinals. The radiate nodulous sculpture is found in many specimens of menziesi and its subspecies. Adult specimen—Length, 45 mm.; height, 24 mm.; diam., 8 mm.

Type in my collection.

I have much pleasure in naming the subspecies in honour of its discoverer, Mr. Keith Lucas.

Diplodon lessoni, Küster (1856).

Unio lessoni, Küster, Conch. Cat., 1856, p. 135, pl. xxxvi., fig. 4. Type from New South Wales.

Lake Wakatipu (Stat. 37—Dredged in 10 ft. to 30 ft.).—Nine specimens were obtained. Shell (fig. 4) oblong, obliquely truncated behind, compressed, inequilateral, beaks strongly eroded in all specimens, no trace of sculpture left; surface with distant flatly elevated rest-marks, which, together with the intervening space, are covered with very fine thread-like concentric lines; towards the base and posterior margin the growth-lines are more distinct and slightly foliated. There is no trace of radial sculpture. The epidermis is olive to dark-brown, dull. Interior bluish nacre, with yellowish patches under the beaks, where there are several deep small dorsal scars. Right valve: The pseudocardinals are compressed, the anterior upper tooth is small, grooved, the posterior tooth much larger and crenate; the lateral tooth is slightly arched and rugose posteriorly. Left valve: Anterior pseudo-cardinal compressed, tongue-shaped, slightly rugose, the posterior subtriangular, deeply denticulate; the laterals are of nearly equal height and crenate posteriorly.

Fig. 4

The largest specimen was selected for the diagram and description, and its dimensions are—Length, 51 mm.; height, 30 mm.; diam., 14½ mm.

I submitted specimens to Dr. W. H. Dall, Hon. Curator of Mollusks, U.S. Nat. Museum, for examination, and he very kindly informed me that according to the material in the museum they are D. lessoni, Küster. I have not seen any Australian specimens, nor the description and figure published by Küster, but I do not hesitate to accept Dr. Dall's view, although some may think it hazardous to refer our shell to a New South Wales species. I have not seen this species from anywhere else in New Zealand.

Dr. Von Jhering once suggested that a number of measurements should be taken to ascertain the range of variability in species of the family Unionidœ. I have measured a great number of specimens from New Zealand some years ago, and may publish the results later on. I have done the same for a number of the Unionidœ collected by Messrs. Lucas and Hodgkin, and

Fam. Sphæriidæ.

rounded cardinal, and a strong bifid crenulated cardinal below and slightly in front of it. Fig. 7 illustrates the cardinals of the valves. The lateral teeth are smooth; the ligament inset. Dimensions of two specimens—Length, 4¼ mm.; height, 3½ mm.; diam., 2 mm.; beak 2½ mm. from anterior margin: length, 4 mm.; height, 3½ mm.; diam., 2 mm.; beak 2¼ mm. from anterior margin. The mean of the indices is—iii. = 85; vii. = 49; x. = 58.

Fig. 7

Genus Corneocyclas, Férussac (1818).

(= Pisidium, Pfeiffer, &c.)

Subgenus Corneocyclas.

Nepionic shell convex, concentrically striated; hinge with two separate cardinals in the left, and a single compound, usually arcuate, cardinal in the right valve. (Dall.)

Sec. Corneocyclas, s.s.

Type: Tellina pusilla, Gmelin.

Nepionic valves passing into the mature disc without any strong demarcation; the anterior cardinal and lateral adjacent and retaining traces of their original connection; ligament internal. (Dall.)

Corneocyclas novozeelandica, Prime (1862).

P.Z.S., 1862, p. 3.

(1.) Lake Waikare (Stat. 29—From weeds in 1½ ft. to 2 ft.).—Nine specimens of different size; colour greyish-yellow, shining, inequilateral, with fine concentric lines, which are crossed by close microscopic radiate striæ. Nepionic shell convex, concentrically striated, well delimited, but passing without any change into the disc of the adult valve. Ligament inset. Right valve with the two cardinals remaining united, crescent-shaped; four laterals. Left valve with two cardinals, the posterior bifid, the anterior triangular; two laterals. The accompanying fig. 8 shows the characters of the hinge.

Fig. 8

Fam. HydrobiidÆ.

shouldered and with traces of stout setæ; covered with a dark-brown coating; there are seven whorls, the peritreme is continuous. The dimensions range from 7 × 4½ mm. to 6½ × 4½ mm.

Potamopyrgus corolla, Gould, subsp. salleana, Fischer (1860).

Paludestrina salleana, P. Fischer, Journ. de Conch., vol. viii., 1860, p. 208, pl. iv., fig. 6.

(1.) Lake Waikare (Stat. 14 and 14F—Among reeds).—From Stat. 14 are thirteen adult and a number of young shells; from Stat. 14F twelve specimens, exactly the same as the former. Most of them are of horn-colour, with a white calcareous coating; three only are coated with black. All, with the exception of one, are spinous, the spines being distant, rather short, bent upward. In some specimens a distinct angle below the periphery is present. All the adult shells are smaller than the type, with six whorls. The dimensions range from 4½ × 2½ mm. to 5¼ × 3¼ mm.

(2.) Lake Rotoiti (Stat. 18—Dredged with weeds in 6 ft.).—Seventeen specimens of rather uniform size and shape, covered with a greenish-black coating. There are five rounded smooth whorls; only one specimen shows traces of bristles on the upper whorls. The peritreme is sometimes, not always, black. A few specimens are approaching corolla, being more ventricose than the subspecies. The dimensions vary from 5 × 3 mm. to 6 × 4 mm.

(3.) Lake Rotoiti (Stat. 18F—Dredged with weeds in 6 ft.).—Sixteen specimens, all “dead shells.” Very much the same as the preceding. Dimensions range from 5 × 3 mm. to 5½ × 3¼ mm.

(4.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 6—Dredged in 25 ft. to 420 ft.).—Many specimens, all light-horn colour, about two-thirds with smooth rounded whorls, the others with a carina above the periphery on which very short spines are situated, having a broad base, from which two to three separate spines arise. This is a feature met with in specimens of P. corolla from Lake Kanieri, South Island. The variability of the arrangement of the spines is just as great as in P. badia. The pullus is mostly brown and shining. The first two and a half whorls are always convex, never shouldered. The peritreme is continuous and brown. Young specimens have sometimes the body-whorl angled below the periphery, but no chordate carina is present. The size is very variable, ranging from 5 × 3 mm. with six whorls to 8½ × 5 mm. with seven whorls.

(5.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 6F—Dredged in 25 ft. to 420 ft.).—About two dozen specimens, showing the same characters as those of Stat. 6. The dimensions vary from 5½ × 3 mm. to 8½ × 5 mm., with six and seven whorls respectively.

(6.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 16F—Dredged in 280 ft. and 320 ft.,

Fam. Limnæidæ.

Sub-fam. Ancylinæ.
Genus Gundlachia, Pfeiffer (1849).

Zeitschrift f. Malak., vol. vi., 1849, p. 98.

Gundlachia lucasi, n. sp. Figs. 10, 11.

Lake Waikare (Stat. 30 and 30F—Netting in weeds).—Three specimens; two of them were collected alive. Shell obliquely conical, thin, semitransparent, horn-colour, covered by a blackish coating; apex inclined to the right, situated at the posterior third of the length; convex anteriorly, slightly concave on the posterior slope; a few concentric lines of growth. Aperture oval; peritreme sharp, extremely fragile. No septum, the shells being in the Ancylus stage of development only. Dimensions of two specimens—Length, 3 mm.; breadth, 2 mm.; height, 1 mm.: length, 4 mm.; breadth, 2¾ mm.; height, 1½ mm. The dentition is very similar to that of the Gundlachia sp. from the River Avon,^* which, settles the generic position.

Fig. 10

Fig. 10a

This species stands nearest to G. tasmanica, T.-Woods. It is more rounded and elevated than the species from the River Avon. There is also one specimen of G. lucasi from Inglewood in my collection.

The occurrence of two species of Gundlachia in three different localities leaves no doubt that the genus is endemic, and accidental introduction out of the question.

Type in my collection.

I have great pleasure in uniting with the species the name of Mr. K. Lucas, who so ably and successfully collected the fauna of New Zealand lakes.

figured by Hutton. The number of laterals and marginals is very variable, and the figures sufficiently show the different arrangements of the cutting-points on the transitional teeth.

Sub-fam. Planorbinæ
Genus Planorbis (Guett.), Geoffroy (1767).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) corinna, Gray (1850).

P.Z.S., 1849, p. 167 (1850).

Lake Waikare (Stat. 33—Obtained by netting in weeds).—One specimen only was found, which has three whorls and a diameter of 2½ mm.

Genus Isidora, Ehrenberg (1831).

Isidora tabulata, Gould, subsp. moesta, H. Adams (1861). P.Z.S., 1861, p. 144.

(1.) Lake Waikare (Stat. 19—From reeds).—One specimen only was obtained. It is of light-horn colour, very thin, covered with a greenish coating; there are four whorls, the last two distinctly shouldered and keeled. Columella excavated in the middle, fold distinct, reflection of columellar lip small; outer lip sharp, regularly arched. It is a little more slender than the type. Shell: length, 7 mm.; breadth, 4 mm. Aperture: height, 5 mm.; breadth, 2½ mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.75; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.4. (The ratios are the same as in the revision of Isidora.)

(2.) Lake Waikare (Stat. 28—From weeds in water from 1½ ft. to 2 ft.).—Two specimens of dark-brown colour, solid and large, keeled, the keel becoming obsolete on approaching the aperture; columella twisted. They differ but little from the type. Shell: length, 17½ mm.; breadth, 11 mm. Aperture: height, 11 mm.; breadth, 6 mm. Shell: length, 14 mm.; breadth, 9½ mm. Aperture: height, 10 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 1.8; iii. = 1: 1.6. i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.4. The accompanying fig. 15 shows some teeth of the radula, which need no explanation. The dentition of our forms of Isidora is so variable that I doubt whether it can be used as a help to separate the species. However, a considerable number of animals of each species has to be examined before this point can be settled definitively.

Fig. 15

(3.) Lake Waikare (Stat. 28F—From weeds in water from 1½ ft. to 2 ft.).—Two “dead shells,” one young, the other nearly adult. They resemble those from the last station, but are a little more ventricose, and have the spire a little shorter. Shell:

length, 15 mm.; breadth, 10 mm. Aperture: height, 10 mm.; breadth, 5.5 mm. Shell: length, 9 mm.; breadth, 6½ mm. Aperture: height, 6 mm.; breadth, 3½ mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 1.8; iii. = 1: 1.5. i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 1.7; iii. = 1: 1.5.

Isidora lirata, Tenison-Woods (1879).

P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. iii., 1879, p. 138, pl. xiii., fig. 6.

(1.) Lake Rotoiti (Stat. 12—From weeds in 6 ft.).—Six specimens, one only adult. The colour is light-horny, some specimens having a dark coating; the whorls are rounded, but slightly flattened below the suture, the spiral striæ are present but not very distinct. Aperture produced at the base, columella twisted. They are slightly more ventricose than the type. Shell: length, 12 mm.; breadth, 7 mm. Aperture: height, 8½ mm.; breadth, 4 mm. Shell: length, 10 mm.; breadth, 6 mm. Aperture: height, 7 mm.; breadth, 3½ mm. Shell: length, 8½ mm.; breadth, 5½ mm. Aperture: height, 5 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 2.1; iii. = 1: 1.4. i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.4. i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 1.7; iii. = 1: 1.7.

(2.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 7—Dredged with weeds in 75 ft.).—One specimen of cream colour, fragile; four whorls, shouldered down to the middle of the last whorl, carina with short bristles; shell indistinctly spirally striated; columella twisted, aperture much produced anteriorly. More ventricose than the type. Shell: length, 8 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. Aperture: height, 6 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.3.

(3.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 38—With weeds, from 80 ft.).—Many, mostly young specimens. They are of a dirty-white colour with a thin whitish coating. Whorls 4, rounded, sometimes flattened below the suture, beautifully regularly spirally striate. Columella twisted, aperture produced anteriorly. These I consider to be typical forms. Shell: length, 9½ mm.; breadth, 6 mm. Aperture: height, 7 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. Shell: length, 8½ mm.; breadth, 4¾ mm. Aperture: height, 6 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. Shell: length, 7½ mm.; breadth, 4½ mm. Aperture: height, 5 mm.; breadth, 2½ mm. Ratios: i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 2.3; iii. = 1: 1.4. i. = 1: 1.8; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.4. i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.6. Fig. 16 shows some teeth of the radula. A remarkable feature are the additional denticles on the outer upper side of the marginal teeth.

(4.) Lake Taupo (Stat. 38F—With weeds, from 80 ft.).—Many, mostly young shells. Very much like the specimens from

Fig. 16

Synopsis of the Molluscan Fauna of the Six Lakes.

Bathymetrical Distribution of the Mollusca.

[The section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting. See the image of the page for a more accurate rendering.]

Summary.

The Mollusca collected by Messrs. Lucas and Hodgkin in the six lakes of New Zealand belong to nine genera, and these are represented by twelve species and five subspecies. As new we find one subspecies of Diplodon menziesi, one species of Corneocyclas, and one species of Gundlachia. Am interesting addition to our fauna is Diplodonta lessoni, Küster.

From Lake Rotoiti no specimens of Potamopyrgus badia, Gould, and Melanopsis trifasciata, Gray, were obtained, but it is almost certain that Potamopyrgus corolla, subsp. salleana, was taken for P. badia, and I never have seen an example of Melanopsis trifasciata from Lake Rotoiti, though I tried hard to get some. In the Lake of Tiberiade, in Palestine, Melanopsis has been found at a depth of about 150 ft.

Art. XIV.—The First-discovered New Zealand Gundlachia

By Henry Suter.

Art. XV.—Revision of the New Zealand Species of the Genus Potamopyrgus, with Description of a New Species.

By Henry Suter.
Communicated by A. Hamilton.

tropical America.”^* Tasmania has forms very nearly allied to ours. The genus is, as far as I am aware, not known in the fossil state from New Zealand.

Potamopyrgus corolla, Gould, sp.

Melania corolla, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii. (1847), p. 223. Melania corolla, Reeve, Conch. Sc. (Melania), fig. 366. Amnicola corolla, Gould, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xii. (1852), p. 129, pl. ix., figs. 149 a-c. Paludestrina cumingiana, P. Fischer, Journ. de Conch., vol. viii. (1860), p. 208, pl. iv., fig. 7. Potamopyrgus corolla, Stimpson, Smithon. Miscell. Coll. No. 201 (1865), pp. 49, 50. Hydrobia crossei, Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. xiv. (1865), p. 595. (?) Hydrobia ciliata, Frauenfeld, l.c., p. 1025. Bythinella corolla, Tenison-Woods, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. iii. (1879), p. 135, pl. xiii., figs. 2, 3, 5. Hydrobia corolla, v. Martens, Crit. List N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 14. Hydrobia corolla, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 83. Potamopyrgus cumingiana, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. (1882), p. 144, pl. i., figs. A, F. Potamopyrgus cumingiana, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii. (1893), p. 619. Potamopyrgus cumingiana, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli. (1893), p. 222.

Dr. Sturany, of Vienna, kindly informed me (in lit.) that Frauenfeld proposed the specific name crossei solely in case the name of Fischer, Paludestrina cumingiana, should be accepted, as there exists a Paludestrina cumingi, d'Orb., of earlier date.

Regarding the species Hydrobia ciliata, Gould, I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall, of Washington, for the following (in lit.): “Described as from Liberia with other shells from the missionary Dr. Perkins, but appears very similar to Hutton's figure in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv., pl. i., fig. B 1. It seems as if some mistake had occurred, and this shell should really have come from New Zealand, but it is difficult to see how, as Gould was a very careful man.” Dr. P. Fischer no doubt admitted this species to be of African origin, for he says, “Nous connaissons deux autres espèces de la Nouvelle-Zélande, une des Antilles, une de l'Afrique; toutes sont caracterisée par la série d'épines qui ornent le dernier tour de spire.”^† Pilsbry also, as already stated, gives West Africa as the habitat of Potamopyrgus, and is most likely alluding to the above species.

Dr. W. H. Dall (in lit. 20, xi., 97) also kindly sent me the following information respecting the type of the genus: “Melania

Ruamahanga River in the Forty-mile Bush; at Petone, near Wellington; Parua Bay, near Whangarei; and on the Chatham Islands. The majority of these specimens have a thick, black coating, and the continuous peristome much thickened.

(3.) With only a thread-like carina on the whorls there are specimens from Hastwell's and the Chatham Islands.

(4.) Shells with the whorls smooth, rounded, mostly coated with black and callous peristome, were found in creeks at North-cote, Hastwell's, Parua Bay, Kawau Island, the Waikato, and Chatham Islands.

(5.) Dwarf forms with spines, horn-colour, and six whorls, were collected in Lake Takapuna (3½ × 4½ mm.), and near Greymouth (4 × 6 mm.).

Type in the U.S. Nat. Mus., Washington.

Potamopyrgus corolla, Gould, subsp. salleana, P. Fischer, subsp.

Paludestrina salleana, P. Fischer, Journ. de Conch, vol. viii. (1860), pp. 208, 209, pl. iv., fig. 6.

Shell horn-colour, conical, thin; whorls 7 to 7½, flatly convex, the last four spinous, the others smooth, the last whorl with a chordate carina below the row of spines. The setæ are short, black, directed upwards. Aperture ovate, margins continuous, but little callous. Length, 6 mm.; breadth, 3½ mm. Ratio of B: L = 1: 1.7.

This subspecies differs from corolla in being more slender, less ventricose, in having spines on the last four whorls and a chordate carina below the row of spines; the last whorl is also less voluminous in proportion.

Although I have examined many hundreds of specimens I have not yet seen one with a chordate carina below the row of setæ, but some specimens from the Great Barrier Island and from Nelson are distinctly angled below the periphery, and I take this quite peculiar character mentioned by Fischer as of quite exceptional occurrence.

The distribution of this subspecies extends over a large area. In my collection there are specimens from Lake Takapuna, Western Springs (Auckland), Lake St. John, Onehunga Springs, Great Barrier Island, Maketu (Hunua Range), Waipoua River (near Masterton), Petone (near Wellington), Pelorus River, Nelson, and Collingwood.

All specimens are yellowish-brown, thinner than corolla, mostly without spines, and some are larger than the type. Length, 8 mm.; breadth, 4½ mm. The Nelson specimens are from brackish water.

Type in the collection of the Journal de Conchyliologie, Paris.

Potamopyrgus antipodum, Gray, sp. (em.).

Amnicola antipodanum, Gray, in Dieffenbach's “New Zealand,” vol. ii. (1843), p. 241. Hydrobia antipodum, v. Martens, Crit. List N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 14. Hydrobia antipodum, E. A. Smith, Voy. “Erebus” and “Terror,” Zool., vol. ii. (1875), p. 3, pl. i., fig. 19, above. Bythinella antipoda, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 81. Potamopyrgus antipodum, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. (1882), p. 145, pl. i., figs. C, G (except upper right figure). Potamopyrgus antipodum, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii. (1893), p. 619. Potamopyrgus antipodum, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli. (1893), p. 221.

The statement made by v. Martens (l.c., p. 141) that “some specimens are bristly” is not correct. This species has never been found with spines or a carina.

The diagnosis of the species may be found in Hutton's Manual, and in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv.

P. antipodum is just as variable as most species of the genus, especially in size; but the conical form, flatly convex whorls, and little-impressed suture are fairly constant characters.

I have specimens from twelve localities, ranging from Auckland to Southland. Specimens from Owaka (Clutha) are very small and ventricose, with five whorls only, and measuring 4½ × 2¾ mm. Another dwarf form was collected by Mr. R. Murdoch, of Wanganui, on the Waimate Plains.

The great majority of the specimens are covered with a black coating. It is remarkable that P. antipodum is very often met with in brackish water, and almost without an exception such specimens have the tip of the shell eroded. In some places I saw this species living on Ulva plants. I have specimens from brackish water from seven different localities.

Type in the British Museum.

Potamopyrgus antipodum, Gray, subsp. zelandiœ, Gray, subsp. Amnicola (?) zelandiœ, Gray, in Dieffenbach's “New Zealand,” vol. ii. (1843), p. 241. Hydrobia zelandiœ, v. Martens, Crit. List. N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 15. Hydrobia zelandiœ, E. A. Smith, Voy. “Erebus” and “Terror,” Zool., vol. ii. (1875), p. 3, pl. i., fig. 19, below. Bythinella zelandiœ, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 81.

This subspecies is fairly well represented by the upper right figure on pl. i., fig. C, in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. It is distinguished from the species by its somewhat smaller size and more tapering form. Dimensions of type are: Length, 5mm.; breadth, 2½ mm. It is much rarer than antipodum, but also shows a good amount of variation.

My collection contains specimens from Nelson, three localities near Wellington, Wanganui, Hastwell's, and Riverhead (near Auckland), the latter being from brackish water, and small.

Type in the British Museum.

Potamopyrgus badia, Gould, sp.

Amnicola badia, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii. (1848), p. 75; U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xii. (1852), p. 126, fig. 150. Hydrobia fischeri, Dunker, Mal. Blätter, vol. viii. (1862), p. 152. Hydrobia reevei, Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. xiii., p. 1024. Hydrobia fischeri, badia, reevei, v. Martens, Crit. List. N.Z. Moll., pp. 14, 15. Bythinella fischeri, badia, reevei, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 82. Potamopyrgus corolla, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. (1882), p. 145, pl. i., figs. B, F (not of Gould). Potamopyrgus corolla, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. viii. (1893), p. 619 (not of Gould). Potamopyrgus corolla, Suter, Journ de Conch., vol. xli. (1893), p. 619 (not of Gould).

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The type of this species is not spiny, the whorls moderately convex, shouldered above, and the dimensions given are: Length, ⅕ in. = 5 mm.; breadth, 1/12 in. = 2 mm.; ratio of B: L = 1:2.5.

This is the species that. since 1882 was erroneously called corolla by New Zealand conchologists. I have specimens from the River Avon which perfectly agree with the description and measurement given by Gould. Some are spinous, some shouldered and without spines, and others have smooth, flatishly rounded whorls. These typical specimens are, according to my experience, very rare, and it is curious that this form, instead of the very common one, should have been collected. The common form has the following dimensions—length, 5 mm.; breadth, 2½–3 mm.—having thus a somewhat greater angle of the spine. Both forms were found living together in the River Avon.

I know this species from the South Island only, and the finest specimens I found in the Rivers Avon and Heathcote, near Christchurch. Specimens from Akaroa have smooth, rounded whorls; a globose form, also smooth, and measuring 4 ½ × 3 mm., comes from Kowai Bush. Similar smooth forms are in my collection from Mount Somers, Bealey, Birch Hill (Tasman Valley), and Opawa, near Albury, the latter agreeing with H. fischeri. From the Leith, Dunedin, smooth and spinous forms are mixed, but the former are more abundant. I mentioned the occurrence of a large form of P. cumingiana from Lake Te Anau in these Transactions (vol. xxvi., p. 121), measuring 8 × 4 mm. Careful

examination and comparison have now convinced me that it is really a very large form of P. badia.

Considering the great variability of Potamopyrgus I refrain from establishing any new species or subspecies unless for very good reasons, and merely mention the localities where forms differing considerably from the type have been found. Temperature, chemical composition, movement and size of the water-area, and food available have a great influence on the growth of fresh-water shells, and it is difficult to find the same form of a species in more than two or three localities. Taking into consideration the polymorphism of some species, and the great variability, we can congratulate ourselves on having not more synonyms to record.

Type in the U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington.

Potamopyrgus egenus, Gould, sp.

Amnicola egena, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii. (1848), p. 75. Amnicola gracilis, Gould, U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xii. (1852), p. 127, figs. 151 a, b. Hydrobia egena, v. Martens, Crit. List. N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 15. Bythinella egena, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 82.

I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Dall for the following information (in lit.): “The shell first described by Gould as Amnicola egena is imperfect. It was inadvertently called gracilis in the final report. It appears to be identical with specimens called gracilis in the collection, except that the type is brown and the others greenish.” Gould's diagnosis is copied in Hutton's Manual, and the type was found on Banks Peninsula.

This is undoubtedly a good species, but it seems to be rather rare. I have it in my collection from three localities only: Two specimens from Kaiwarra River, near Wellington; one from Nelson; and fourteen from Little River, Banks Peninsula. The graceful elongated shape, the convex whorls, and the last whorl amounting to half the length of the shell, distinguish it at once from the other species. No carinated or spinous forms are known. The dimensions given by Gould are: Length, 5 mm.; breadth, 2 ½ mm.; with five whorls. The dimensions of the Little River specimens, with five whorls, are 4 × 2 mm.; those of the Kaiwarra specimens, 4 × 1 ¾ mm. with six whorls, and 5 × 2 ¼ mm. with seven whorls; while the Nelson specimen measures 5 ½ × 2 ½ mm., and has six whorls. Thus my specimens must have slightly shorter whorls and a somewhat narrower spire than the type. In all specimens the last whorl is a trifle longer than half the axis of the shell.

Type in the U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington.

Potamopyrgus spelæus, Frauenfeld, sp.

Hydrobia spelæa, Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, vol. xiii. (1862), p. 1022; vol. xv., p. 526, pl. viii. Hydrobia spelæa, v. Martens, Crit. List. N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 15. Bythinella spelæa, Hutton, Manual N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 82.

This species was found together with P. reevei in moa-bone caves. A translation of the diagnosis is given by Hutton, but the dimensions are not quite those of Frauenfeld; the type is 3 mm. long by 1.6 mm. in breadth. This minute species is nearly allied to pupoides, Hutton, which, however, is mostly, but not always, smaller, and constantly of pupoid form.

The specimens in my collection I take to be almost typical were collected by Mr. A. Hamilton, now Director of the Colonial Museum, in the salt springs at Te Mahia, Hawke's Bay, and they show the same dimensions as the type specimen. A rather large form comes from the tidal part of the Wanganui River, and its dimensions vary from 3 × 1 ¾ mm. to 3½ × 2 mm. Very small specimens occur at Nelson, the largest measuring 2½ × 1¼ mm., the smallest 2 × 1 mm. The latter is the usual size of P. pupoides, but the Nelson examples are distinguished by much more convex whorls, deeper suture in consequence, and a more conoidal spire. Forms with ventricose body-whorl were collected by Mr. Chadwick on the upper Wanganui River, and in a cold mineral pool at Rotorua by Lady Frances Brown, a most enthusiastic collector. What I consider to be the same species are examples collected by Mr. Charles Cooper, of Auckland, in hot-spring water at Te Aroha. These specimens are very variable in shape, some approaching the type and measuring 3 × 1½ mm., others with a more inflated body-whorl show¼ mm. greater breadth; they all have only four whorls. This is the only instance known to me of a mollusc living in hot water in New Zealand, while it is well known that Neritina and Bithynia have been found in France living in water from 68° to 122° Fahr.

Type in the K.K. Hofmuseum, Vienna.

Potamopyrgus spelæus, Frfid., subsp. pupoides, Hutton.

Potamopyrgus pupoides, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. (1882), p. 146, pl. i., figs. D-H. Potamopyrgus pupoides, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii. (1893), p. 620. Potamopyrgus pupoides, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli. (1893), p. 222.

I have typical specimens from brackish water in the Heathcote Estuary, near Christchurch, and they are so nearly allied to Frauenfeld's spelœus that I find it advisable to give P. pupoides only subspecific rank. It is distinguished from the species

Art. XVI.—Revision of the New Zealand Species of the Genus Isidora, with Description of a New Subspecies.

By Henry Suter.
Communicated by A. Hamilton.

When working out the Mollusca collected by Mr. K. Lucas in New Zealand lakes, I had the same experience with Isidora as with Potamopyrgus: the lumping of species had been carried on too far. I do not wish to exonerate myself from blame, and I freely confess that never before have I made a careful study of our species of Isidora, as their great variability makes it extremely difficult to decide the limit of species and subspecies. A good collection of specimens from various localities, besides plenty of time and patience, is necessary for the successful study of these fresh-water molluscs. Specimens from over twenty localities were used to write the present revision, and I hope that it will form a sound basis to work upon.

Physa variabilis was the first species described by Gray (in “Dieffenbach's Travels,” vol. ii. (1843), p. 248). The very short diagnosis, unaccompanied by a figure, has in my opinion been the curse of New Zealand conchologists. From the many species judged to be synonyms of this unfortunate variabilis it can be gathered that no one ever knew what Gray's species is—perhaps not even Gray himself, for his diagnosis fits nearly all our species. So it has become a regular olla podrida: all the forms that did not fall under a recognised species were simply labelled “variabilis, Gray.” I have come to the conclusion that as long as we retain this species there is no possibility of classifying our various forms of Isidora correctly, and I reject it as insufficiently described, unfigured, and embracing perhaps several distinct species.

Genus Isidora, Ehrenberg (1831).

Synonyms: Diastropha, Gray (1840); Ameria, H. Adams (1861); Glyptophysa, Crosse (1872); Pyrgophysa, Crosse (1879); Physastra, Tapparone Canefri (1883).

Animal without the produced and reflected mantle-lobes of Physa; radula Limnæidian, approaching Planorbis rather than Limnœa; central tooth bicuspid, cusps rather blunt, base square; laterals tricuspid; marginals serrate. Laterals about 6–10, marginals about 25–33. Number of rows varying between 140 and 220.

Shell sinistral, resembling that of Physa, acuminated or gibbous, smooth or keeled; texture somewhat thick, covered with a deciduous epidermis; columella strong, often reflected, umbilicus sometimes very wide and deep.

Distribution: Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Africa (north, north-east, west, and south), southern France, Spain, and all countries bordering the Mediterranean.

Ameria was proposed for Physœ with keeled whorls. The

distinction is untenable. Every gradation of keeling is observable in the Australian Isidorœ (Rev. A. H. Cooke).

Isidora tabulata, Gould (1848), sp.

Physa tabulata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii. (1848), p. 214; U.S. Expl. Exp., vol. xii., p. 116, figs. 136 a, b. Physa tabulata, v. Martens, Crit. List N.Z. Moll. (1873), p. 15. Physa tabulata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 30. Aplexa tabulata, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. vii., p. 67. Bulinus tabulatus, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvii. (1885), p. 57. Physa tabulata, A. H. Cooke, P.Z.S. (1889), pp. 139, 140, fig. 4 (radula). Bulinus tabulatus, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii. (1893), p. 627. Bullinus tabulatus, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli. (1894), p. 233.

Fig. 1

The diagnosis is to be found in Hutton's Manual. Fig. 1 represents the species after a copy from Reeve (Conch. Icon., vol. xix., Physa, fig. 17b), kindly supplied with several others by Mr. Hedley. Taken from the figure the dimensions are—Shell: length, 22 mm.; breadth, 16 mm. Aperture: length, 12 mm.; breadth, 8 mm. I think it to be a most useful thing to establish the following rationis to help in separating the various forms: i. Ratio between breadth and length of shell = 1: 1.4; ii. ratio between breadth and length of aperture = 1: 1.5; iii. ratio between length of aperture and length of shell = 1: 1.8. Hereafter I shall designate these rationis simply by i., ii., iii.

Hob. A mountain-stream, Bay of Islands (Drayton).

Type in the U.S. Nat. Museum, Washington.

I have not seen this species.

Isidora tabulata, Gould, subsp. moesta, H. Adams (1861), subsp. Physa moesta, H. Adams, P.Z.S. (1861), p. 144. Physa coromandelica, Dunker, Malac. Blätter (1862), p. 150. Physa moesta, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll. (1880), p. 31. Aplexa moesta, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. vii., p. 67. Bulinus moesta, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvii., p. 57, pl. xii., fig. 12 (dentition). Bulinus moesta et coromandelica, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii., pp. 627, 628. Bullinus moesta et coromandelica, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli., p. 233.

The very short diagnosis is fortunately supplemented by a figure in Reeve's Conch. Icon., fig. 32, the outlines of which I here reproduce (fig. 2). The dimensions, taken from the figure, are—Shell: length, 17 mm.; breadth, 11 mm. Aperture: length, 10 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. The proportions are: i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.7.

Fig. 2.

is somewhat higher in proportion to the length of the aperture than in the type specimen figured.

Type in the British Museum (?).

Isidora hochstetteri, Dunker (1862), sp.

Physa hochstetteri, Dunker, Malac. Blatter, vol. ix. (1862), p. 150. Physa guyonensis, T.-Woods, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. iii. (1879), p. 138, pl. xiii., fig. 4. Physa guyonensis, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 30. Physa guyonensis et hochstetteri, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. vii., p. 67. Bulinus guyonensis et hochstetteri, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii., pp. 627, 628. Bullinus guyonensis et hochstetteri, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli., pp. 232, 233.

The diagnosis of guyonensis is in Hutton's Manual. The accompanying fig. 3 is drawn from a tracing of the figure given by Tenison-Woods. Captain Hutton mentions (Manual) that Dr. Dohrn determined specimens from the same locality (Lake Guyon) as P. hochstetteri, Dkr. The diagnosis agrees in the main points with that of T.-Woods, and Dunker particularly mentions the deep suture and the amplitude of the body-whorl. I do not hesitate to accept the determination of the distinguished conchologist, Dr. Dohrn. The dimensions of P. hochstetteri are—Height, 17 mm.; breadth, 9 mm. For P. guyonensis the dimensions given by T.-Woods are—Height of shell, 15 mm.; breadth, 7½ mm.: aperture—height, 9 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. I have not seen specimens from Lake Guyon, but I have shells from Lake Nga-tu, Kaitaia, which I consider to belong to this species, although they are somewhat shorter and more ventricose than the type; otherwise they agree with the diagnosis. Especially the deep suture is characteristic, no other of our species showing this character in such a marked degree. All my examples are “dead shells” of a light-brown colour.

Fig. 3.

For I. guyonensis the rationis are—i. = 1: 2; ii. = 1: 1.8; iii. = 1: 1.7. For hochstetteri—i. = 1: 1.9. I measured four of my specimens. The length of the shell varies from 13½–14½ mm., the breadth from 8–9 mm. Aperture—length, 8–9 mm.; breadth, 4–5 mm. The mean proportions are—i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 1.9; iii. = 1: 1.6.

Hab. The only localities known to me are Lake Guyon, Nelson, and Lake Nga-tu, in the high north.

Type in the K.K. Hofmuseum, Vienna (?).

Isidora novæ-zelandiœ, Sowerby (1873), sp.

Physa novœ-zelandiœ, Sowerby, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xix., Physa, sp. 29 (1873). Physa novœ-zelandiœ, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 30. Bulinus novœ-zelandiœ, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii., p. 627. Bullinus novœ-zelandiœ, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli., p. 232.

The diagnosis of this species is also contained in Hutton's Manual, and I reproduce here a figure (4) from a tracing of fig. 29b in Conch. Icon. Taken from the figure the dimensions are—Shell: length, 20½ mm.; breadth, 12¼ mm. Aperture: length, 15 mm.; breadth, 6 mm. Proportions—i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 2.5; iii. = 1: 1.4.

Fig. 4.

I have only two specimens from the North Island, exact locality unknown. One adult specimen has smooth whorls, the other, not full-grown, is shouldered. The dimensions are—Shell: length, 17 mm.; breadth, 12 mm. Aperture: length, 14 mm.; breadth, 6½ mm. Shell: length, 14 mm.; breadth, 9½ mm. Aperture: length, 10 mm.; breadth, 4½ mm. The mean proportions—i. = 1: 1.5; ii. = 1: 2.2; iii. = 1: 1.3. The adult specimen is of chestnut-colour, the young horny-olive. The spire is shorter and the last whorl not quite so broad posteriorly, nor so flat at the periphery, as the figure of the type indicates.

Type in Mr. Sowerby's cabinet (?).

Isidora antipodea, Sowerby (1873), sp.

Physa antipodea, Sowerby, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xix., Physa, sp. 37 (1873). Physa antipodea, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 30. Aplexa antipoda, Hutton, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. vii., p. 67. Bulinus antipodeus, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvii., p. 56. Bulinus antipodeus, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii., p. 627. Bullinus antipodeus, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli., p. 233.

Diagnosis in Hutton's Manual. I reproduce here (fig. 5) the outlines of the species after Reeve. This seems, as far as our scanty knowledge goes, to be the only one of our species that has constantly smooth whorls. The dimensions taken from the figure are—Shell: length, 22 mm.; breadth, 12 mm. Aperture: length, 13 mm.; breadth, 6½ mm. Rationis—i. = 1: 1.8; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.7.

Fig. 5.

This species is represented in my collection by two specimens from Lake Wakatipu, and the dimensions are—Shell: length, 17 mm.; breadth, 10½ mm. Aperture: length, 11 mm.; breadth, 5½ mm. Shell: length, 18½ mm.; breadth, 11 mm. Aperture: length, 12 mm.; breadth,

6 mm. Mean rationis—i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 2; iii. = 1: 1.5. These specimens are slightly more ventricose and have the aperture in proportion shorter than the type.

Hab. Lake Hayes, Otago; near Napier; Lake Wakatipu.

Type in Mr. Sowerby's cabinet (?).

Isidora lirata, Tenison-Woods (1879), sp.

Physa lirata, T.-Woods, P.L.S. N.S.W., vol. iii. (1879), p. 138, pl. xiii., fig. 6. Physa lirata, Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 31; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xvii., p. 57. Bulinus liratus, Hedley and Suter, P.L.S. N.S.W. (2), vol. vii., p. 627. Bullinus liratus, Suter, Journ. de Conch., vol. xli., p. 233.

The diagnosis is also in Hutton's Manual, and the accompanying fig. 6 is reproduced from T.-Wood's figure. Fig. 6a shows a few teeth of the radula: the rhachidian tooth is bicuspid, the laterals tricuspid, the following transition teeth with four and more denticles, and the marginals are elongate and serrate.

Fig. 6.

This is one of the best-characterized species; the fine spiral lirae and the anteriorly produced lip distinguish it at once from all the other New Zealand species. The dimensions given by T.-Woods are—Shell: length, 10 mm.; breadth, 5 mm. Aperture: length, 5 mm.; breadth, 3 mm. The proportions are—i. = 1: 2; ii. = 1: 1.7; iii. = 1: 2: but taken from the figure we get—i. = 1: 1.9; ii. = 1: 2.2; iii. = 1: 1.5.

Fig. 6a.

In my collection the species is represented from twelve localities: Rivers Heathcote and Avon, creek in St. Albans, pond in Fendalton, all near Christchurch; Wellington; Greymouth; Pelorus River; pond near Lake St. John; Toko; Lakes Virginia and Westmere, near Wanganui; and North Island, exact locality unknown. The specimens vary a great deal in size and proportions, but the main features mentioned above are always present. The colour is usually light-horny, the whorls are sometimes smooth but mostly strongly carinated, and the carina usually adorned with short light-brown bristles, a character only met with in this species.

I measured altogether thirty-one specimens and found the rationis to vary—i., from 1: 1.6 to 1: 1.9; ii., from 1: 1.6 to 1: 2.4; iii., from 1: 1.3 to 1: 1.7. The means are as follows—i. = 1: 1.7; ii. = 1: 1.9; iii. = 1: 1.5.

Type where ?

Isidora lirata, T. Woods, subsp. conferta, n. subsp.

Shell globosely ovate, sinistral, corneous-translucent, thin, almost imperforate, the columellar reflexion leaving only a narrow chink. The distant lines of growth are rather regular, especially on the upper whorls, and under the lens fine regular and close spiral liræ are visible. The colour varies from very light horny to light olive-brown. The spire is short, about one-third the length of the shell. The pullus is acuminate, of darker colour, consisting of two whorls with fine incremental striation. There are four whorls, either strongly shouldered or having only a posterior angle, which usually gets lost on the body-whorl; the latter is forming the greater part of the shell. The base is convex, the suture impressed. Aperture vertical, elongately oval, acuminate above and produced anteriorly. The outer lip is regularly rounded, sharp, thin; the inner lip is twisted, forming a distinct fold near the axis of the shell; not much reflexed. Fig. 7 represents a distinctly shouldered form, and fig. 8 with only a slight angulation on the whorls.

Fig. 7

This subspecies is distinguished from the species by its ventricose form and the much broader aperture, approaching T. tabulata, Gould. I have specimens from two localities:—

(1.) From swamps near Otorohanga, King-country. These are strongly keeled (fig. 7). Three specimens were measured—Shell: length, 11 mm.; breadth, 7 mm. Aperture: length, 7 mm.; breadth, 4 mm. Shell: length, 9½ mm.; breadth, 6½ mm. Aperture: length, 6½ mm.; breadth, 3½ mm. Shell: length, 9½ mm.; breadth, 6 mm. Aperture: length, 6 mm.; breadth, 3¼ mm. The mean rationis are—i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 1.7; iii. = 1: 1.6.

Fig. 8.

(2.) From Wairau River, south of Birch Hill Station, Nelson. These specimens are much lighter in colour, the upper whorls slightly angled (fig. 8). Three specimens were measured—Shell: length, 11–12 mm.; breadth, 7–7½ mm. Aperture: length, 8–8½ mm.; breadth, 4½ mm. The mean proportions are—i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 1.9; iii. = 1: 1.4. The means for the two localities are—i. = 1: 1.6; ii. = 1: 1.8; iii. = 1: 1.5.

Type in my collection.

To repeat, the following species are omitted:—

(1.) Physa variabilis, Gray, insufficiently described and unfigured.

(2.) Physa gibbosa, Gould, inhabits Australia.

Art. XVII.—Some, New Species of New Zealand Marine Shells, together with Remarks on some Non-marine Species, and some Additions to the “Index Faunœ.”

By Rev. W. H. Webster, B.A.

Art. XVIII.—Some Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.

results. Here and now it is only necessary to present a list of the new species, but I cannot let the opportunity pass by without emphasizing the fact that the predominant earthworms in the North Island belong to a subfamily quite different from that to which the predominant earthworms of the South Island belong, and heretofore believed to be characteristic of New Zealand as a whole.

The South Island earthworms (extending up to and including Stephen Island in Cook Strait) belong to the subfamily Acanthodrilinœ; on the other hand, the commonest earthworms in the North Island belong to the subfamily Megascolecinœ, which is characteristic of Tasmania and Australia.

The problem of distribution presented to us renders our former ideas on the subject as to the relation of our fauna to that of Australia somewhat confusing: and I do not at present propose to discuss it till I have worked out the line along which the two subfamilies came into contact in New Zealand. I shall be extremely grateful for any earthworms from Nelson and Marlborough, as well as from the southern parts of the North Island, for we are very deficient in knowledge as to the fauna in these parts of the country.

List of New Species.
Fam. Megascolecid æ

5. Rhododrilus besti, Benham.

Loc. Ruatahuna.

A single individual. Collected by Mr. Elsdon Best.

This is the tokerangi of the natives, and is not included in Mr. Best's list of edible species. He writes me that it is “found on tracks, &c., in the morning, generally after a wet night.”

Subfam. Megascolecin æ.
Tokea, Benham (1904).

6. Tokea esculenta, Benham.

Loc. Ruatahuna.

Collected by Mr. Elsdon Best, in stony places: it is termed Kurekure by the natives, who eat it.

7. Tokea sapida, Benham.

Loc. Ruatahuna.

Collected by Mr. Best. This is also an edible species, and is not distinguished by the Maori from the preceding species, the same name, kurekure, being used for both. It was one of the most prized kinds, and was reserved as food for the chiefs.

8. Tokea ureweræ, Benham.

Loc. Ruatahuna.

Collected by Mr. Best. It is the pokotea of the Maoris, who included it in their bill-of-fare.

9. Tokea huttoni, Benham.

Loc. Whangarei.

One individual. Collected by Captain Hutton.

10. Tokea suteri, Benham.

Loc. Auckland.

One individual. Collected by Mr. Suter.

11. Tokea kirki, Benham.

Loc. Ohaeawai.

Five specimens. Collected by Professor H. B. Kirk.

12. Tokea maorica, Benham.

Loc. Auckland: Waitakerei Bush and Nikau-palm Bush, near Auckland.

Eight individuals. Collected by Mr. Suter.

It will be seen that out of a collection containing twelve new species, only two belong to the predominant genera of the South Island—viz., Maoridrilus and Octochœtus. The genus Rhododrilus is represented by one species in the South Island, one species in the Chatham, and two species (described in the present volume) in the southern islands.

Art. XIX.—On the Oligochœta from the Southern Islands of the New Zealand Region:

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A. F.Z.S., Corr. M. R. Soc. Tasm., Professor of Biology, University of Otago.

Fam. Megascolecid æ.

Fam. Enchytræid Æ.

(5.) Marionina antipodum, n. sp.

(6.) Enchytrœus albidus, Henle.

(7.) Lumbricillus macquariensis, n. sp.

We already know two species of Notiodrilus from these southern islands—viz., N. macquariensis, Beddard, originally described some years ago, and more recently studied and illustrated by myself,^* and N. aucklandicus, described by myself in 1902. Hitherto these two worms have been the only Oligochæta recorded from this region, and the other islands have been unexplored for this branch of their fauna. The present contribution thus adds a third species of Notiodrilus,^† as well as two new species of Rhododrilus, which is endemic in New Zealand, and, unlike some of our other genera, is represented alike in the North and South Islands, as well as in the Chathams. The presence, too, of Enchytræids in these southern islands is of interest, as species of both Marionina and Lumbricillus have been recorded from South Georgia and Tierra del Fuego, while the same species of Enchytrœus has been met with all over the globe.

The Oligochœtal fauna, so far as are known, may here be summarised:—

Antipodes Island:—
Notiodrilus aucklandicus.
Marionina antipodum.
Lord Auckland Isles:—
Notiodrilus aucklandicus.
Rhododrilus cockayni.
Rhododrilus leptomerus.
Campbell Islands:—
Notiodrilus aucklandicus.
N. campbellianus.
Rhododrilus cockayni.
Enchytrœus albidus.

Art. XX.—Earthworms from the Kermadecs.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., &c., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.

Art. XXI. —Note on the Occurrence of the Foraminiferan Genus Ramulina in the New Zealand Waters.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., &c., Professor of Biology, University of Otago.

Art. XXII.—Further Notes on the Sipunculids of New Zealand.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., &c., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.

to institute any detailed comparison is the antarctic form, P. capsiforme, Baird,^* and the varieties described by Michaelsen.^† From this species it differs in several important respects, and is quite distinct from it.

Sipunculus, Linnæus.

S. maoricus, n. sp.

Two individuals were forwarded to me by Mr. Suter. They were found washed up on the beach at Tauroa Point, Ahipara, near Cape Maria Van Diemen. They had apparently dried up to some extent before being preserved, as the skin is tough and hard, and the internal organs are not sufficiently well preserved to be described.

Colour.—Pale-yellowish; perhaps somewhat translucent when alive.

Dimensions (Plate XV., fig. 3).—Total length, 116 mm., of which the introvert occupies 12 mm.; the diameter of the body at about the middle is 10 mm., and the base of the introvert measures 4 mm.^‡ The anus lies 6 mm. below the base of the introvert. Thus the length is about 11½ times the breadth, and the introvert is about one-ninth of the total length.

General Description.

The body is, as always in this genus, marked with distinct circular and longitudinal furrows, dividing the surface into a number of rectangular areas (Plate XVI., fig. 13); the circular furrows and ridges being more conspicuous in that part of the body which is contracted, the longitudinal ones where it is less contracted. The hinder end of the body is slightly pointed, and here the longitudinal ridges are most conspicuous, converging to the mammilla-like tip.

The introvert, which is partly retracted in both specimens, is for the greater part of its extent covered with recurved hook-like tubercles, which are white (Plate XVI., fig. 11). These are not arranged in any very definite manner, though partly they form oblique rows. The tubercles are rather larger dorsally than ventrally, and also diminish slightly in size as the tentacles are approached, at the same time becoming softer. Between the tentacular crown and the tubercles is a naked area about 2 mm. or 3 mm. in extent (Plate XVI., fig. 7). Each of the hook-shaped tubercles^§ has an irregularly rounded but wrinkled apex. It is

to the tentacular arrangement of that arctic form. Again, in the same text-book, a form named Stephanostoma by Danielssen and Koren is stated to have “six great groups of tentacles”; but this form is regarded by Selenka as a Phascolosoma and not a Sipunculus.

The appearance, then, of this tentacular crown will be, when fully everted, very different from that of either Dendrostoma or Physcosoma.

Internal Anatomy.—The longitudinal muscular coat consists of about twenty-seven distinct bands in the middle of the body: these run independently for considerable distances—i.e., anastomoses are very infrequent; necessarily they become more frequent posteriorly, where the number of bands decreases.

There are four retractors, all of the same length, arising from the body-wall about 20mm. below the base of the introvert. The dorsal retractors arise from four longitudinal muscle-bands, and the ventrals from three of them.

The intestine, filled with sand, has such a thin wall—probably due to post mortem changes—that it was impossible to trace the coils, or to detect the extent of the spindle muscle, for the wall burst on the slightest touch. The coils were attached to the body-wall by numerous delicate threads. The rectum runs close to the body-wall for a distance of 8mm., and appears to be adherent thereto.

I was unable to detect any posterior coeca, nor were the nephridia preserved.

Remarks.—I have given a new name to this Sipunculus, as it does not agree with the descriptions of any species in the small collection of literature available. Unfortunately I have not access to Selenka's monograph, so that it is possible that this article is a work of supererogation. Judging by the reference to the hook-like tubercles of S. australis, I expected that it would belong to this species; but the figure and description given by Shipley^* do not seem to bear out this idea: it is true neither figure nor description is very detailed, but they are sufficient to indicate general differences. His account says nothing of the great axial cavity of the tubercle, and his figure shows gland and tubercle as distinct things (p1. xviii., fig. 5); and the brief diagnosis given by Quatrefages^† does not incline one to refer my specimen to that species. The same negative result follows a comparison of the diagnoses of other Australian species given by the latter author.

Note on Dendrostoma.

D. huttoni, n. sp.

In my previous article (Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxvi., p. 180) I spent some time in trying to demonstrate the probability that Sipunculus lutulentus, Hutton, is a synonym of S. aeneus, Baird, and proceeded to state that I believed the species of Dendrostoma that I was describing was identical with the latter. I am now of opinion that I was altogether too precipitate in my conclusions. Some of the reasons that led me, at that time, to formulate these conclusions were: (1.) Two genera of Sipunculids, and only two, had been collected in recent times on our shores, and these at various spots from Auckland Harbour to Stewart Island. (2.) Both these had been described, so far as external features are concerned, and had been named, by Captain Hutton. (3.) In this Museum were certain tubes containing examples of two forms, with Hutton's labels upon them: one of them is undoubtedly the type of Physcosoma annulatum; the other I had reasons to think might be the type of his Sipunculus lutulentus. (4.) The latter, however, I found to belong to the genus Dendrostoma.

The proper proceeding would have been to have named this species Dendrostoma lutulenta, Hutton; but I went further, and, concluding that Hutton's species was identical with Baird's, gave it the name of D. aeneum.

Now, there are two very important lacunae in the evidence for this procedure: Firstly, we have no knowledge whatever, from the brief account of the external anatomy given by Baird, of the generic status of “S. aeneus.” Secondly, we are by no means certain that the specimen alluded to as coming from Cape Campbell is Hutton's type of “S. lutulentus”; for, although Captain Hutton wrote me that, so far as he remembered, he had only one specimen of this species and that came from Cape Campbell, yet the individual is less than half the size of S. lutulentus as described by him. That ought to have put me on my guard against identifying the Dendrostoma with Hutton's species.

Now, in his original account of P. annulatum Hutton states that he had obtained specimens from Dunedin and Cape Campbell: the former is in the Museum, as I stated in my article, fully labelled by Hutton; but I cannot find any specimen of this species with the latter locality attached. It has occurred to me that possibly this specimen referred to as “b” in my article was mistaken by Hutton for an individual of P. annu-latum: it is true it differs in various ways from that species, even externally, but in size and general form it is more like it than like his description of S. lutulentus. At any rate, I ought to have

been contented with the suggestion merely of the identity of the Dendrostoma with Hutton's S. lutulentus. But since writing that article I have received representatives of two more genera, and this leads me to doubt whether even this suggestion is probable. We must bear in mind that at the time Captain Hutton wrote the limitations of the genera of Sipunculids were by no means so clearly recognised as at the present day; and it is not quite certain to what genus Hutton's species belongs.

I propose, then, to name the Dendrostoma after our leading naturalist in New Zealand, so that it will now stand as Dendrostoma huttoni, Benham=Phascolosoma huttoni, Benham (Index F.N.Z.) = Dendrostoma aeneum, Baird (Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xxxvi., p. 177).

Both Baird's and Hutton's species of Sipunculus must stand amongst our “species inquirendae.” I much regret the confusion to which my former article will perhaps give rise.

The figure (p1. vii., fig. 12) illustrating my account^* of the tentacular crown of Dendrostoma huttoni does not do justice to the elegance of this organ: the lobes are too broad and the tentacles too short. I have therefore drawn another figure from a fully extended specimen, which is reproduced on Plate XV., fig. 6, for comparison with the corresponding organ of the genera described in the present communication.

Explanation of Plates XV. and XVI.

Art. XXIII.—The Aquatic Larva of the Fly Ephydra.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., &c,. Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.

gives a poor figure (vol. ii., p. 569, group 132, fig. 11) which shows the bifurcated tail, following ten claw-bearing segments. He states (p. 574), “Many species of Ephydra frequent salt marshy situations. The larva is cylindrical, without feet, and the terminal segment of the body very long, and terminated by a long fork, the prongs of which support spiracles at the tip; the puparium scarcely differs from the larva.” Packard, on p. 414, also represents, in a slightly more detailed figure, the “puparium” of another species. I find no reference to the genus in Miall's interesting book, nor in the Cambridge Natural History.

Description of the Puparium.

Amongst the dark-brown puparia I find one grey larva, which differs in a few points from the puparia, to which I paid more special attention; and since the larva, by hardening of the stem, becomes the puparium, the description of the latter will serve, with slight modifications, for the former. The puparium is a dark-brown hard-skinned object, measuring 9 mm. in total length, with a greatest diameter of 2 mm. It is cylindrical, bluntly pointed anteriorly, and produced into a narrow cylindrical tail occupying about one-third of the total length—viz., 3.5 mm. This terminates in a pair of short, narrow tubes, paler than the body, but tipped with dark pigment; each branch or tube is 1 mm. in length, and bears a spiracle at its apex. The entire surface—except these terminal branches—is covered with closely set blackish spines (as in Eristalis), groups of which at certain segments become larger and claw-like.

The body consists of a small “head,”^* carrying a mouth, followed by ten distinctly marked segments, the last bearing the anus, behind which is the long tail.

There are no definite feet on this puparium, but on the ventral face of each of the eight segments 3 to 10 are paired groups of black claw-like spines, those on the last segment being carried on a prominent median papilla. In the majority of the specimens the ventral surface of the 9th segment is sunk below the general level, and, the body being abruptly curved ventralwards in this region, the claws of segments 8 and 10 are brought close together, and even in contact in some specimens, thus giving rise to clasp-ing-organ.

Westwood's figure shows nothing of this kind, all the segments being represented alike, and he places claws on all ten segments. Packard's figure, however, shows a slight prominence behind the 7th, and another larger one on the 10th. These, however, are wide apart, and do not suggest a clasping-organ.

The black claws are not arranged in circles, as they are in Eristalis, but in irregular groups, and the number differs in the different segments.

The first segment is armed on the ventral surface with a series of closely set black rectangular plates, each toothed along its hinder margin; these plates are in about half a dozen transverse rows, each row shorter than the preceding, giving rise to a somewhat triangular black patch. The anterior edge of this and of the second segment is also armed with a row of short black conical tooth-like spines.

The “head” bears on either side a small triramous organ, each branch of which is somewhat dilated at its extremity, and is apparently perforated by a minute aperture. Each is traversed by a brownish granular canal (in which I could not detect any rings), which at the base of the organ unites with the other two to form a single canal, which runs backwards for a short distance, then, near the hinder end of the head, dilates to form a hemispherical or conical saccule, which rests against and is partly embraced by a dilated tracheal tube, colourless and distinctly ringed as usual; from this a. trachea can be traced backwards into the body. This appears to be an “anterior spiracle” such as occurs in the pupa of several aquatic Diptera, such as the gnats and Eristalis, though in form it does not resemble the organ in the latter fly.

From each of the posterior spiracles, situated at the tip of each of the forks of the tail, a trachea can be traced forwards into the body, and there is no dilatation except the small one just referred to.

The Larva.

Amongst the dark-brown “puparia” I find one individual which is grey in colour, with a softer and flatter body; the spines covering the body are much longer than in the puparium; each of the ventral paired groups of “claws” is on a distinct prominence or transverse ridge, which appears to represent the paired “legs” of Eristalis, the ridge of segment 10 being more prominent than the rest. Further, round each segment, as well as on the “head,” is a series of tufts of small pale hairs, no doubt sensory in function. Each tuft consists of three hairs rising apparently from a common base; they are colourless, and much longer than the spines. These sensory hairs are also observable on the puparium, but are less conspicuous. The anterior end bears a pair of dorsal “eye-spots.” The mouth is armed on each side with two or three rows of stout spines, and within the cavity is a pair of short antennae; each appears to be 3-jointed, the terminal joint being brown, and to spring from a circular

Art. XXIV.—Notes on some Nudibranch Molluscs from New Zealand.

By W. B. Benham, D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., &c., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago.

giganteus of Kirk) presents peculiarities, indicated by its generic name,^* that have hitherto only been noted in two Japanese polynoids, recently described by Moore^† as Lepido-notus branchiferus and L. chitoniformis, but which probably should be included in Ehler's new genus just mentioned. A second interesting form is Atagema carinata, which is now resuscitated from the oblivion that for seventy-five years has sorrounded it.

I proceed to give a translation of so much of Bergh's article as deals with the external features of our species (omitting details with regard to internal anatomy), and any remarks of my own will be enclosed in square brackets.

Nudibranchia Kladohepatica.^‡

Nudibranchiata Holohepatica.
Dorididæ Cryptobranchiatæ.

Atagema, Gray [p. 39].

Gray, fig. iv., 1850, p. 104; Guide, i., 1857, p. 209.

Form and internal structure as in an Archidorid. The back carries a median keel. As was so frequently the case, Gray erected a new genus (Atagema) on a drawing (by Quoy and Gaimard) of an animal presenting a somewhat peculiar appear-ance.

The animal described below belongs to the Archidorididae: it has the general body-form of the family, with granulated

Art. XXV.—Note on the Function of the Last Pair of Thoracic Legs in the Whale-feed (Grimothea gregaria).

By Chas. Chilton, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College.

Art. XXVI.—On the Occurrence of a Species of Cercaria in the Cockle.

By Chas. Chilton, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., Professor of Biology at Canterbury College.

species in the character and arrangement of the setse on the tail, and I propose to give it the name Cercaria pectinata.

Cercaria pectinata, n. sp. Plate XIX.

Similar to C. villoti, Monticelli (= G. setifera, Villot), but with the “setse” arranged in two rows along the sides of the tail, instead of forming rings around it; each “seta” consisting of a short vertical row of long bristles.

Hob. In Chione stutchburyi, Otago Harbour.

General Notes.

The sporocysts (fig. 1) were numerous in each cockle in which they were found, particularly in the first one, in which there must have been several hundreds. They were lying external to the body in the spaces between the mantle-lobes, the gills, &c. Each sporocyst is about 4 mm. long and 0.75 mm. broad, sausageshaped, but somewhat narrowed at each end, both ends being alike. By alternate contractions and expansions they were capable of creeping about somewhat slowly with a worm-like motion. The whole of the interior of each sporocyst was in nearly all cases filled with fully developed Cercarice just ready to escape, and through the semi-transparent walls of the sporocysts these Cercarice could be seen often moving about within. The number of Cercarice in each sporocyst varies to some extent, but usually there were a dozen or more. Swimming among the sporocysts were numerous Cercarice that had already escaped, and if a sporocyst were artificially ruptured the contained Cercarice at once began to swim freely about. In a few cases the Cercarice were seen escaping naturally through the walls of the sporocyst, and in these cases they made their way through the lateral wall and were apparently able to penetrate this at practically any point.

Occasionally the sporocysts contained, besides fully developed Cercarice one or two rounded or elongated masses of cells, presumably immature Cercarice, but in most of the cases observed they contained nothing but fully developed Cercarice.

The Cercaria (fig. 2) has a long powerful tail nearly twice as long as the head; this tail sometimes showed numerous fine transverse lines or striae, most evident anteriorly, but these were not made out in all cases. Along each side of the tail is a series of “setae,” and by the rapid vibrating action of the tail, combined with the use of these “setae” as fins, the Cercaria is able to swim rapidly through the water. When viewed from above during life each “seta” (see fig. 3) appears to be simple, but closer observation shows that each is made up of a number of fine long bristles arranged in a short vertical row and united together at the base so as to form a comb-like structure, the

Art. XXVII.—Notes on Fruit-fltes, with a Description of a New Species (Dacus xanthodes).

By Captain T. Broun, F.E.S., Government Entomologist and Fruit Inspector at Auckland.

[Read before the Auckland Institute, 27th February, 1904.]

These two-winged flies are, without doubt, the most dreaded of all orchard pests, and consequently strenuous efforts are made to prevent their establishment in New Zealand. The most important species from our point of view are the Mediterranean fly (Halterophora capitata) and the Queensland one (Tephritis tryoni).

The Mediterranean species is known to occur in widely distant countries, including Malta, Sicily, Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands, Bermuda, Cape Colony, Mauritius, Cuba, and Australia. European records of its ravages extend as far back as the year 1826, when it was stated that “fully a third of the oranges shipped to London from the Azores were rendered unfit for use before they reached their destination through the presence of this maggot before they were packed.” In 1890 an article appeared in the American publication called “Insect Life” wherein this fly “was described, as a peach-pest at Bermuda. During 1892 Mr. J. H. Cooke stated that” all the oranges in Malta had been destroyed for the past few years by the maggot of this fly.” The opinions of competent observers and responsible officials only have been quoted here. Besides the fruits already mentioned, about fifteen others have been attacked.

Wings hyaline, unspotted, with pale-brown nervures corresponding in structure with those of Tephritis tryoni.

Underside flavescent, not maculate, except at the apex of the last ventral segment, which is piceous. The abdominal segments are concave, or so deeply hollowed that the sides and upper surface appear quite thin.

Female.—Hind-body elongate-oval, terminal segment rounded nd not prolonged; on each side of the uncovered second segment there is a small cluster of fine black setse: these do not occur in the other sex.

This species differs from Froggatt's Tephritis psidii in being larger, differently coloured and sculptured, and without dusky areas on the wings. From T. tryoni it is distinguished by the greater length of the body and expanse of wings, uniform coloration, without fuscous or yellow marks, dissimilar clothing and sculpture, less broadly oviform or wasp-like hind-body, and stouter antennal setse. In T. tryoni the flanks of the sternum are fuscous.

Art. XXVIII.—On some New Species of Lepidoptera.

By Alered Philpott.
Communicated by G. V. Hudson.

Art. XXIX.—Notes on the Occurrence of some Rare Species of Lepidoptera.

By A. P. Buller, F.E.S.

[Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 6th July, 1904]

Dodonidia helmsii, Butler.

It will, I feel sure, be of interest to entomologists to hear that this beautiful butterfly appears to be on the increase. In February of 1903 Mr. H. W. Simmonds, of Wellington, took fifteen specimens on the birch-clad range above Silverstream, and saw some twenty-five or thirty on the wing. He tells me that it is a strong flier, and is very evasive of capture. It appeared to be very local in its habitat, and frequented for the most part the outskirts of a small patch of birch forest on the very ridge of the hill. Mr. Simmonds found it impossible to pursue it through the fern and scrub, but by posting himself at the opening of a glade in the bush he netted most of his specimens as they flew in, to seek, apparently, the shade. In February of the present year he again visited the same locality, but this time was less fortunate, for since the previous season the patch of bush that had been so productive had been partly destroyed by fire, and though he saw a few he was unable to capture any. To some extent this might have been accounted for by the fact of its being dull, cold weather and a little late in the month. He met with one on the low ground at the foot of the range, but with this exception they appeared to keep to the high level. I took one at the latter end of the same month at Lake Papaitonga, Ohau (Manawatu), on the flowers of the white Escallonia. It is the only occasion I have seen it on the wing, and I was much struck by its beauty as it hovered over the blossoms.

In passing, I would strongly recommend collectors to plant a few trees of the Escallonia (Escallonia montevidensis) in their gardens, as it possesses a singular attraction for insects of all kinds. This tree in particular, and which I had planted for the

Achæa melicerte, Meyr.

The first and, I believe, the only record of this moth in New Zealand appears in the Transactions of the Philosophical Society in 1876,^* in an article contributed by the late Mr. Fereday. He states that a specimen was taken at Wellington by Mr. Liardet, and he describes and figures it as Catocala traversi. In his paper he mentions that one had been taken at Lyttelton two years previously, and that he understood it to be a common moth amongst the gum-trees in Australia.

Mr. Hudson tells me that, as far as he knows, this is the only record of its appearance, and until recently these have been the only two specimens known. (Mr. Meyrick has described it in the Transactions^† as Achœa melicerte, but does not mention Catocala traversi as a synonym. From his description, however, it seems clear they are one and the same, and I have adopted Mr. Meyrick's nomenclature.)

It is now interesting to note that it has occurred somewhat plentifully at Titahi Bay, where, early in March this year, Mr. O'Connor took no less than eight or ten in one day, and saw as many more. He was collecting on a steep hillside shelving down to the beach, over which a fire had some time previously run, destroying most of the scrub but leaving here and there a few isolated bushes. On beating these the moths flew out, and, not knowing it to be such a rarity, he kept only five or six. He tells me that they would fly for fifteen yards or so and then settle, but would be off again on his approach. The day being very bright, this alertness rather points to the fact that they may be diurnal in their habits. A little later in the month he took one specimen at rest in a garden in Wellington.

The occurrence of this moth after being practically unknown for nearly thirty years is a matter of much interest and conjecture.

Utetheisa pulchella, Meyr.

This daintily coloured species has also been taken at Titahi by Mr. O'Connor. In January last he took ten in one day, some being at flower on the white rata, and the others he netted in the tussock-grass. He states that it has a feeble flight, and is easily captured. This was the only occasion on which he saw it.

The only New Zealand specimen I have seen is in Mr. Hudson's collection, and was taken by him at Wainuiomata in 1886. A specimen was taken at Petone by the late Mr. Norris; and these, I believe, until now, are the only local captures.

Art. XXX.—Notes on the Entomology of Mount Holdsworth, Tararua Range.

By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S.

I was, however, much more surprised in not finding any species of Crambus or Orocrambus on Mount Holdsworth, and do not think that the total absence of both these genera, which are characteristic of all the mountains I have ever visited in the South Island, can be explained by the lateness of the season, though future visits must definitely determine this. In connection with the distribution of these forms, it would be interesting to know whether geologists have yet determined the northern limit of general glaciation in New Zealand. The absence of these characteristic alpine insects from the Tararuas may perhaps have some bearing on this question, as without the glaciation of the intervening lowlands such species might not have been able to travel from the mountains of the South Island to those of the North Island. The Tararua Range is an important one in connection with this inquiry, as it is the nearest high mountain-range to the South Island.

I will now give a list of the more interesting species observed on Mount Holdsworth and in its neighbourhood, with some special remarks on the rarer species met with. It must, however, be clearly understood that this list does not claim to be an exhaustive one, but subject to revision when the locality has been more adequately worked by entomologists.

Lepidoptera.

Vanessa gonerilla.

This butterfly was very abundant on Mount Holdsworth, from the bush-line to the summit. The specimens were very large, and in perfect condition. They, however, exhibited no divergence from the usual type.

Chrysophanus salustius.

A few specimens seen in the Mangatariri Valley.

C. boldenarum.

A distinct variety of this insect occurs in river-beds on the Wairarapa Plain.

Lycœna phœbe.

Mangatariri River; sparingly.

Nyctemera annulata.

Two specimens of this very common insect occurred on Mount Holdsworth at 4,000 ft. Had they not been actually netted, they might readily have been mistaken for one of the Erebias, and reported as such.

Leucania griseipennis.

At “sugar,” Mangatariri River. Rare.

L. purdii.

At “sugar,” Mangatariri River. Three specimens only.

S. epicomia.

In forest, Mangatariri River.

S. feredayi.

In forest, Mangatariri River. A few only, in poor condition.

S. crypsinoa.

Mount Holdsworth, 4,000 ft. Worn.

S. sabulosella.

Common as usual. Mangatariri River.

S. steropœa.

One seen. Mangatariri River.

S. astragolota?

Mount Holdsworth, in forest, 3,500 ft.

S. asterisca.

At “sugar,” Mangatariri River.

Nesarcha hybreadalis.

One seen. Mangatariri River.

Musotima aduncalis.

Common as usual. Mangatariri River.

Platyptilia haasti.

On swampy spur track to Mount Holdsworth. Locally common.

Pterophorus lycosemus.

Common in forest, Mangatariri River.

P. monospilalis.

Common in forest, Mangatariri River.

Clepsicosma iridia.

I took two specimens of this species in the dense swampy forest near the Mangatariri River.

Capua semiferana and Noteraula straminea.

Taken commonly by Mrs. Hudson amongst tutu, Mangatariri River.

Adoxophyes conditana.

In forest, Mangatariri River.

Simaethis.

Three specimens of this interesting genus occurred on Mount Holdsworth, from 3,600 ft. to 4,000 ft., as usual. These insects were flying very rapidly in the hottest sunshine.

Art. XXXI.—Epalxiphora axenana, Meyr.: a Species of Lepidoptera scarce in New Zealand.

By Ambrose Quail, F.E.S. (London).

Art. XXXII.—On the Occurrence of Graucalus melanops, Latham, in New Zealand.

By CaptainHutton, F.R.S.

Art. XXXIII.—A Rare Saurian.

By Archdeacon Walsh.

[Read before the Auckland Institute, 12th September, 1904.]

From time to time over a number of years reports have been brought in by surveyors, bushmen, and others of the existence of a large lizard on the Waoku Plateau. This is an extensive tableland, about 2,000 ft. above sea-level, lying between the Hokianga and Kaipara districts. It is covered with forest, and here and there are several shallow lagoons. It is about these lagoons that the lizard is supposed to make its home.

So far as I am aware, no specimens have been captured; or, if they have, they have not been preserved. A dead specimen was, however, washed down the Waima Creek, a stream leading from the plateau, about thirty-five years ago, on the occasion of the hahunga or official reinterment of the bones of Arama Karaka, when it was seen by several European visitors, and was recognised by the Maoris, who were much frightened at its appearance. Being in a partly decomposed condition, however, no attempt, I believe, was made at preservation. From the appearance of this specimen, and from such other slight details as have been gathered from the reports above mentioned, it has been concluded, I understand, that the animal is a species of salamander hitherto undescribed.

As I have occasional opportunities of visiting the neighbourhood of the Waoku Plateau, as well as the Waima Valley, where the decomposed specimen was seen, I have made it my business to seek for any information that was to be had on the subject.

Beyond the repetition of certain vague second-hand rumours, however, I had until lately never met with any success. The lizard, like the taniwha, was apparently a creature of whom all had heard but none had seen, and if it had not been for the well-authenticated specimen of Waima I should have been tempted to classify it amongst the fabled monsters of imagination.

During a recent visit to Hokianga, however, in the course of a conversation with Mr. John Webster, of Opononi, the ultimate referee in all Hokianga matters, this gentleman informed me that shortly after his coming to the district, some fifty years ago, he had seen an animal which may have been one of the sought-for species. He was exploring in a rocky part of the Wairiri Creek—a tributary of the Hokianga River—when he saw what he described as a lizard about 18 in. long of a yellowish colour. While looking about for a stick or stone wherewith to despatch it the reptile slipped down into the water, and quickly disappeared amongst the boulders in the bottom of the stream. Whether it was one of the same species there is not sufficient evidence for exact proof, but we have at least the fact established of a lizard of about the required dimensions, of amphibious habits, and found in a locality connected with the Waoku Plateau by a continuous forest. In the absence of any proof to the contrary, therefore, I think it may be fairly assumed that the species are identical, and that at that period at least the animal was pretty widely distributed.

My object in presenting these very sketchy notes is the hope that the information, scanty as it is, may lead to further research. Although a road has been made over the plateau, the place is still very much in its primitive condition. Some attempt at occupation was made some ten or fifteen years ago, but though a good deal of bush was cut down no very effective settlement took place. The swampy nature of the soil, which is nothing but a thick layer of vegetable humus, and the too abundant rains, made a successful “burn” impracticable, and after some more or less futile efforts to clear the land the attempt at settlement was generally abandoned. The clearings are fast reverting to bush, and the primæval forest which still occupies the greatest part of the surface remains practically intact. If, as seems to be the case, the animal is amphibious and probably a tree-climber, these qualities should help to secure it from the ravages of the wild pig, which would otherwise have probably exterminated it before this, as they have done in the case of the tuatara wherever they have had access.

Taking all things into consideration, therefore, I think there is little doubt that a careful and intelligent search would result in the addition of an interesting species to the list of the New Zealand fauna.

Art. XXXIV.—A Revision of the Species of the Formicidæ (Ants) of New Zealand.

By Professor Dr. A. Forel.
Communicated by A. Hamilton.

2. Subfamily Myrmicinæ, Lep., 1836 (p. 169).

Art. XXXV.—On some New Species of Macro-lepidoptera in New Zealand.

By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S.

Grammodes pulcherrima, Lucas. Plate XXII., fig. 4.

A single specimen of this well-known Brisbane species was captured by Mr. Creagh O'Connor at Titahi Bay, near Wellington, in March last, and so far as I am aware has not been previously found in New Zealand.

The expansion of the wings is 1⅜ in. All the wings are dark blackish-brown with white markings. The fore wings have an oblique transverse band from about ¼ on the costa to about ½ on the dorsum; another band, very slender and curved near the dorsum, from a little more than ½ on costa to about ¾ on dorsum. There is a conspicuous black spot, partially ringed with pale-yellow, near the tornus, a small oblique white mark a little before the apex, and a fine oblique shaded line from the termen below the apex ending just before the black spot. The hind wings have a very broad curved white band near the base, several spots on the termen, and a blackish blotch in the middle of the termen. The cilia of the fore wings are grey; of the hind wings white, except near the black blotch, where they are black. The head and thorax are dark-grey, the abdomen pale-grey. The underside is much paler, with the white markings much broader than on the upper surface.

Kindly identified by Mr. Lyell, of Gisborne, Victoria, from a drawing taken for that purpose from Mr. O'Connor's specimen.

Notodontina.

Chloroclystis minima, n. sp.

A single specimen of this little species was found by Mr. J. H. Lewis at Ida Valley in November, 1902.

The expansion of the wings is ⅝ in. All the wings are dark-grey, stippled and striped with blackish. The fore wings have five rather ill-defined transverse bands, which are more distinct on the costa and termen than near the centre of the wing. The hind wings are shaded with blackish near the termen, but are otherwise destitute of distinct markings. The cilia of all the wings are grey, barred with black. The head, thorax, and abdomen are dark-grey.

In general appearance this species closely resembles some of the smaller varieties of Xanthorhoe cinerearia, but may be readily distinguished from that species by its smaller size and darker coloration. Its structure and wing-outline clearly indicate its affinity with Chloroclystis.

Dichromodes ida, n. sp. Plate XXII., fig. 2.

This interesting species was discovered by Mr. J. H. Lewis at Ida Valley, Central Otago.

The expansion of the wings is ⅞ in. The fore wings are very pale greenish-blue, speckled and marked with black. There is an

Art. XXXVA.—On Macro-lepidoptera observed during the Summer of 1903–4, including a Note on the Occurrence of a Hawk-moth new to New Zealand.

By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S.