In previous descriptions Struthiolaria has always been described as imperforate. A section of the columella, however, shows that it is hollow, and therefore the genus must be considered as umbilicate, but with the umbilicus closed in adults by the callus of the inner lip.

tubercles, are of a slender shape and small size, and have a sloping shoulder. It is quite possible that they can be separated as a distinct species. (See Plate 11, fig. 10.)

Struthiolaria calcar Hutton. (Plate 11, figs. 8, 11, 13.)

1873. Struthiolaria cincta var. C Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1886. Struthiolaria calcar Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 18, p. 335.

1887. Struthiolaria calcar Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 216.

1914. Struthiolaria calcar Hutton: Suter, N. Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Localities.—Shell-bed, Ardgowan, Oamaru (H. J. Finlay); Ashburton River, Canterbury (H. J. Finlay); Tengawai Cliffs, South Canterbury (Canterbury Museum).

Hutton gives as the original locality “Oamaru”; and, although the horizon cannot be stated definitely, it was probably Awamoan. Mr. Finlay has some fine specimens from the Ardgowan shell-bed and from the Ashburton River.

In all respects except the spur on the outer lip these shells are identical in appearance with S. subspinosa. Further, just as there are two forms of that species, a broad and a slender, so there are two similar forms of S. calcar. It is unlikely, however, that such a development should not have specific value.

The specimen described by Suter as Hutton's type is an artificial, plaster cast, and no trace of the original material now remains. Suter did not notice the nature of the “holotype,” for he says (1914, p. 17), “protoconch and all the whorls covered by a white calcareous layer obscuring the sculpture.” In view of this, Mr. Finlay's specimen from Ardgowan shell-bed (Plate 11, fig. 11) is here named “neotype.” If, as seems probable, the plaster cast mentioned above was prepared directly from the original material it is a plastotype (Schuchert, 1905, p. 15); but there is no way of proving this.

Struthiolaria spinosa Hector. (Plate 11, figs. 12, 14.)

1886. Struthiolaria spinosa Hector, Outline N. Z. Geol., p. 51, fig. 9, No. 13.

1886. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 18, p. 335, in part (not of 1873).

1887. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 216, in part (not of 1873).

Shell moderately large, ovate, turreted; whorls 7, strongly shouldered, body-whorl bicarinate; sculpture, the whole surface finely regularly spirally lirate, about 10 lirae on shoulder and 10 between angle of shoulder and suture below, on shoulder-angle is row of long, strong tubercles, 8 per whorl on neotype but 10 on some specimens, generally more numerous on earliest whorls; body-whorl provided with tubercled keel, just below level of suture, in this case tubercles are smaller and closer together than those of shoulder; suture linear, not impressed; aperture oblique, ovate, with shallow channel above and very short canal below; outer lip reflexed, thickened, sinuous, little produced at shoulder but well produced at keel, then retreating rapidly to canal; columella concave, ending in beak directed towards right and front; inner lip with very thick pad of callus which extends up to angle of shoulder, filling in spaces between tubercles and extending over part of base where it presents prominent protuberance with vertical face towards outside and wide smooth channel between it and beak.

Neotype in collection of New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 55 mm.; diameter, 40 mm.

Localities.—165, White Rock River, Pareora (type); Ardgowan shell-bed (H. J. Finlay).

As pointed out by Thomson (1913, p. 25), Hutton illegally introduced S. spinosa (1886) as being more appropriate for his S. tuberculata (1873). Thus S. spinosa Hutton (1886) is an absolute synonym of S. tuberculata Hutton (1873). But in the same year (1886) Hector published a figure labelled “S. spinosa.” No locality is given, but the drawing (text-fig. 11) is a very fair representation of the common White Rock River species, which is quite different from Hutton's S. tuberculata var. B, the shell to which tuberculata proper was transferred by that author in 1886.

The validity of Hector's specific name and the application of it depend upon whether his publication was prior to Hutton's, which was issued in May. Hector's Outline shows only the year of issue, but as the Indian and Colonial Exhibition, for which it was prepared, commenced in May it is safe to assume that the publication of the catalogue was earlier in the year than that of the Transactions.

Fig. 11. Struthiolaria spinosa Hector. (After Hector's figure.)

Suter's usage of S. tuberculata for the Broken River species is correct; but he made a serious mistake in connection with the type of S. spinosa. Hutton (1873) listed S. tuberculata var. B, giving the localities “Palliser Bay; Waikari; Lower Gorge of Waipara.” The specimen in the showcases, and therefore the one to be taken as type of S. tuberculata var. B, is from Waikari. Both Hutton and Suter thought the White Rock River shell was specifically the same as this one, but their opinions must have been formed without a close examination of the shells, for the body-whorl of the former has a second row of prominent tubercles. A comparison of the figures here published will show the difference at once. Struthiolaria spinosa must be based upon the shell that Hector figured—i.e., the White Rock River species; while a new name must be applied to the Waikari one. (See below, S. errata n. sp.)

Struthiolaria spinifera n. sp. (Plate 13, fig. 3.)

Shell moderately large, conoidal, with high turreted spire, 1½ times height of aperture; whorls 8, angled above middle with concave shoulder and sloping sides, body-whorl bicarinate, keel of greater diameter than shoulder-angle, base rapidly contracted; apex conoidal, nucleus minute, planorbid; sculpture, first whorls after apex are faintly shouldered, the shoulder-angle of fourth has numerous nodules, while on each of remaining whorls it bears 9 long strong spines, keel of body-whorl also has strong spines, more closely placed but hardly so long as those of shoulder-angle, fine spiral ornamentation is obsolete but growth-lines are strong; suture somewhat undulating, bulging over spines of concealed keel and with narrow strip of callus peeping over it here and there; aperture ovate, subangled above, produced into short canal below; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge wedge-shaped, sinuous, with fairly prominent projection opposite shoulder-angle and more prominent one opposite keel, inner lip with

Figs. 1, 2, 3.-Struthiolaria fortis n. sp. Type.
Fig. 4.-Struthiolaria armata n. sp. Type.
Figs. 5, 6,-Struthiolaria obesa Hutt. Type.
Figs. 7, 8, 9.-Struthiolaria callosa n. sp. (Fig. 7 is type.)

moderately wide and regular callus just surmounting keel where it joins outer lip; columella concave, bent to right below and ending in beak.

Holotype in collection of New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 55 mm.; diameter, 39.5 mm.

Locality.—475, Mount Harris (= S. tuberculata of Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 64).

Remarks.—The long sharp spines show that this shell is closely related to S. tuberculata, from which it differs in its greater size and higher spire.

Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton. (Plate 13, fig. 6.)

1873. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1886. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hector, Outline Geol. N.Z., p. 51, fig. 9, No. 4.

1886. Struthiolaria spinosa Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., p. 335 (not of Hector).

1887. Struthiolaria spinosa Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 217.

1914. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Sur. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 19, pl. 1, fig. 12.

Hutton's localities are: “East coast, Wellington; Upokororo Stream, Te Anau Lake; Kawau; Broken Hill (U).” Probably several species were represented; the Broken River shell has become the type because it was represented as the example of the species in Hutton's type collection at the Dominion Museum. Thomson and Speight collected this fossil from the shell-bed immediately above the limestone of Trelissick Basin (Speight, 1917, p. 348); also “in the small tributary of White Water Creek coming in from the north, in what may be called the Struthiolaria bed from the number of remains of this genus occurring. The same bed is met with in a similar stratigraphical position in the Porter River between the gorges in the Thomas River.” The horizon seems, then, to be low Awamoan. No specimens from elsewhere than the Trelissick Basin have been seen during this revision.

Struthiolaria cincta Hutton. (Plate 13, figs. 4, 5.)

1873. Struthiolaria cincta Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1887. Struthiolaria cincta Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 216.

1897. Struthiolaria cincta Hutton: Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 221.

1914. Struthiolaria cincta Hutton: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 7.

The type of S. cincta is from “Awatere,” but the exact horizon was not stated by Hutton. Dr. Thomson's collection from Lower Awatere (Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 30) contains S. cincta, so this may be the type locality. The species has been recorded from many horizons—e.g., Kakanui; Waihao greensands; Target Gully; Pakaurangi; Duncan's, Tolaga Bay. These are based either on poor specimens or on a very wide interpretation of the species. The true S. cincta has very coarse spirals of irregular appearance, and during the course of this revision has been seen only from 126, Awatere Valley, and 218, Motunau.

The shell most often mistaken for it is S. subspinosa n. sp., which has much the same outline, but sculpture consisting of numerous very fine regular spiral lirae, whereas in S. cincta the spirals are strong and very irregular. The shoulder-angle of S. cincta is sometimes smooth and sometimes ornamented with blunt nodules, 15 to 18 per whorl; in S. subspinosa the tubercles are about the same in number, but they are fairly strong and sharply pointed, and are always present.

Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel. (Plate 13, figs. 1, 9.)

1864. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel, Reise der “Novara,” 1 Bd., 2 Abt., p. 35, pl. 15, fig. 2.

1873. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel: Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1887. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel: Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 217.

1893. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 61.

1914. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 18 (not the specimen figured pl. 1, fig. 9).

The figure published by Suter was drawn by Buchanan from Hutton's plesiotype from Patea. This shell belongs to the S. vermis group, and so is widely separated from Zittel's species. The latter's figure represents an individual with whorls much more convex than usual, but the angulation is described in the text. The more common outline is shown in Plate 13, fig. 9. An examination of the aperture with its spreading callus on the body-whorl, and of the arrangement of the spirals, will show that the species is closely related to the convex variety of S. papulosa.

Zittel gives Awatere Valley as the locality, but in this extensive district more than one horizon is represented. The specimens here placed under this species come from Starborough Creek, where the rocks are of Pliocene age.

Suter quotes in his synonymy (1914, p. 18) the S. cingulata figured in Hector's Outline of New Zealand Geology. This figure was drawn from the type of S. monilifera Suter, which was Hutton's variety B of S. cingulata, but which belongs to a group different from Zittel's species. It should therefore appear in the synonymy of S. monilifera, not of S. cingulata. A comparison of Zittel's figure of this species with that published by Suter (drawn by Buchanan from Hutton's specimen) shows that there are important differences. The true cingulata has the inner-lip callus wide-spreading and thin on the parietal wall, then tapering rapidly below, with a protuberance about half-way down on the outside. The outer lip is quite thin near the junction with the body. This is the typical S. papulosa aperture, and the shell certainly falls under that group. The aperture of Hutton's specimen, on the other hand, has a thick callus of regular width surrounding the aperture; the whorls, too, are convex without the suggestion of carination, and consequently this shell is of the S. vermis group. It is described below as S. rugosa n. sp.

Although Zittel's figure shows a shell with convex spire-whorls, the body-whorl is obsoletely bicarinate, while in his description (1864, p. 35) he says, “Die Embryonalwinddungen sind glatt, die ubrigen dagegen stumpfkantig … die letzte Windung … ist mit zwei stumpfen Kanten versehen.”

No well-preserved replicas of Zittel's figure have been seen, but there is a common Struthiolaria from awatere which corresponds with the description except that the angles are not blunt (see Plate 13, fig. 9). Perhaps the specimen handled by Zittel's artist was one with exceptionally convex whorls, such as sometimes occur in S. papulosa, figured in Plate 12, fig. 2.

According to this interpretation, S. cingulata is closely related to S. cincta, differing in the presence of regular strong spiral cords, and the absence of tubercles on the shoulder.

Struthiolaria errata n. sp. (Plate 12, figs. 1, 3.)

1873. Struthiolaria tuberculata var. B Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1886. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 18, p. 335 (in part, but not of 1873).

1887. Struthiolaria tuberculata Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 216 (in part, but not of 1873).

1914. Struthiolaria spinosa Hector: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 11 (not of Hector).

Suter has given a full description and figure of this shell, which he wrongfully took to be the type of Hector's spinosa (see above, p. 177). The large planorbid protoconch mentioned by him is not the true protoconch of the shell, but is one of the many septa built by the animal in retreating from the summit, which was afterwards broken off.

The species is closely related to S. papulosa, but it differs in having a straighter columella and more wide-spreading callus on the body-whorl, which also has larger tubercles, placed farther apart. There is a fairly strong spur at the junction of the shoulder with the outer lip.

Locality.—Waikari.

Struthiolaria papulosa (Martyn). (Plate 12, figs. 2, 4, 5, 6.)

1786. Buccinum papulosum Martyn, Univ. Conch., vol. 2, f. 54.

1786. Buccinum coronarium Solander, Cat. Port. Mus.

1788. Murex pes-struthiocameli Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. 10, figs. 1520, 1521.

1790. Murex stramineus Gmelin: Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, t. 1, pt. 6, 3542.

1822. Struthiolaria nodulosa Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vol. 7, p. 147.

1835. Struthiolaria nodosa Gray, in Yate's New Zealand, p. 308.

? 1839. Struthiolaria sulcata Jonas, Arch. f. Nat., i. 342, pl. 9, fig. 5.

1842. Struthiolaria gigas Sowerby, Thes. Conch., 1, pl. 5, f. 17.

1843. Struthiolaria papillosa Martyn: Gray in Dieff. New Zealand, vol. 2, p. 231.

1849. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 6, pl. 1.

1849. Struthiolaria straminea Gmelin: Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 6, f. 3.

1857. Struthiolaria papillaria Gray, Guide Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 76.

1858. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., pl. 27, f. 6, b.

1859. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. 1, p. 263, f. 1649.

1868. Struthiolaria stramineus Woodward, Man. Moll., pl. 4, f. 6.

1873. Struthiolaria gigas Sowerby: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24.

1873. Struthiolaria nodulosa Lamarck: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24.

1873. Struthiolaria nodulosa Lamarck: Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 10.

1873. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: von Martens, Crit. List, p. 25.

1876. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 225.

1880. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 67.

1885. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Tryon, Man. Conch. (1), vol. 7, 133, pl. 12, f. 34.

1885. Struthiolaria gigas Sowerby: Tryon, Man. Conch. (1), vol. 7, 133, pl. 12, f. 37.

1885. Struthiolaria sulcata Jonas: Tryon, Man. Conch. (1), vol. 7, 134, pl. 12, f. 38.

1887. Struthiolaria nodulosa Lamarck: Fischer, Man. Conch., p. 877, pl. 4, f. 6.

1893. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Hutton, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 60.

1897. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 219.

1904. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Cossmann, Ess. Paléo. Comp., vol. 6, p. 104

1913. Struthiolaria papulosa Martyn: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 274, pl. 40, fig. 1.

Among Recent specimens there is a considerable variation of form and sculpture. In some the spines on the shoulder are large, strong, and sharply pointed, while in others the shoulder bears only small, spaced nodules. The former may be regarded as the typical papulosa, while the

latter represent Sowerby's gigas. In a card of five Stewart Island specimens in the Dominion Museum, two are typically nodulous; two have the nodules becoming obsolete on the later whorls, with a corresponding rounding of the shoulder; while the fifth has almost regularly convex whorls throughout, with the merest traces of the nodules on the rounded shoulder—it has, in fact, somewhat the appearance of Tryon's figure of S. sulcata Jonas.

It does not at present seem advisable to give any of these aberrant forms specific recognition. The one with rounded whorls and obsolete tubercles can, however, be distinguished easily, and it is possible that a separate species is represented.

Localities.—Recent, Castlecliff and Kai Iwi, Wanganui; 1094, Mangatahi River, Hawke's Bay (very strong spirals—Plate 12, fig. 4); 875, Manaia Beach, Taranaki (M. Ongley); 858, below waterfall, Starborough Creek.

The specimens from the last three localities are by no means typical. Those from Manaia and Starborough resemble a tumid form of the nodular variety, and have the nodules very closely placed.

The only shell closely resembling S. papulosa from a possibly lower horizon than Pliocene is one from Kanieri. This is Hutton's S. cincta var. B of 1873. The specimen has very much the aspect of the Stewart Island shell with rounded whorls, mentioned above, and was thought by Suter to be S. papulosa. Another specimen in the Geological Survey collection from the same district (154, Kanieri) has whorls more angled, but also only traces of nodules. Both are fragmentary, and the second has the suggestion of a keel on the body-whorl. So until better specimens are found it does not seem justifiable to extend the range of S. papulosa back to the Miocene. Several fossils from Kanieri have Wanganuian affinities, and may be from Pliocene strata in the neighbourhood.

Struthiolaria frazeri Hutton. (Plate 13, figs. 8, 10.)

1885. Struthiolaria frazeri (Hector MS.): Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 329.

1886. Struthiolaria fraseri Hector, Outline N.Z. Geol., p. 48, fig. 5, No. 1.

1893. Struthiolaria frazeri Hutton, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 61.

1897. Struthiolaria frazeri Hutton: Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 220, pl. vi, figs. 10, a, b.

1910. Struthiolaria frazeri Park, Geol. N.Z., p. 162, fig. 81.

1913. Struthiolaria frazeri Hutton: Speight, Rec. Cant. Mus., No. 2, pt. 1, p. 31.

1921. Struthiolaria frazeri Hutton: Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 19.

In revising Hutton's types, Suter did not find that of S. frazeri, which Hutton described while he was in Christchurch. Professor Speight informed me in a private communication that it is not in Canterbury Museum, and thinks that the fine specimen in the Geological Survey collection at the Dominion Museum is probably the original type. Consequently this shell becomes the type of the species.

Most of the specimens, including the type, have small blunt tubercles on the shoulder, but others have only the strong, regular, smooth, spiral ribs; of the former variety Harris's figure is an excellent representation, while Hector's figure is equally characteristic of the latter.

As regards the localities, several obscure names have been given, so that it may be well to list and explain them here: Hutton (1885), Kikiwheru Creek; Hutton (1886), Matapiro (found also in the Pareora system);

is separated from beak by deep rounded lightly-calloused channel; similarly at its junction with outer lip above, pad ends in rounded knob, causing a channel on shoulder.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 70 mm.; diameter, 50 mm.

Localities.—1037, Hurupi Creek, Palliser Bay, 300 yards above mouth, at base of Tertiary beds (holotype) (also collected by Dr. J. A. Thomson); 1065, grit band, Kururau Road, Piopiotea West Survey District (L. I. Grange).

The following localities have provided fragmentary specimens belonging either to this species or to one closely related: 649, Paparoa Rapids, Wanganui River; 832, below crossing, Mohaka River; 859, Deadman's Creek, Marlborough (Dr. J. A. Thomson); 904, quarter-mile south of saddle, Okaroa Road, Rangi Survey District (Dr. J. Henderson); 1047, 1049, grit band east of mouth of Okahukura Tunnel, Rangi Survey District (L. I. Grange); 1052, 25 chains along road east side of Okahukura saddle, Rangi Survey District (L. I. Grange); Lower Awatere beds, Tachell's Creek, Marlborough (= S. tuberculata of Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 31).

Struthiolaria fortis n. sp. (Plate 14, figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Shell small, ovate, with gradate spire shorter than aperture; whorls 5 remaining, angled about middle with sloping shoulder, body-whorl bicarinate; sculpture, shoulder with few obsolete spiral threads, angle armed with 7 or 8 strong tubercles, and keel with smaller and closer ones, growthlines very strong, suture undulating and showing layer of enamel getting higher towards aperture; aperture inclined, semilunar, produced into very short canal below; outer lip reflexed, thickened, wedge-shaped in cross-section, bisinuous, more projecting at lower keel than at shoulder-angle; inner lip with enormous pad, not surmounting shoulder, but very thick and with strong projecting ends, forming channel between beak and basal end of pad, and another on shoulder; columella concave, strongly bent to right below.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 33 mm.; diameter, 24 mm.

Localities.—1035 (holotype), Shelton's Whare traverse, Block XI, Tutamoe Survey District, Raukumara Division (E. O. Macpherson); 1044, Motumati Waterfall, Waingaromia Survey District, Raukumara Division (= S. calcar Hutton of Marshall, 1910, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9 (n.s.), p. 22).

This species differs from S. callosa in its much smaller size, and narrower pad projecting sharply at both ends and forming deeper channels. The columella is also more bent to the right, and the whorls are lower.

Struthiolaria armata n. sp. (Plate 14, fig. 4.)

This species resembles S. spinifera just as S. callosa resembles S. spinosa. It has a high spire with very sloping shoulders and long strong spines on the shoulder-angle, 7 to 8 on the body-whorl and 6 on each of the spire-whorls.

The suture is filled with a layer of callus which ascends to the tubercles above, while the inner-lip pad extends to about half-way between the tubercles and the suture, but does not quite bury the spines. The growth-lines are very strong, but there is no spiral ornamentation.

n. sp., which Hutton did not separate from Zittel's S. canaliculata. The latter is easily distinguished by its robust form, strong square spiral cords, and deep flat interstices. The suture is situated in a wide canal, and in some cases a fourth rib appears low down on the penultimate whorl.

Locality.—Zittel gives as the locality “Awatere Valley,” which is somewhat indefinite, but Dr. J. A. Thomson collected two typical specimens from 858, “below waterfall, Starborough Creek, lower end Awatere Valley.” This is probably the type locality, and the species must be considered as a Pliocene one.

Struthiolaria zelandiae Marshall and Murdoch, 1920. (Plate 15, figs. 17, 18.)

1920. Struthiolaria zelandiae Marshall and Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 52, p. 130, pl. vii, figs. 11, 11a.

In this species an advance from such types as S. canaliculata and S. acuminata is marked by the appearance of a strong secondary spiral cord in each of the interstices between the 4 primary spirals. There is also a tendency for the second and third primaries to divide, and when this happens each part is often weaker than the secondaries. Thus the 4 spirals of S. canaliculata may be represented by 7, 8, or 9 spirals in S. zelandiae. The holotype figured by Marshall and Murdoch belongs to the last kind. As most of the specimens are flattened by pressure, the figures of Marshall and Murdoch make this shell appear too broad; a side as well as a front view is therefore given on Plate 15, figs. 17, 18. The deep canaliculate suture shows that this species has reached a gerontic stage.

Localities.—Waipipi Beach, west of Wairoa Stream, Waverley (type); 876, mouth of Waihi Stream, Hawera (M. Ongley) (first form = S. canaliculata of Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 25); mouth of Waingongoro River, Taranaki (Dr. G. H. Uttley and J. Marwick).

Struthiolaria acuminata n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 11, 12.)

1886. Struthiolaria sulcata Hector, Outline of N.Z. Geol., p. 50, fig. 6. No. 7 (not of Hutton, 1873).

1914. Struthiolaria sulcata Hutton: Chapman, Australasian Fossils, p. 200, fig. 103, F (not of Hutton or Jonas).

Shell somewhat small, ovate, with acute turreted spire longer than aperture. Whorls 6, gradually increasing; sculpture, whorls immediately below apex convex and with spiral cords, third whorl bicarinate, keels being marked by 2 strong cinguli, on fourth and fifth whorls these become much stronger, raised and rounded, angle of shoulder has now developed strong raised band so whorls are tricarinate, interstices being rounded and a little wider than spiral ribs; on body-whorl are 5 strong raised rounded cinguli, the lowest near fourth and slightly weaker than the others; on base are 4 strong spiral threads with wide interstices; the whole surface spiralled with fine obsolete threads, crossed by sinuous growth-lines; suture situated in channel formed by strong spirals, whorl being slightly depressed between top spiral and suture; aperture ovate, channelled above and produced below into very short canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow; columella concave, ending in truncated beak, bent to right, inner lip with moderate regular callus equal in width to that of outer lip, and not ascending on body-whorl above outer llip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 43 mm.; diameter, 26 mm.

Localities.—1040, greensand below Wairarapa limestone, at Twaite's cutting, five miles south of Martinborough (holotype); coast half-mile east of Ruamahanga River mouth, Palliser Bay (Dr. J. A. Thomson).

Remarks.—This shell is intermediate in appearance between S. canaliculata and S. tricarinata; it is higher in the spire than either, more slender than the former, with rounded ribs and wider interstices; it may be distinguished from the latter by its 5 regular, strong, rounded ribs on body-whorl, and only 4 cords on the base.

Hutton collected this species from “east coast, Wellington,” but did not separate it from S. canaliculata. The figure so labelled in Hector's Outline must have been drawn from a specimen of S. acuminata, for it shows the high spire.

Struthiolaria monilifera Suter. (Plate 13, fig. 7.)

1873. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel var. B Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1886. Struthiolaria cingulata Hector, Outline of N.Z. Geol., p. 51, fig. 9, No. 17 (not of Zittel).

1914. Struthiolaria cingulata subsp. monilifera Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 10.

As has been stated above (p. 179), S. cingulata belongs to the S. papulosa group, but S. monilifera has the characteristic outline, aperture, and typical arrangement of cinguli shown by the S. vermis group; it must therefore be granted at least specific distinction from S. cingulata. These features, together with the strong spirals on the base, show that the closest relationship is to S. acuminata. The mistake of coupling S. monilifera with S. cingulata was caused by Hutton's wrongful identification of a shell from Patea as the latter species. This shell, also an undoubted member of the vermis group, was Hutton's plesiotype of S. cingulata, and was figured by Suter (1914). It is here described and named as a new species, S. rugosa (see p. 189).

No good specimens of S. cingulata were available for the figure of this species in Hector's Outline, so one was drawn from Hutton's variety B—i.e., S. monilifera.

Struthiolaria tricarinata Lesson. (Plate 15, figs. 6, 7.)

1830. Struthiolaria tricarinata Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, vol. 16, p. 256.

1880. Struthiolaria vermis tricarinata Lesson: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1913. Struthiolaria vermis tricarinata Lesson: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 276.

The strong spiral cinguli of this shell show that it is a more primitive form than S. vermis, and on that account it is deemed advisable to grant it full specific recognition. No doubt intermediate forms occur, but the extremes are well separated.

On the base are about 7 fine spiral lines, showing an advance from S. acuminata, which has only 4 strong cords.

The specimen here figured is in the Dominion Museum collection, and comes from Farewell Spit, Nelson.

Fossil Locality.—Languard Bluff, Wanganui (R. Murdoch).

Suter (1913) wrongly quotes in his synonymy of S. tricarinata Gray's record of S. scutulata Martyn, in Dieffenbach's New Zealand. Gray merely lists S. scutulata as recorded from New Zealand by Martyn, the author of the species. The mistake originated in Martyn's statement that B. scutulatum was a New Zealand shell. In the same synonymy (Suter, 1913) Hutton's use of S. scutulata as of Deshayes is given as being intended for

S. tricarinata. This also appears to be a mistake, for in his Manual (1880, p. 219) Hutton used S. australis Gmel. as the equivalent of his S. scutulata Desh., and listed S. tricarinata as a different species.

Struthiolaria parva Suter. (Plate 15, figs. 5, 10.)

1915. Struthiolaria parva (Hutton MS.): Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 3, p. 7, pl. iv, fig. 4.

As the locality of the holotype is unknown, it is a pity that this shell was described. In appearance it resembles young S. vermis, particularly those forms which have the tubercles well developed. If the specimen represents the normal adult it is a valid species, closely related to S. tricarinata and S. vermis.

Struthiolaria vermis (Martyn). (Plate 15, figs. 1, 2.)

1786. Buccinum vermis Martyn, Univ. Conch., vol. 2, fig. 53.

1790. Murex australis Gmelin: Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1, 3542.

1822. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vol. 7, p. 148.

1835. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck: Q. & G., “Astrolabe,” vol. 2, p. 430, pl. 31, figs. 7–9.

1835. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck: Gray in Yate's New Zealand, p. 308.

1842. Struthiolaria inermis Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13, 19.

1849. Struthiolaria australis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 6, fig. 1.

1858. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., pl. 27, fig. 6.

1859. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. 1, p. 263, fig. 1653.

1873. Struthiolaria scutulata Desh.: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24 (wrongly attributed to Desh., not of Martyn).

1873. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24.

1873. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 10.

1873. Struthiolaria australis Gmelin: von Martens, Crit. List, p. 26.

1876. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 229.

1880. Struthiolaria australis Gmelin: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1880. Struthiolaria inermis Sowerby: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1885. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Tryon, Man. Conch., ser. 1, vol. 7, p. 133, pl. 12, figs. 35, 36.

1893. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 61.

1894. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus. (Aust.), p. 219.

1904. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Cossman, Ess. Paleo. Comp., vol. 6, pl. 8, fig. 2.

1913. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 276, pl. 40, fig. 2.

There is a considerable amount of variation in living specimens of this shell, and when one goes back to the Pliocene the variations are still more considerable. All the Recent examples appear to have the same very fine spiral striae of somewhat irregular strength. The prominence of the spiral cinguli, and the presence on them of tubercles, are the most variable features. The arrangement of these cinguli corresponds to that of S. canaliculata, and, indeed, to that of the whole group.

Localities.—Castlecliff; ? Petane.

Struthiolaria media n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 13, 14.)

Shell somewhat small, ovate, with turreted spire about equal in height to aperture; whorls 6, regularly increasing; sculpture, the first two whorls convex with from 6 to 8 spiral threads, with slightly wider interstices, third whorl with about 12 spiral threads, two very weak cinguli beginning to appear, fourth and fifth whorls with 2 strong cinguli, the

whole surface with about 12 spiral threads some of which are more prominent than others, body-whorl with 4 strong rounded spiral cinguli, and a fifth rudimentary on base, which has 6 stronger threads and 4 or 5 weak ones, the fine spirals of spire continue on body-whorl, but in interstices of cinguli there is generally one more prominent than others; suture bounded below by narrow flat surface; aperture ovate, channelled above, produced below into very short canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow. Columella concave, ending in truncated beak bent to right, inner lip with regular callus, about equal in width to outer lip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 36 mm.; diameter, 23 mm.

Localities.—81, Castle Point, east Wellington; 1040, Twaite's Cutting, Martinborough.

Remarks.—This species differs from S. acuminata in its shorter spire and weaker cinguli; from S. parva in its greater size, wide cinguli, and many more spirals on base. The nearest relationship is to S. fossa and to S. convexa. The former has weaker cinguli, flat sides, and canaliculate suture, while the latter may be distinguished by its very much weaker cinguli and convex outline. The systematic position is probably between S. acuminata and S. convexa, development being along the lines of a weakening of the spiral cinguli and an increase in the number and decrease in strength of spirals on the base.

Struthiolaria convexa n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 3, 4.)

Shell ovate, plump; spire acute, about same height as aperture; protoconch an elongated bulbous nucleus, at right angles to axis of shell; whorls 6, increasing rather rapidly, convex in outline; sculpture, first three conch-whorls have 11 regular spirals, with interstices of slightly greater width, on fourth whorl a single thread in most of interstices, on fifth and sixth whorls secondary threads rapidly increase in number, generally 1 on each side of and close to primaries, with 1 or more in wide interspaces; suture with a flattened border on first four whorls and in shallow channel on last two; aperture ovate, channelled above, produced below into very short widely-open canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow; columella concave, ending in beak bent to right; inner lip with fairly regular callus, equal in width to and hardly ascending above junction with outer lip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 43 mm.; diameter, 28 mm.

Localities.—1089, blue clays, Okauawa Creek, Ngaruroro River; 184, blue clay west of limestone scarp, Porangahau Creek, Ruataniwha Plain (holotype); 231, McLean's station, south side of Ngaruroro River, Hawke's Bay; blue clays below Napier limestone at many localities in the Ngaruroro and Matapiro Survey Districts, Hawke's Bay.

Remarks.—Distinguished from S. vermis by convex outline and more regular sculpture. Many of the larger specimens show a definite grouping of the spiral striae corresponding to the cinguli on other members of the group. The species is closely related to S. fossa, but it seems to have diverged along a line of increasing convexity instead of increasing flatness of the whorls. Some of the specimens are difficult to separate from S. vermis, but in the latter species the spiral striae are always finer and more irregular.