n. sp., which Hutton did not separate from Zittel's S. canaliculata. The latter is easily distinguished by its robust form, strong square spiral cords, and deep flat interstices. The suture is situated in a wide canal, and in some cases a fourth rib appears low down on the penultimate whorl.

Locality.—Zittel gives as the locality “Awatere Valley,” which is somewhat indefinite, but Dr. J. A. Thomson collected two typical specimens from 858, “below waterfall, Starborough Creek, lower end Awatere Valley.” This is probably the type locality, and the species must be considered as a Pliocene one.

Struthiolaria zelandiae Marshall and Murdoch, 1920. (Plate 15, figs. 17, 18.)

1920. Struthiolaria zelandiae Marshall and Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 52, p. 130, pl. vii, figs. 11, 11a.

In this species an advance from such types as S. canaliculata and S. acuminata is marked by the appearance of a strong secondary spiral cord in each of the interstices between the 4 primary spirals. There is also a tendency for the second and third primaries to divide, and when this happens each part is often weaker than the secondaries. Thus the 4 spirals of S. canaliculata may be represented by 7, 8, or 9 spirals in S. zelandiae. The holotype figured by Marshall and Murdoch belongs to the last kind. As most of the specimens are flattened by pressure, the figures of Marshall and Murdoch make this shell appear too broad; a side as well as a front view is therefore given on Plate 15, figs. 17, 18. The deep canaliculate suture shows that this species has reached a gerontic stage.

Localities.—Waipipi Beach, west of Wairoa Stream, Waverley (type); 876, mouth of Waihi Stream, Hawera (M. Ongley) (first form = S. canaliculata of Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 25); mouth of Waingongoro River, Taranaki (Dr. G. H. Uttley and J. Marwick).

Struthiolaria acuminata n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 11, 12.)

1886. Struthiolaria sulcata Hector, Outline of N.Z. Geol., p. 50, fig. 6. No. 7 (not of Hutton, 1873).

1914. Struthiolaria sulcata Hutton: Chapman, Australasian Fossils, p. 200, fig. 103, F (not of Hutton or Jonas).

Shell somewhat small, ovate, with acute turreted spire longer than aperture. Whorls 6, gradually increasing; sculpture, whorls immediately below apex convex and with spiral cords, third whorl bicarinate, keels being marked by 2 strong cinguli, on fourth and fifth whorls these become much stronger, raised and rounded, angle of shoulder has now developed strong raised band so whorls are tricarinate, interstices being rounded and a little wider than spiral ribs; on body-whorl are 5 strong raised rounded cinguli, the lowest near fourth and slightly weaker than the others; on base are 4 strong spiral threads with wide interstices; the whole surface spiralled with fine obsolete threads, crossed by sinuous growth-lines; suture situated in channel formed by strong spirals, whorl being slightly depressed between top spiral and suture; aperture ovate, channelled above and produced below into very short canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow; columella concave, ending in truncated beak, bent to right, inner lip with moderate regular callus equal in width to that of outer lip, and not ascending on body-whorl above outer llip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 43 mm.; diameter, 26 mm.

Localities.—1040, greensand below Wairarapa limestone, at Twaite's cutting, five miles south of Martinborough (holotype); coast half-mile east of Ruamahanga River mouth, Palliser Bay (Dr. J. A. Thomson).

Remarks.—This shell is intermediate in appearance between S. canaliculata and S. tricarinata; it is higher in the spire than either, more slender than the former, with rounded ribs and wider interstices; it may be distinguished from the latter by its 5 regular, strong, rounded ribs on body-whorl, and only 4 cords on the base.

Hutton collected this species from “east coast, Wellington,” but did not separate it from S. canaliculata. The figure so labelled in Hector's Outline must have been drawn from a specimen of S. acuminata, for it shows the high spire.

Struthiolaria monilifera Suter. (Plate 13, fig. 7.)

1873. Struthiolaria cingulata Zittel var. B Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 11.

1886. Struthiolaria cingulata Hector, Outline of N.Z. Geol., p. 51, fig. 9, No. 17 (not of Zittel).

1914. Struthiolaria cingulata subsp. monilifera Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 10.

As has been stated above (p. 179), S. cingulata belongs to the S. papulosa group, but S. monilifera has the characteristic outline, aperture, and typical arrangement of cinguli shown by the S. vermis group; it must therefore be granted at least specific distinction from S. cingulata. These features, together with the strong spirals on the base, show that the closest relationship is to S. acuminata. The mistake of coupling S. monilifera with S. cingulata was caused by Hutton's wrongful identification of a shell from Patea as the latter species. This shell, also an undoubted member of the vermis group, was Hutton's plesiotype of S. cingulata, and was figured by Suter (1914). It is here described and named as a new species, S. rugosa (see p. 189).

No good specimens of S. cingulata were available for the figure of this species in Hector's Outline, so one was drawn from Hutton's variety B—i.e., S. monilifera.

Struthiolaria tricarinata Lesson. (Plate 15, figs. 6, 7.)

1830. Struthiolaria tricarinata Lesson, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 2, vol. 16, p. 256.

1880. Struthiolaria vermis tricarinata Lesson: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1913. Struthiolaria vermis tricarinata Lesson: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 276.

The strong spiral cinguli of this shell show that it is a more primitive form than S. vermis, and on that account it is deemed advisable to grant it full specific recognition. No doubt intermediate forms occur, but the extremes are well separated.

On the base are about 7 fine spiral lines, showing an advance from S. acuminata, which has only 4 strong cords.

The specimen here figured is in the Dominion Museum collection, and comes from Farewell Spit, Nelson.

Fossil Locality.—Languard Bluff, Wanganui (R. Murdoch).

Suter (1913) wrongly quotes in his synonymy of S. tricarinata Gray's record of S. scutulata Martyn, in Dieffenbach's New Zealand. Gray merely lists S. scutulata as recorded from New Zealand by Martyn, the author of the species. The mistake originated in Martyn's statement that B. scutulatum was a New Zealand shell. In the same synonymy (Suter, 1913) Hutton's use of S. scutulata as of Deshayes is given as being intended for

S. tricarinata. This also appears to be a mistake, for in his Manual (1880, p. 219) Hutton used S. australis Gmel. as the equivalent of his S. scutulata Desh., and listed S. tricarinata as a different species.

Struthiolaria parva Suter. (Plate 15, figs. 5, 10.)

1915. Struthiolaria parva (Hutton MS.): Suter, N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 3, p. 7, pl. iv, fig. 4.

As the locality of the holotype is unknown, it is a pity that this shell was described. In appearance it resembles young S. vermis, particularly those forms which have the tubercles well developed. If the specimen represents the normal adult it is a valid species, closely related to S. tricarinata and S. vermis.

Struthiolaria vermis (Martyn). (Plate 15, figs. 1, 2.)

1786. Buccinum vermis Martyn, Univ. Conch., vol. 2, fig. 53.

1790. Murex australis Gmelin: Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. 13, 1, 3542.

1822. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert., vol. 7, p. 148.

1835. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck: Q. & G., “Astrolabe,” vol. 2, p. 430, pl. 31, figs. 7–9.

1835. Struthiolaria crenulata Lamarck: Gray in Yate's New Zealand, p. 308.

1842. Struthiolaria inermis Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. 1, p. 23, pl. 5, figs. 12, 13, 19.

1849. Struthiolaria australis Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. 6, fig. 1.

1858. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., pl. 27, fig. 6.

1859. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. 1, p. 263, fig. 1653.

1873. Struthiolaria scutulata Desh.: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24 (wrongly attributed to Desh., not of Martyn).

1873. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Cat. Mar. Moll. N.Z., p. 24.

1873. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll. N.Z., p. 10.

1873. Struthiolaria australis Gmelin: von Martens, Crit. List, p. 26.

1876. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Paulucci, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 229.

1880. Struthiolaria australis Gmelin: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1880. Struthiolaria inermis Sowerby: Hutton, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 68.

1885. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Tryon, Man. Conch., ser. 1, vol. 7, p. 133, pl. 12, figs. 35, 36.

1893. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Hutton, Macleay Mem. Vol., p. 61.

1894. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. Brit. Mus. (Aust.), p. 219.

1904. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Cossman, Ess. Paleo. Comp., vol. 6, pl. 8, fig. 2.

1913. Struthiolaria vermis Martyn: Suter, Man. N.Z. Moll., p. 276, pl. 40, fig. 2.

There is a considerable amount of variation in living specimens of this shell, and when one goes back to the Pliocene the variations are still more considerable. All the Recent examples appear to have the same very fine spiral striae of somewhat irregular strength. The prominence of the spiral cinguli, and the presence on them of tubercles, are the most variable features. The arrangement of these cinguli corresponds to that of S. canaliculata, and, indeed, to that of the whole group.

Localities.—Castlecliff; ? Petane.

Struthiolaria media n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 13, 14.)

Shell somewhat small, ovate, with turreted spire about equal in height to aperture; whorls 6, regularly increasing; sculpture, the first two whorls convex with from 6 to 8 spiral threads, with slightly wider interstices, third whorl with about 12 spiral threads, two very weak cinguli beginning to appear, fourth and fifth whorls with 2 strong cinguli, the

whole surface with about 12 spiral threads some of which are more prominent than others, body-whorl with 4 strong rounded spiral cinguli, and a fifth rudimentary on base, which has 6 stronger threads and 4 or 5 weak ones, the fine spirals of spire continue on body-whorl, but in interstices of cinguli there is generally one more prominent than others; suture bounded below by narrow flat surface; aperture ovate, channelled above, produced below into very short canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow. Columella concave, ending in truncated beak bent to right, inner lip with regular callus, about equal in width to outer lip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 36 mm.; diameter, 23 mm.

Localities.—81, Castle Point, east Wellington; 1040, Twaite's Cutting, Martinborough.

Remarks.—This species differs from S. acuminata in its shorter spire and weaker cinguli; from S. parva in its greater size, wide cinguli, and many more spirals on base. The nearest relationship is to S. fossa and to S. convexa. The former has weaker cinguli, flat sides, and canaliculate suture, while the latter may be distinguished by its very much weaker cinguli and convex outline. The systematic position is probably between S. acuminata and S. convexa, development being along the lines of a weakening of the spiral cinguli and an increase in the number and decrease in strength of spirals on the base.

Struthiolaria convexa n. sp. (Plate 15, figs. 3, 4.)

Shell ovate, plump; spire acute, about same height as aperture; protoconch an elongated bulbous nucleus, at right angles to axis of shell; whorls 6, increasing rather rapidly, convex in outline; sculpture, first three conch-whorls have 11 regular spirals, with interstices of slightly greater width, on fourth whorl a single thread in most of interstices, on fifth and sixth whorls secondary threads rapidly increase in number, generally 1 on each side of and close to primaries, with 1 or more in wide interspaces; suture with a flattened border on first four whorls and in shallow channel on last two; aperture ovate, channelled above, produced below into very short widely-open canal; outer lip reflexed, thickened, edge rounded, sinuosity very shallow; columella concave, ending in beak bent to right; inner lip with fairly regular callus, equal in width to and hardly ascending above junction with outer lip.

Holotype in collection of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

Height, 43 mm.; diameter, 28 mm.

Localities.—1089, blue clays, Okauawa Creek, Ngaruroro River; 184, blue clay west of limestone scarp, Porangahau Creek, Ruataniwha Plain (holotype); 231, McLean's station, south side of Ngaruroro River, Hawke's Bay; blue clays below Napier limestone at many localities in the Ngaruroro and Matapiro Survey Districts, Hawke's Bay.

Remarks.—Distinguished from S. vermis by convex outline and more regular sculpture. Many of the larger specimens show a definite grouping of the spiral striae corresponding to the cinguli on other members of the group. The species is closely related to S. fossa, but it seems to have diverged along a line of increasing convexity instead of increasing flatness of the whorls. Some of the specimens are difficult to separate from S. vermis, but in the latter species the spiral striae are always finer and more irregular.