A Further Commentary on New Zealand Molluscan Systematics.

This scheme can be enlarged in any way, as the deep water form could be referred to in the Cookian Province as Thoristella (oppressa) benthicola; and a species older than fossilis could be described as Thoristeila [fossilis] profossilis n. sp.

It may be noted that on the occasion of the first introduction to New Zealand of a trinomial system (Matthews and Iredale, “A Reference List of the Birds of New Zealand”; “Ibis” for April and July, 1913), one austral zoologist expressed his hearty commendation of the scheme, and its advantages cannot be better told than in his words: “It will be seen from a few examples that this is a very useful innovation, in that it indicates at once the close affinity between the different forms or subspecies of one and the same species which inhabit the different islands that constitute the New Zealand area. Systematic work in all groups nowadays is more and more closely correlated with geographical distribution than it used to be; and as classification is the espression of genetic relationships, the utility to the evolutionist of this trinomial system becomes manifest.” (Benham, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 46, p. 189, 1914). I could not better epitomize my views and close this introduction than with these words.

The types of all new species described are in the Finlay collection; paratypes wherever possible have been deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

All new genera proposed for New Zealand shells, or newly added to the fauna, and all additions made to the Recent fauna since the publication of Suter's “Manual,” also all notes of interest on already described species, and references to most of the fossils (all, since 1922 inclusive) described since the publication of New Zealand Geological Survey Palaeontological Bulletin No. 5, 1917, will be found in this paper, which aims at being not only a more or less exhaustive revision, but also a work of reference to the scattered and now fairly voluminous molluscan literature which has accumulated on New Zealand forms since Suter's death. It is sincerely hoped that in both these categories it will prove useful.

Order Polyplacophora [P. 3]^†

Iredale and Hull have published a “Monograph of the Australian Loricates” in the Australian Zoologist, the plan of which for accuracy, clearness of treatment, and general utility to both tyro and specialist it would be difficult to better. The general account of “Systematics and Structure” forming No. 1 (Austral. Zool., vol. 3, pt. 5, pp. 186–194, 1923) is the introduction par excellence for any student starting work on this interesting group. Therein it is shown (p. 186) that the name Polyplacophora Gray, 1821, the

usage of which was based on priority, must give way to that of Loricata Schumacher, 1817, and they have suggested the use of the vernacular “Loricate” in preference to “Chiton,” which is the name of one of the genera of the Loricata^*. Their classification differs a little from that used by Suter, and also from that of Thiele, recorded in the “Commentary” by Iredale (pp. 423–426). The new arrangement may be condensed thus: the suborder Lepidopleurina Thiele is abolished, as all the Lepidopleurids appear to be degenerate forms only (No. 4, p. 339), and nine families are admitted (No. 1, p. 193):—Ischnochitonidae, Lepidopleuridae, Lepidochitonidae, Callistochitonidae, Loricidae, Cryptoconchidae, Cryptoplacidae, Plaxiphoridae, and Chitonidae. The fourth and seventh of these are not yet represented in New Zealand waters. A useful key to these families is presented (p. 194), and also to the various genera and species as they are treated.

Besides this exhaustive monograph, numerous other papers on the Loricates have appeared recently. Ashby in his “Monograph on Australian Fossil Polyplacophora (Chitons)” (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 37, N.S., pp. 170–205, 1925), and in his “Acanthoid Chitons of New Zealand” (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 5–35, 1926) has proposed several changes in classification, and in the value and nomination of the higher groups, while in his “Regional Distribution of Australian Chitons (Polyplacophora)” (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 366–393) he suggests alteration of Hedley's Australian regional divisions and proposes the new names Indo-Australian and Tasmanian, suppressing Solanderian in favour of Dampierian (which he constantly misspells Damperian). It is unfortunate that these papers are marred by lack of lucidity and method, and the conclusions often obscurely worded; they frequently clash with those of Iredale and Hull, but in every case the opinions of the latter authors seem to merit more consideration than he has given. His regional divisions are not adopted here; further evidence as to their validity seems to be required.

Odhner (1924, pp. 5–9) has recorded a considerable number of species from many localities visited by the Mortensen Expedition, but the identifications do not always seem to be trustworthy. Finally, Miss Mestayer has contributed a couple of papers (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, pp. 176–179, 1921; l.c., vol. 56, pp. 583–587) in which several new species are described. Two of her species (Acanthochiton foveauxensis and Macandrellus oliveri) have been anticipated by Ashby, who, while referring to her MS. account, has described and figured them in his paper (1926B, pp. 20, 18) as Notoplax (Amblyplax) foveauxensis and Notoplax (Amblyplax) oliveri respectively; his account and names have one month's priority.

Lepidopleurus inquinatus (Reeve, 1847). [P. 6]

This is the species for which Ashby proposed (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 33, N.S., p. 157, 1920) the new name L. iredalei through a mistaken idea; he has since rectified his error (Trans. Roy. Soc.

S.A., vol. 47, p. 217, 1923). Attention is here drawn to this as Finlay (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 342, 1923), Oliver (1923A, p. 529), and Odhner (1924, p. 5) have used Ashby's incorrect name.

The genus Terenochiton Iredale, 1914 (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 11, p.28) may be used for this species, and there are several others to be described in Neozelanic waters. Odhner (1924, p. 5), in identifying and figuring a valve from Campbell Island as inquinatus, has noted that it differs from Stewart Island specimens, also figured. Hedley (1916, p. 34) has added from Macquarie Island Lepidopleurus kerguelenensis Haddon, but this seems a doubtful identification from every point of view.

Genus Callochiton Gray, 1847. [P. 12]

Iredale and Hull (Austr. Zool., vol. 3, pt. 8, p. 349, 1925) have noted that Callochiton auct. is not Callochiton Gray, 1847, of which the type is Chiton laevis Pennant. They have accordingly proposed the genus name Levicoplax for Chiton platessa Gould, and classed the Australian members of the Lepidochitonidae under this genus, Icoplax Thiele (for Chiton puniceus Couthouy), and Eudoxoplax Iredale and May (for Chiton inornatus T.-W.). The last named is not represented in New Zealand, but Levicoplax will include platessa (Gould) (I have recorded the finding of two specimens of this species at Taieri Beach: Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 517, 1924) and Callochiton mortenseni Odhner (1924, p. 6), from Campbell Island. Icoplax will cover the remaining New Zealand species, regarding which quite a number of notes have appeared, as follows:—

I. empleurus (Hutton). Miss Mestayer (Trans. N.Z.‘Inst., vol. 53, p. 180, 1921) has supplemented Suter's description of the valves and has lately figured and given Oliver's description of the radula (l.c., vol. 56, p. 583, 1926). I have recorded the species from the littoral in Dunedin Harbour (l.c., vol. 55, p. 517, 1924), and Odhner records it from Campbell Island (1924, p. 6), though as he mentions differences in sculpture and slitting, he probably had a distinet species.

I. sulculatus (Suter). Recorded by Odhner (1924, p. 7) from North Channel, Kawau Island (misspelt “Kawaii”).

I. kapitiensis (Mestayer) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 583, 1926). Described from Kapiti Island on the specimens Suter identified as Chiton limans Sykes.

Family Plaxiphoridae Iredale.

Add Plaxiphora (Maorichiton) lyallensis Mestayer (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 3, p. 176, 1921). Notes have also been given by Miss Mestayer on P. zigzac (Hutton) (l.c., vol. 56, p. 584, 1926) and P. ovata (Hutton) (l.c., p. 585), which she treats as distinct from Fremblya egregia H.Ad. Powell (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 6, p. 285, 1924) has recorded P. biramosa (Q. & G.) from the Cookian Region.

Hemiarthrum setulosum Dall, 1876.

This extraordinary genus and species is added to the Neozelanic list by Hedley, as common at Macquarie Island (1916, p. 34); Iredale

has studied the specimens and suggests that Hemiarthrum may be a degenerate Plaxiphorid (see also Austral. Zool., vol. 3, pt. 8, p. 339, 1925), “the unslit head plate being faintly striated, the sutural laminae of the median valves being more like those of Plaxiphora s.l. than of Acanthochiton s.l., while the little unslit projecting tail plate is like that of a young Plaxiphorid, and not at all Acanthochitonoid. Further, the sculpture agrees better with that of the former, and curiously enough, while Carpenter noted only four tufts around the head valve—the correct number for an Acanthochiton—Haddon pointed out that the specimen he examined had six, while the specimens in the Australian Museum prove to have eight, which pretty definitely determines the relationship.

The Macquarie Island shells appear to be a little different, the sculpture being finer and the mucro of the posterior valve nearly median and little elevated, while in the extra-limital shell the mucro is elevated and terminal.” (in litt.)

Plaxiphora aurata (Spalowsky, 1795). [P. 21]

This name was incorporated in the “Commentary” as the correct name for the species Suter called P. superba and this conclusion has been accepted by Hedley in his Antarctic Report (1916, p. 35), where unfortunately he has spelt the specific name “aureus”; a long synonymy is there given, but Iredale writes me that “still another synonym has to be added with a somewhat humorous history, viz. Chiton raripilosus Blainville (Dict. Sci. Nat. (Levrault), vol. 36, p. 547, 1821). Attention was drawn to the identity of this species by Pelseneer, but was overlooked by Iredale. Subsequently Dupuis (Bull. Mus. & Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 535, 1917) recognised the type in the Paris Museum, and ignorant of both Pelseneer's and Iredale's papers proposed it as the valid name for the species. Then Ashby, glancing at the Loricates in the Paris Museum, noted (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Austr., vol. 46, p. 576, 1922) that this species of Blainville's was quite foreign to him, not recognizing in it the type of Plaxiphora, a generic name he has recently preferred for Australian shells.”

Family Cryptoconchidae Iredale.

This is Suter's “Family Acanthochitidae Fischer” [P. 25], and Ashby's “Family Acanthochitonidae Hedley” (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 17, p. 10, 1926). Ashby does not accept Iredale's Family name, giving as his reason, “Under the International Rules, the law of priority does not apply to ordinal or family and subfamily names, the word ‘type-genus’ in Article 4 of those rules meaning ‘Typical genus’.” He then considers Acanthochites Risso as typical of the family, notes that it has been supplanted by Acanthochiton Gray (em. by Iredale, 1915, p. 422) and proceeds to derive new family and subfamily names from this source. Now Iredale has, in another connection, stated his views quite clearly as follows: “the family name….should be called Pyrenidae, not Columbellidae….I have been questioned as to my argument, the only rule in this connection reading “The name of a family is formed by adding the ending -idae

….to the root of the name of its type genus.” The only type genus of a family I can recognise is the oldest genus admitted in the family. The selection of any other would cause as much confusion as there is in recognising the type species of a genus at present, and give rise to even more complications.” (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 12, p. 33, 1916). If any sort of stability is to be maintained, this is the only logical interpretation that can be given to the rule in question; the point is so manifest that it need not be laboured, and Ashby's contrary action must be rejected.

It has already been noted that two new Recent species of this family described by Miss Mestayer must be credited to Ashby as author. Ashby also sinks Miss Mestayer's Acanthochiton foveauxensis var. kirki (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 586, 1926) as a synonym of the species itself; the variation is purely individual. A new genus Lophoplax has been created by Ashby (type: L. finlayi Ashby) (1926B, p. 29) for a curious form from 60 fathoms Otago Heads; also a new subgenus Amblyplax, for Notoplax (Amblyplax) oliveri Ashby (l.c., p. 18). Several other new species are proposed, and some buried ones resuscitated by Ashby in the paper quoted. The carnivorous proclivities of Cryptoconchus porosus Burrow, 1815, have been made the subject of a note by Miss Mestayer (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 3, p. 117, 1920).

Genus Rhyssoplax Thiele, 1893.

Miss Mestayer has described a new species (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 179, 1921) as R. oliveri; the unique type, however, appears to be a juvenile and is almost certainly a synonym of R. aerea (Reeve), and not related to the Australian translucens (H. & H.). This writer has also rejected R. limans (Sykes) from the New Zealand fauna, redescribing the specimens Suter so identified as Callochiton kapitiensis (l.c., vol. 56, p. 584, 1926). I have recorded (l.c., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924) R. canaliculata (Q. & G.) from the littoral, Dunedin Harbour, an unusual occurrence. The obscure R. huttoni Suter has been recorded from several localities by Odhner (1924, p. 9), but the specimens he sent me so named were Sypharochiton sinclairi (Gray)!

Genus Lorica H. & A. Adams, 1852. [P. 45]

Miss Mestayer has shown (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 177, 1921) that Lorica volvox (Reeve) has no place in the Neozelanic fauna, and has described our species as L. haurakiensis; later (l.c., vol. 56, p. 587, Pl. 101, f. 10, 1926) she has figured its radula. I have recorded the species from a Forsterian locality (l.c., vol. 55, p. 517, 1924). I now propose the new genus Zelorica for Lorica haurakiensis Mestaver. basing its distinctions chiefly on girdle characters. This was described originally as of “medium width, closely set with smooth convex scales, which vary slightly in size. There are no tufts of bristles; the posterior slit extends the whole width of the girdle.” Lorica has a girdle covering of “large irregular striated scales and numerous spiculose tufts” (Iredale and Hull; Austral. Zool. 3, pt. 8, p. 357, 1925); the anterior valve is also not so prominently recurved. Neither Loricella nor Kopionella can be utilised, so a new genus becomes necessary.

Onithochiton subantarcticus Suter, 1907. [P. 49]

I have published a note on this form (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 521, 1924), but, owing to lack of material, was unable to decide on its status. Since then Odhner has sent me specimens identified as var. subantarcticus from Campbell Island, and these are quite distinct from neglectus, so that the form should be recognised as a separate species.

Family Cavoliniidae. [P. 53]

This spelling is wrong, as the genus name is written Cavolina. It is a very doubtful point whether Abildgaard's name has preference over Bruguiere's proposition of Cavolina of the same year, but this cannot be settled at present.

Hedley has allowed his strangulata specific rank (1918, p. M 106) and this should be here followed, eliminating longirostris.

For Cavolina trispinosa, Hedley has used Diacria generically, a usage to be recommended, and adopted here.

Cavolina uncinata Rang appears to be a doubtful constituent of the New Zealand fauna, as no authentic record is cited by Suter.

Of Cuvierina columnella Rang, Suter wrote, “This is the only living species of Cuvierina,” but Hedley has preferred urceolaris Moerch as a distinct species for the Australian form, and also revived the genus name Vaginella, proposed by Daudin generations ago; under this name Clark (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, p. 419, 1903) and Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 263, 1918) have described Tertiary species from New Zealand (see list after following note).

Four species of Clio have been admitted to the New Zealand Tertiary fauna by Suter (Alph. List N.Z. Tert. Mollusca, p. 10, 1918), viz., annulata (Tate), rangiana (Tate), tatei Suter, and urenuiensis Suter. The first of these cannot be definitely rejected at present, but probably will be when better specimens are available; the second. however, has already been written off by Marwick (Rep. Austr. Assoc Adv. Science, vol. 16, p. 323, 1924). “Clio tatei Suter” seems to be a nomen nudum, it was apparently first introduced in 1915 (Alph. Hand-List N.Z. Tert. Mollusca, p. 7), perhaps as a new name for one of Tate's species; in the “Lists of New Zealand Tertiary Mollusca” (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 50, 1921) there is only one occurrence of the name, in a list of fossils collected by Thomson and Speight at Trelissick Basin, but no legal definition of the species has been given. Clio urenuiensis Suter may from the figure be anything at all; specimens have not been seen.

Finally, Miss Mestayer (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 124, 1916) has added to the New Zealand fauna Styliola subula (Q. & G.) (misspelt sublata in her paper), and Hedley (1916, p. 64) has identified some 20 specimens washed up on the shore of Macquarie Island after a gale as Cliodita caduceus Q. & G. (Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 6, pt. 21, p. 74, 1825).

Genus Limacina. [P. 57]

Iredale has shown (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 11, p. 295, 1915) that this genus name must give way to Spiratella Blainville, but probably

Embolus Jeffreys must come into use for the second species added by Miss Mestayer, Limacina inflata Orbigny (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 124, 1916). Marwick has introduced a new genus Lornia (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 316, 1926) for Lornia limata n. sp., a Waiarekan fossil with the facies of a Spiratella, but very much larger; it may not be a Pteropod at all.

A list of the present-known species of Pteropods from New Zealand, with their localities, would appear as follows:—

Family Acmaeidae [P. 61]

A valuable account of the Recent and fossil New Zealand and Australian members of this family has just appeared from the pen of W. R. B. Oliver (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 547–582, 1926), and no more can be said on the subject here. He states that “The characters of the radula have been used in defining the genera and subgenera,” and further that, “Apparently the shell and radula characters do not always run parallel….species whose shells are alike have quite different teeth, while, conversely, the same radula formula is found in species having very unlike shells.” (p. 548). This is but further confirmation of what I have already stressed in my introduction (written before Oliver's paper appeared), and it is safe to assume that similar independence of shell and radula characters will be found in almost every molluscan family. Oliver creates the following new groups for Australasian Acmaeas:—

• Chizacmea for Patelloida flammea Q. & G. (p. 558).

• Asteracmea for Helcioniscus illibrata Verco (p. 563).

• Actinoleuca for Patella campbelli Filhol (p. 567).

• Conacmea for Acmaea parviconoidea Suter (p. 577).

• Thalassacmea for Notoacmea badia Oliver (p. 579).

• Subacmea for Notoacmea scopulina Oliver (p. 580).

the last three being treated as subgenera of Notoacmea Iredale. He also notes two changes in specific names of New Zealand species.

both introduced by Iredale: Patella inconspicua Gray, 1843 (Dieff. Travels N.Z., vol. 2, p. 244) supercedes Fissurella rubiginosa Hutton (Iredale, 1924, p. 237), and the specific name fragilis is restored to the sole species of Atalacmea, Patella fragilis Sow., 1823 (Gen. Shells, pt. 21, pl. 140, f. 6, and text) antedating P. unguis-almae Lesson, 1830 (Iredale, 1924, p. 238). Oliver, however, retains rubiginosa Hutt. as a trinomial for the Moriorian form (p. 565), sinking Acmaea cingulata Hutton instead as an absolute synonym of inconspicua Gray.

Radiacmea macquariensis Hedley (1916, p. 41) and several new species and subspecies are added to the New Zealand “Acmaea” fauna in Oliver's monograph.

Genus Nacella Schumacher, 1817. [P. 76]

Suter admitted this genus and under the section Patinigera Dall ranged two species, Nacella fuegiensis (Reeve, 1855) and Nacella illuminata (Gould, 1846). The distribution of the former was given as Campbell Island and Macquarie Island, and of the latter as Antipodes Island, Auckland Islands, Campbell Island, and Macquarie Island. Under the genus Helcioniscus appeared H. redimiculum (Reeve, 1854) from the mainland, Chatham, Bounty, and Auckland Islands; and H. strigilis (Hombron and Jaquinot, 1841) from the mainland, Chatham, Antipodes, Auckland, Campbell, and Snares Islands. Iredale in his “Commentary” (p. 432) from study of mainland shells in Otago advised the lumping of the last two, since shells showing variation covering the two accepted types had been collected on the mainland, and the range was small.

A reconsideration of the facts has become necessary since Hedley published his account of the Mawson Expedition Mollusca. Therein he admitted two species only from Macquarie Island, referring both to Nacella and giving a good account of the animals and shells. Using Nacella delesserti (Philippi, 1849), given to a Marion Island shell, he synonymised Reeve's redimiculum, but doubtfully added Hombron and Jaquinot's strigilis. He concluded, however, that Nacella illuminata (Gould) from the Auckland Islands was a different species. The growth stages he figured of his “delesserti” agreed with the forms from the Auckland Islands described as illuminata by Gould and as strigilis by Hombron and Jaquinot. However, study of growth stages of redimiculum from the mainland reveals that, although it shows parallel stages to illuminata and strigilis, the juvenile is more coarsely ribbed and secondary sculpture is obsolete, in this respect showing an approach to the Tasmanian shell known as limbata and commonly referred to Cellana. This suggests study of the Tasmanian species, and also of the mainland New Zealand redimiculum, which is superficially a true “Nacelloid.” Since redimiculum is separable, the reference to delesserti does not seem satisfactory, so that I propose to follow Hedley's first idea and introduce the new name Nacella macquariensis for the species so well described and figured by him (Rep. Austr. Antarct. Exped., vol. 4, pt. 1, “Mollusca,” p. 42, pl. 6, figs. 65–69), the type series being in the Australian Museum.

We have then a series of subantarctic and mainland forms,—

Before one can determine any further synonymy or localities, specimens must be examined, as N. illuminata has been recorded from Antipodes Island, H. redimiculum from Chatham, Bounty, and Auckland Islands, and H. strigilis from the whole of the mainland and all these places except Macquarie Island, while Hedley's adult shell from that locality would have been so named without question. Suter's strigilis from Tauranga is the most interesting record. For the kelp living form Hedley has preferred Nacella kerguelenensis Smith, proposed for a Kerguelen species, to N. fuegiensis Reeve used by Suter, observing that the Macquarie Island forms “agree generally with specimens from Kerguelen Island.” In this case also it would have been better to have proposed a new name for the form under consideration.

Helcioniscus radians (Gmelin, 1791). [P. 81]

In the N.Z. Journal of Science and Technology (vol. 2, Nos. 4 and 5, p. 264, 1919), Dr. Allan Thomson has provided some interim notes on “Polymorphism in the Common New Zealand Limpet, Cellana radians (Gmelin),” and his full conclusions have not yet appeared. The technical names, owing to their extremely involved nature, need careful consideration, but may really be left till the facts are established. However, it is as well to note that Patella decora Philippi undoubtedly refers to this group, and not to the strigilis series; Thomson (l.c., p. 264) accepted Suter's recognition of a photograph of the original illustration, but the accompanying description giving details which apply to radians, not strigilis, was not considered by either Thomson or Suter. Thomson has written, “The high conical shells go through a depressed stage with an anterior apex. They are therefore more advanced in form than the depressed adult shells, and deserve specific recognition on this account. The species perana and flava belong here. Perhaps an intermediate species should be recognised. The type of radians is a depressed form.” Most workers, however, will not agree that in the limpets form alone is of specific value. Intensive study of Australian limpets by Iredale has shown that, in confirmation of his former surmise, the shells do vary in this respect (as in others) according to the nature of the rock. To cite a concrete instance, on Long Reef, composed of the Narrabeen Shale, a long depressed shell is found, and on the sandstone boulders adjacent thereto a higher shell occurs, while in Freshwater Cove, three or four miles south, a much higher, more conical form lives on the sandstone. Series can be easily collected which would be valid species according to Thomson's dictum, but which we know are not recognisable variants. According to the exact position with regard to wave stress, variation in shape occurs and is not governed by locality. Thus at the Bottle and Glass Rocks

inside Sydney Harbour, on sandstone exposed to surf, the shells agree fairly closely with those from the Narrabeen Shale of Long Reef, save in colouring, which is much richer.

Cellana stellifera (Gmelin, 1791). [P. 86]

Noted by Powell (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 4, p. 204, 1921) as plentiful at Busby Head, Whangarei Heads. Suter gives this species a range from Cape Maria van Diemen to Campbell Island; this needs investigation. Bucknill (1924, pl. 2, figs. 10, a, b) has lately figured young and old examples. He has also figured (l.c., figs. 8, 9) Cellana ornata (Dill.) and the subspecies inconspicua (Gray) admitted by Suter [P. 81]. But it has already been noted (see Note on Family Acmaeidae) that Patella inconspicua Gray applies to the common mainland Radiacmea, and not to a limpet, so that the ornata variety is at present nameless. Iredale (1924, p. 238) doubts whether the form is worth distinguishing, and from what I have seen I am inclined to agree, but the matter must be left till someone can study large suites from many localities.

Scissurella mantelli Woodward, 1859. [P. 88]

This species belongs to the genus Schizotrochus, a world-wide group of but few species. When Miss Mestayer described a fine shell as Scissurella regia nov. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 123, 1916), she noted that Hedley had suggested the possibility of her having found the long lost mantelli, and then said, “but it does not at all resemble that species, being more depressed, and quite differently sculptured.” In these comparisons she was evidently judging from Suter's figure in the Manual “Atlas,” which is almost the extremity of crudeness. Pilsbry (Man. Conch., vol. 12, Pl. 57, f. 12) gives a much better copy of Woodward's figure, which portrays a shell very like that depicted by Miss Mestayer, allowing for different aspects of view and methods of illustration. When one remembers the paucity of species of Schizotrochus (only one species being usually present in a faunal area, and that species having generally a wide range), and the fact that both these forms were described from the North Island, it is not difficult to imagine that they represent the same thing, and from examination of paratypes in my possession I can affirm that this is so. Schizotrochus mantelli (Woodward) therefore becomes the name for the only Recent Neozelanic member of this genus, regia Mestayer falling as a synonym; I have seen fossil ancestral species. As regards other Scissurellas, Iredale has proposed the new genus Scissurona for the rosea type (1924, p. 215), and no true Scissurella has yet been described from New Zealand, though undescribed species are known to me.

Genus Schismope Jeffreys, 1856. [P. 89]

Suter admits three species and a subspecies, two of the species being identified with Australian shells. Both these records must be expunged, for reasons given below, where the Neozelanic species are described as new. Suter's figures are not drawn from New Zealand shells; that of S. beddomei is a poor tracing of May's drawing (“Revised Census of the Marine Mollusca of Tasmania,” Pl. 24, fig.

Aperture suboval except for straight columellar edge, only slightly angled above, margins much thickened for so small a shell. Anal perforation smaller and with much less raised margins than in beddomei and laqueus.

Height, 0.9 mm.; diameter, 0.8 mm.

Locality,—Snares Island, in 50 fathoms.

Sinezona n. gen.

I propose this name for the Schismope brevis group, naming that species as type. The distribution of species in this group invites consideration, Hedley's brevis being recorded from Lyall Bay (type), Snares Island, in 50 fathoms, and Lyttelton Harbour; while the subspecies laevigata Iredale is given as from Sandfly Bay (type) and Lyall Bay. Examination of numerous specimens shows that there is but one species of Sinezona at Lyall Bay, differing from all the southern forms in its more central apex and inflated spire-whorls. Laevigata Iredale should be regarded as a distinct form, characterized by low and generally quite smooth spire, lateral elongation of the last whorl, less tumid whorls (noticeable especially on the base), and short fasciole. I have recorded it from Taieri Beach (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 517, 1924), and it seems to be typically a Forsterian form, but Snares specimens are not at present separable; brevis, of course, does not occur at the Snares. Finally, Schismope subantarctica Hedley (Rep. Austr. Antarct. Exped., vol 4, pt. 1, p. 36, pl. 5, figs. 54, 55, 1916), from Macquarie Island, must be added to the Neozelanic list of Sinezona. Miss Mestayer (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 130, 1919) has recorded this species from Lyall Bay and the Snares, but these records may be rejected without much hesitation; subantarctica is easily distinguished from the Lyall Bay brevis, while it differs from laevigata in being smoother, less elongate laterally, the last whorl rapidly descending downwards, and in having—in the unique type—no fasciole behind the perforation. The nearest approach to subantarctica I have seen is an undescribed species from the Chatham Islands. The absence of the fasciole-girdle suggests the name chosen for the genus and will afford a ready means of recognition; the whole facies, however, is peculiar. S. lacuniformis Watson (Chall. Rep., vol. 15, p. 118, pl. 8, fig. 8), from off the West Indies is superficially like this group, but has a gaping umbilicus; in Sinezona this is generally sealed up by the inner lip.

Genus Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. [P. 92]

In the Proc. Mal. Soc. (Lond.), vol. 9, p. 260, 1911, Iredale pointed out that Montfort had selected as type of Haliotis the Linnean species asininus, and had introduced Padollus for a species rubicundus. If we admit that more than one genus is represented in the Linnean Haliotis, and if Montfort's action were upheld, the New Zealand shells would all fall into his Padollus. Iredale informs me, however, that reconsideration suggests that as tuberculata L. was the well-known species, and commonly regarded as such, being named vulgata and vulgaris, Haliotis may be retained in connection with it; a most desirable proceeding. The New Zealand species may thus, for the present, all be left in Haliotis.

Haliotis australis Gmelin, 1791. [P. 93]

Add to the synonymy Haliotis aleata Bolten (Mus. Bolten, p. 14, 1798). In the synonymy Suter has included Haliotis plicata Karsten (Mus. Leskeanum, p. 297, 1789), which would have priority, but Karsten's names are unacceptable as they are simply quotations from binomial and also non-binomial authors, without any attempt to treat them all binomially.

Haliotis varia Linnaeus, 1758. [P. 94]

This should be placed on a suspense list in the meantime. No authentic specimens are known to local collectors, and the New Zealand habitat of the specimens Suter recorded is open to doubt.

Haliotis huttoni Filhol, 1880. [P. 96]

This form also occurs at Auckland Island, and may be trinomially treated as a regional development of virginea, Gmelin. Odhner's record of virginea from Auckland Island (1924, p. 12) refers to this form; the differential characters given by Suter are quite good.

Fissurella huttoni Suter, 1906. [P. 97]

From study of the type specimen in the Dominion Museum, Oliver has formed the opinion (private communication), which he has kindly allowed me to publish, that it is an exotic shell, probably Diodora barbadensis (Gmelin), and should share the fate of Raeta perspicua Hutton and other extra-limital species wrongly included in the New Zealand fauna by Hutton. Hutton originally gave no locality for his Fissurella squamosa, “Foveaux Strait” being added later; it may be noted that Oliver has written (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 15, pt. 4, p. 186), “In his Manual, Hutton appears to have set himself the task of attaching localities to the species he had previously included in his Catalogue without any.” The matter is, however, complicated by the fact that there are in the British Museum (fide Iredale) specimens, reputedly Neozelanic, referred to this species. These seem to be related to the Australian shell long known as lineata Sow., but which Iredale (1924, p. 220) has named Elegidion audax. The collecting and dredging of many years in New Zealand by both local and outside workers has failed to bring to light any further specimens, so that one may query the British Museum record, and the best course appears to be the relegation of this species in the meanwhile to the suspense list, with the probability that it will not be found to live in New Zealand.

Genus Emarginula Lamark, 1801. [P. 99]

Chapman and Gabriel have written (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 36, N.S., p. 29, Dec., 1923) of Emarginula wannonensis Harris that “Suter (Alph. Hand List N.Z. Tert. Moll., p. 9, 1915) has also given it as a living species in New Zealand, but so far we have not met with any occurrence recorded from that or any other area.” The authors then proceed to comment on the long range possessed by this and other species, several times citing wannonensis as a Tertiary form now found living only in New Zealand. If, however, they had

thought to check their statement by reference to the later Alph. List Tert. Moll., p. 13, 1918, or to any of the Palaeontological Bulletins, e.g. No. 9, appearing after 1915, they would not have made this error. Suter had no intention of recording Harris's species as a Recent New Zealand shell; the asterisk in the 1915 List is very evidently a typographical error; it is known that that list contains many such mistakes, and seems to have been compiled in haste. The Tertiary records of E. wannonensis are mostly based on specimens from the Kakanui and Waiarekan tuff horizon; they must be rejected also; the form in question is a new species of the striatula group, and there do not seem to be in New Zealand any members of the wannonensis type. Of the Australian Tertiary species discussed by Chapman and Gabriel, only dennanti and delicatissima seem to have affinity with Neozelanic forms.

Fissuridea monilifera (Hutton, 1873) [P. 105]

This species has nothing whatever to do with Fissuridea, which has the “animal capable of being contained entirely within the shell” to quote Suter's own definition, whereas the New Zealand animal is much too large for its shell. As a matter of fact it is closely related to the Australian shells such as javanicensis Lamarck, nigrita Sow., and concatenata Crosse and Fischer, each of which has proved, from examination. of the radula and animal, to represent a distinct genus. Iredale (1924; pps. 182, 218, 219) has generically named these as Amblychilepas Pilsbry, Sophismalepas nov., and Cosmetalepas nov., and as the New Zealand shell has a different type of sculpture, and the genera are very local it would be wiser with our present knowledge not to attach the Neozelanic species to any one of these, but to propose the new generic name, Monodilepas for it alone. It may be noted here, however, that at least three species of Monodilepas inhabit the New Zealand area, one of which is known at present only from the Moriorian Province; there is also an undescribed older Tertiary species from the Clifden beds (Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 534–38, 1924), so that the lineage is evidently an ancient one.

Montfortula conoidea (Reeve, 1842). [P. 101]

Simultaneously with Iredale's report in the “Commentary,” Hedley published some notes on this group (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 39, p. 706, 1914 (Feb. 26, 1915)), and followed this up with a review of the genera Tugalia and Scutus (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 41, pp. 695, 704, 1916 (Apl. 4, 1917)). In the “Commentary” Iredale suggested that, if association of the “rugosa” group were necessary, it should be with Emarginula, not with Hemitoma where it had been placed. Further study shows the Montfortula series to constitute a distinct development, the Sydney species, for which Iredale has revived Reeve's name as above, living and growing to a large size at high water mark, a station quite different from that occupied by the other groups, which live below low water. The New Zealand shell, misrecognized as rugosa, appears to be both rare and nameless. Only one authentic specimen from the mainland is at present known to local collectors; it is in Miss Mestayer's collection,

but has not been available for examination, so that unfortunately no details of its affinities can be given. There are, however, in the Finlay collection three specimens of a new Montfortula from the Chatham Islands; these differ in shape and sculpture from conoidea Reeve, and will be described in the Chatham Report. Also, from examination of the type, kindly lent by Mr. Bartrum, I have determined the lower Pliocene Tugalia kaawaensis Bartrum (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 100, 1919) as referable to this genus.

Tugali elegans Gray, 1843 [P. 102]

In his account of this genus, Hedley proposed for the shell Suter included as S. parmophoidea the new name Tugalia bascauda (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 41, p. 698, pl. 52, fig. 47, 1916 (Apl. 4, 1917), a praiseworthy innovation, but he allowed Reeve's specific name intermedia for the second New Zealand species. Iredale (1915, p. 435) had indicated his distrust of the name, and it should be rejected in favour of the correct name above given almost simultaneously by Gray. Reeve's name was given to a Philippine Island species in the first place; the type was apparently lost, Sowerby synonymised it with cinerea Gould–a later name–, and Reeve finally accepted the synonymy and gave a figure of a specimen in Sowerby's collection. It is obvious that if Reeve rejected his own species, there can be no reason for considering it in connection with the Neozelanic fauna, when there is an exact name of even date available. Iredale (1915, p. 432) has already noted that the generic name was originally introduced as Tugali (Dieff. “Travels,” vol. 2, p. 259, 1843) and there seems to be no valid reason for rewriting it.

Thiele has proposed Emarginula (Tugalia) suteri nov. for a Chatham Island shell (Conch. Cab., Bd. 2, Abth. 4a, p. 105, Pl. 12, figs. 17, 18, 1916), and this would anticipate Hedley's bascauda, but though Hedley recorded his species from the Chathams, he chose as type a shell found “under stones near Wellington.” This is fortunate, for the Moriorian form regionally differs from the mainland shell in greater elongation, generally more parallel sides, and squarely, not narrowly, rounded anterior end. No perfectly fresh specimens of suteri Thiele have been available; it is probable that these would be still more easily differentiated from fresh bascauda Hedley.

Local workers have been puzzled as to the criteria for distinguishing some forms of elegans from very similar shells referable to bascauda, the general distinctions of smaller size and more netted sculpture in the latter often. apparently proving of but little use. This confusion is due to the fact that there are living in the New Zealand area not two but four—possibly five—species of Tugali, the name “intermedia” auct. covering two distinct forms, elegans and colvillensis n. sp. (q.v.). The only feature which always allows of ready distinction between the bascauda and elegans groups is the nature of the sinus rib (the median anterior raised cord which overlies the interior groove). In both species this begins as a single strong keel, which in bascauda and suteri soon bifurcates and remains so to the margin, while in elegans and colvillensis the sinus rib on breaking up at once becomes triple, often several more riblets being

intercalated before the margin is reached. Colvillensis, simulates the bascauda group in having netted sculpture, and to this is due the confusion of the species, but its true affinities are at once shown by the nature of the sinus rib. I have myself made this error by recording Tugalia bascauda from the littoral, Dunedin Harbour (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924); I now withdraw this, as the trifurcate sinus-rib shows the specimen to belong to the elegans group, and though it is juvenile, the altitude, netted sculpture, and carination characterize it as colvillensis. Bascauda does not seem to enter the Forsterian region, but elegans has already been reported from Banks Peninsula by Iredale (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 392, 1908) as “Dead shells in shell-sand”;—these may have been colvillensis also.

Ancestral species to these Tugalis occur in the New Zealand Tertiary. I have described (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 227, 1926) T. pliocenica and T. navicula from the Pliocene and Miocene respectively, the former being directly ancestral to colvillensis n. sp., the latter of a rather different type, more like the Tertiary Australian T. crassireticulata (Pritchard) (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 8, p. 125, 1896) from Table Cape.

Tugali colvillensis n. sp.

Shell intermediate in size between elegans Gray and bascauda Hedley, high, laterally compressed and narrowly elongate, tapering slightly in front, where there is a very short truncation due to narrowness of interior groove. Front slope decidedly carinate medially, the central sinus-rib at first single, wide, and strong, but soon breaking into three narrow ribs which continue with sublinear interstices to margin. Sculpture netted, much as in T. bascauda; in the type the ribs are fairly wide and flattish, but most of the paratypes have narrow radial and concentric ribs, swollen at intersections, with tiny square pits between.

Height, 8 mm.; length, 21.5 mm.; width, 13 mm.

Locality,—Hauraki Gulf, dredged in 20–25 fathoms, near Cape Colville; also Dowling Bay, Dunedin Harbour, one specimen on the littoral, with Emarginula.

The specimens were kindly sent for examination by Mr. A. W. B. Powell of Auckland, and the paratypes are in his collection.

Scutus ambiguus (Chemnitz, 1795). [P. 103]

Suter observed, “E. A. Smith has thoroughly revised the genus in an excellent paper in the Quart. Journ. Conch., vol. 2, p. 250, 1879.” It should be noted that this revision had taken place some thirty odd years previously, so that probably some emendations were necessary. In the place referred to in the preceding note, Hedley recorded some corrections in connection with Australian forms, and indicated breviculus Blainville (Bull. Sci. Soc. Phil., p. 28, 1817) as the name for the Neozelanic species.

Puncturella demissa Hedley, 1904. [P. 104]

Iredale has named this species as genotype of his Vacerra (1924, pp. 182, 221), which was provided “for the small austral forms ascribed to Puncturella, but which do not closely agree, even in superficial features with the type of that genus.”

One may emphasize Iredale's former remark that “summaries are most helpful,” and I would express my arrangement of the authentic Neozelanic Rhipidoglossate forms so far dealt with as follows,—

• Genus Schizotrochus Monterosato 1884 Type: S. crispata Fleming.

•     Schizotrochus mantelli (Woodward, 1859).

• Genus Scissurona Iredale, 1924. Type: S. rosea Hedley.

•     Scissurona rosea (Hedley, 1904).

• Genus Schismope Jeffreys, 1856. Type: S. cingulata Costa.

•     Schismope lyallensis nov.

•     — laqueus nov.

•     — iota nov.

• Genus Sinezona nov. Type: S. brevis Hedley.

•     Sinezona brevis (Hedley, 1904).

•     — laevigata (Iredale, 1908).

•     — subantarctica (Hedley, 1916).

• Genus Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. Type: H. tuberculata L.

•     Haliotis australis Gmelin, 1791.

•     — iris Martyn, 1784.

•     — virginea Gmelin, 1791.

•     — — huttoni Filhol, 1880.

• Genus Monodilepas nov. Type: L. monilifera Hutton.

•     Monodilepas monilifera (Hutton, 1873).

• Genus Incisura Hedley, 1904. Type: S. lytteltonensis Smith.

•     Incisura lytteltonensis (Smith, 1894).

• Genus Emarginula Lamarck, 1801. Type: P. fissura L.

•     Emarginula striatula Q. & G., 1834.

• Genus Montfortula Iredale, 1915. Type: E. rugosa Q. & G.

•     Montfortula sp. nov.

•     [— kaawaensis]^* (Bartrum, 1919).

• Genus Tugali Gray, 1843. Type: T. elegans Gray.

•     Tugali elegans Gray, 1843.

•     — colvillensis nov.

•     — suteri Thiele, 1916.

•     — — bascauda Hedley, 1917.

•     [— pliocenica] Finlay, 1926.

•     [— navicula] Finlay, 1926.

• Genus Scutus Montfort, 1810. Type: S. antipodes Montfort.

•     Scutus breviculus (Blainville, 1817).

• Genus Vacerra Iredale, 1924. Type: P. demissa Hedley.

•     Vacerra demissa (Hedley, 1904).

Family Trochidae. [P. 105]

Much advance has been made in this group since Iredale's “Commentary” was issued. In connection with Australasian species Iredale has examined many radulae in the Gwatkin collection (now in the British Museum), including some results in his “Roy Bell” essay on Australian forms. Thiele has published a revision of the Trochids based solely on radular characters, but when these were

genera Ganesa and Tharsiella succeed, with, as sections, several probably allied groups, but the next series which concerns us consists of austral and Pacific forms, most of them queried. These are Cirsonella, Lodderia, Teinostoma (with sections Pseudorotella, Calceolina, and Callomphala), Philorene, Leucorynchia, Haplocochlias, Morchiella Thiele (for Morchia A. Adams, 1860, not Albers, 1850), and Microtheca. Haplocochlias is geographically dissevered, the remainder agree in geographical distribution. Thiele's blunder in proposing Morchiella is notable, as that is the genus name of a well known group of Rissoinids, and Morchia A. Adams is valid since Alber's name was not proposed until later on in the year 1860.

The Family Cyclostrematidae is a curious selection, as Iredale has shown that Marryat's Cyclostrema is indeterminable, but very probably a Liotinid. Attached hereto are Vetulonia, Circulus, Zalipais, Brookula with section Liotella, Chunula, Cithna, and Lissotesta, the last two and the first queried.

The Family Turbinidae begins with a subfamily Liotiinae, based on Liotia, which Thiele uses for the forms Iredale referred to Liotina, the other genera included being Môlleria and Leptothyra, a few sections and subgenera being admitted. The subfamily Bothropomatinae is proposed for a new genus and species, Bothropoma isseli: this is an interesting form from the Red Sea, as, judging from Thiele's account, it is a small Turbinid shell with a Turbinid operculum, but with a fairly typical Trochoid radula. Probably many of our austral forms will show similar eccentricities when the animals are examined. In the subfamily Turbininae two genera only are admitted, Astraea and Turbo, with nearly twenty sections. In the subfamily Phasianellinae three genera are ranged, Prisogaster being here placed, though conchologically it appears quite unrelated; the other two being Tricolia and Phasianella. As sections of Tricolia, Chromotis and Eulithidium are allowed, but no sections of Phasianella are included.

The preceding synopsis will serve to show that radulae alone are not convincing, but in connection with conchological features and geographical distribution are of the greatest value, and palaeontologists must be guided by the lessons learned therefrom.

Trochus tiaratus Quoy and Gaimard, 1834. [P. 109]

In Iredale's “Commentary” this was placed under the genus Trochus, section Coelotrochus, the species T. viridis being added under the section Thorista Iredale. Thiele has admitted the same values, but Cossmann has introduced Neozelandia for Trochus conicus Hutton, which he has renamed huttoni. I have dealt with this matter (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 99, 1924), and Iredale tells me that independently he had inquired into the proposition with exactly the same conclusions, that Neozelandia was unnecessary. At the place mentioned I also added Trochus (Coelotrochus) huttoni (Cossmann) to the Recent fauna. The fossil Trochus (Anthora) avarus Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 3, 1917), though not seen, would seem from the figure to belong here though the “2 smooth spirals, starting from the anterior part of the columella and descending into the umbilical excavation” are not quite in accord.

Thoristella carmesina (Webster, 1908). [P. 140]

Suter has placed this species with “Solariella” egena (Gould), but it does not seem related. I have seen no specimens of this species, nor do any seem to be available in other collections, but if one may judge from Webster's original figure and description (the travesty in the “Atlas” is useless), it seems to be a Thoristella. The only factor against this location is the open umbilicus, but this is approached occasionally in the other species, while the remaining details of columella and base can hardly indicate any other genus. The usual Cookian form is T. oppressa (Hutton), and it will be interesting if there is a second northern form. Suter records carmesina from Cape Palliser, at the not far distant Lyall Bay occur specimens apparently intermediate between carmesina and dunedinensis—certainly not oppressa. The exact valuation of these Cookian forms must be left till much more material is available.

Thoristella (chathamensis) benthicola n. subsp. (Figs. 7–10.)

Shell conic, high, with sharper spire than any of its congeners, sides almost straight, slightly stepped. Spiral sculpture constant; a strong basal keel (weaker than in chathamensis, stronger than in the other species) bisected by a deep groove and visible as a suprasutural cord on spire-whorls; six flatly-rounded cords above keel (interstices linear), first and third from keel always much weaker; seven strong cords on base, inner ones closer and narrower, outer ones often with an intercalated thread between. Twenty blunt prominent vertical axial ribs (interstices narrower), rising suddenly from suture to form bluntly-rounded nodules on top spiral cord, remaining strong over next two ribs, which they render undulating, and very quickly fading out on reaching fourth rib, fifth rib only rarely undulated by their terminations, keel not crenulate: axials present on all but the two apical whorls which are spirally ribbed. Umbilicus very narrow, not deep, an outer rib forming its edge, an inner one almost obselete except for slight columella swelling, above which pillar is slightly indented.

Height, 6 mm.; diameter, 7 mm.

Locality,—Dredged off Otago Heads in 60 fathoms (type). Also off Oamaru at same depth, and in 15 fathoms Foveaux Strait.

The sutural swellings give this form a striking superficial resemblance to Gibbula magus (L.).

Thoristella [chathamensis] fossilis n. subsp. (Figs. 11–14.)

Related to aucklandica and dunedinensis, but easily distinguished by basal characters. In all the Recent species the convexity of base is constant immediately past the keel, in the fossil species base slopes quickly up to peripheral keel which is moderately prominent, and shell has a concave outline above it. Six (rarely five) cords above keel (chathamensis never has less than 7, sometimes 8), both top cord and keel finely crenulate, occasionally the other spirals also, but there are no axial ribs, and the crenulations are much finer than in the other species, about 65 on peripheral cord (i.e. about five times as many as in chathamensis). Umbilicus narrower and deeper than in

Recent species, which all have a greater callus deposit filling it. An outer rib margins the pit, the inner one is inconspicuous, columella with a strong tubercle at top.

Height, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 7 mm.

Locality,—Target Gully Shell Bed (Awamoan,—“Miocene”); also Pukeuri.

This is a direct ancestor to the Recent forms.

Thoristella dunedinensis (Suter, 1897). [P. 108]

A figure is presented (from a topotype) of this hitherto unfigured shell, for comparison with those of the two previous species and the other known forms. (Figs. 15, 16).

Trochus ringens Menke, 1843. [P. 112]

This is a West Australian species of Clanculus which must be dismissed from the Neozelanic fauna. The shell that has been erroneously so identified is quite a rare one and differs at sight from Menke's species, as indeed Suter has already noted. The resemblance to ringens is entirely superficial, for the New Zealand shell is not even a Clanculus; no true members of this genus occur in the New Zealand area. Our shell is imperforate and differs radically from pharaonicus L.; it is now described as new.

Paraclanculus peccatus n. gen. and sp. (Fig. 17).

Shell conic, trochiform, with quite straight sides, spire angle of 65°. Colour light yellow-brown, maculated on the two lower cords with regular, slightly oblique, chestnut brown rectangles, 18 on last whorl, base same colour, speckled with brown dots. Four nodulous spiral cords on all whorls, the lowest rapidly becoming strongest; four subequal cords (with narrower interstices) on body-whorl, a strong double keel at periphery, and six narrow cords (with wide interstices) on base. Whorls tabulated at suture which is slightly excavated. Base flat, suddenly expanded downwards near aperture. Aperture rhomboidal, outer lip thin and sharp, the silvery nacre inside with three or four heavy lirae; basal lip with three stronger and much coarser lirae. Outer half of shallow false umbilicus China-white with two smooth circling ribs, a strong projecting bifid denticle at base, with two tiny denticles below and one above it to left; inner half silvery nacreous with another faint rib on outer border and three moderate denticles on lower half.

Height, 11 mm.; diameter, 11 mm.

Locality,—Tryphena, Great Barrier Island.

Mr. Iredale remarks that there is a specimen in the Australian Museum from Mokohinau Island, presented by A. Hamilton; “it is a curious evolution, tall, with peculiar sculpture, not comparable with any other I have come across” (private communication).

Clanculus takapunaensis Webster, 1906. [P. 112]

Mr. Iredale informs me that a co-type of this species in the Australian Museum is very close specifically to Clanculus plebejus (Phil.), the genotype of his Mesoclanculus (Iredale, 1924, p. 224), and is undoubtedly congeneric with it. “It is less closely related

to Eurytrochus danieli (Crosse) from New Caledonia, and is not comparable with C. atypicus Iredale from the Kermadecs, the columellar characters being decidedly different.” (in litt.).

Genus Monodonta Lamarck, 1799. [P. 113]

This genus name, based on Trochus labio Linné, must be dismissed from Neozelanic systematics. The species named is a tropical form with a strongly-toothed columella, quite unlike any South Australian or Neozelanic species. As equivalent to Monodonta, Thiele has cited “Trochulus Mus. Calonn.” which has priority, but Humphrey's name is a nomen nudum, “Trochus labio?” alone being cited. In the British Museum collection four groups are allowed, Austrocochlea, Monodonta, Neodiloma (=Melagraphia) and Diloma. The radulae in the Gwatkin collection are arranged in the same groupings, and Thiele also admits these. Consequently one can omit Monodonta without any arguing whether it be invalid through the prior Monodon or not. Diloma was furnished for the South American species, which, agreeing conchologically, show distinct animal features, so that it must be ignored also. This leaves Austrocochlea and Melagraphia, and the former being restricted to the endemic Australian series ranging about constricta, zebra, etc., Melagraphia Gray, 1847 is left as the only valid name for the Neozelanic forms. The type of Melagraphia is aethiops Gmelin, which is conchologically aberrant, so that new names must be given to the other conchological groups. The Neozelanic forms range themselves into four series, aethiops, lugubris, excavata, and all the remainder. In radular and conchological features the Australian species melanoloma (=rudis) and striolata (=concamerata) are apparently allied to the latter Neozelanic series. Chlorodiloma is so easily recognizable that it has commonly been separated without question, but the Neozelanic member of this group is of very doubtful status.

The Neozelanic Trochoids are worthy of much attention; they are generally easily procurable, the animals are not shy, and the radulae need careful study. It is noteworthy that Suter should write of lugubris, a peculiar form, “dentition unknown.” As the four series mentioned are quite distinct and show no intergradation, they may all be regarded as genera, as follows,—

In digna and arida n. spp. (vide infra) the presence of a continuous nacreous band across the parietal wall, uniting the ends of the peristome, is a constant and useful feature, associated always with untoothed columella, more excavated base, and spreading aperture, and deserves subgeneric distinction. Accordingly, Zediloma s. str. may be kept for these two, and a subgenus Fractarmilla may be introduced for corrosa A.Ad., subrostrata Gray, atrovirens Phil., and morio Troschel, the first named being nominated as type.

Monodonta coracina (Troschel, 1851) [P. 114]

Reference to Philippi, who published Troschel's MS. name, shows a figure and description applicable only to the species later named Trochocochlea excavata by Adams and Angas, for which Philippi's name should therefore be used. Labio porcifera A. Ad., included by Suter in the synonymy of his coracina, has nothing to do with this species, so that the new name Zediloma arida is now provided for the species described and figured by Suter as “Monodonta coracina” (Manual, p. 114, Pl. 38, fig. 4). I have been informed by several who have had access to the Suter collection, including Dr. Marwick and the late Mr. Murdoch, that it is in a very unsatisfactory state, most of the original specimens being dispersed; the specimens from which the figures in the “Atlas” were drawn were never kept separate, so that it is necessary to select a neotype for the species; I therefore choose as neotype a specimen in the Finlay collection from Lyttelton Harbour, one of the localities mentioned by Suter.

Monodonta nigerrima (Gmelin, 1791). [P. 114]

The true Turbo nigerrimus Gmelin is the South American species, and the synonyms quoted by Suter, Trochus araucanus d'Orb., Turbo quoyi Kiener, and Trochus gaudichaudi Hupe all apply to the same form. The Neozelanic species is a southern form, very similar in shell features to the South American species, but with a different animal. The shell is well described by Suter, who has also figured the radula, but, for reasons given in the previous note, I select and figure a type in the Finlay collection from St. Clair near Dunedin (Figs. 24, 25) and name this very beautiful form Zediloma digna n. sp. Powell (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 6, p. 285, 1924) has recorded the swarming of this species, but for only two months of the year, at Motutara, the first record north of Wellington.

Monodonta excavata (Adams and Angas, 1864) [P. 119]

As already pointed out, this species was described by Philippi under the name Trochus coracinus Troschel some years before the above name was proposed. Consequently the species must now be called Cavodiloma coracina (Philippi). The peculiar small trochiform shell and almost totally excavated base render this genus conspicuous.

Mondonta lugubris (Gmelin, 1791) [P. 119]

The Cookian and Forsterian forms of this species are easily distinguished. North Island specimens have the three main cingulae stout and all heavily knobbed, especially the peripheral cord, and one weaker but still prominent cord in the interstices; the sides of the aperture are enormously thickened, and the smooth umbilico-columellar area is hardly wider than the band of nacre. Southern specimens, on the other hand, are more depressed, have weaker main cingulae (the upper two almost smooth), with only 3–4 fine smooth ribs in the interstices; the sides of the aperture are quite thin, and the callus-area in the middle of the base is much wider than the nacre-strip; the base is also flatter and less descending. As all the

synonyms of lugubris refer to the northern form, it is proposed to distinguish the Forsterian shell by the name Anisodiloma lugubris lenior n. subsp. The type chosen in the Finlay collection is from Taieri Beach, five miles south of the Taieri River, and measures (height) 10.5 mm. by (diameter) 14 mm.

This provincial form has been mentioned as an example; almost any of the species when collected in bulk and critically examined will show regional variation.

Monodonta subrostrata (Gray, 1835) [P. 121]

This is closely allied to corrosa, and represents this Forsterian form in the Cookian province; rudis A. Ad. is an Adelaidean ally. Similarly, striolata Q. & G. is a near Australian relative of atrovirens Phil.

Chlorodiloma crinita (Philippi, 1848) [P. 121]

This is another West Australian shell and must also be dismissed from the New Zealand fauna. Suter credits the record to Cheeseman; it is well known that some Australian vagrants had crept into Cheeseman's collections, e.g. Bankivia fasciata, Thalotia conica, etc., and the present species is but another of these. There are no authentic specimens in local collections; some “New Zealand” specimens so named in the Auckland and Canterbury Museums proved to be not even crinita, but the South Australian adelaidae. Quite recently Odhner (1924, p. 13) has re-recorded crinita from “Bay of Islands, muddy estuary, 7 specimens,” but as he has not recorded the common northern subrostrata it seems probable that he has misidentified his specimens.^* The type of Trochocochlea mimetica Hutt., said to be in the Otago Museum, cannot be found, but there are three specimens so labelled in his handwriting which are also D. adelaidae and I suggest that these and the type are all Australian specimens, very probably from Cheeseman's original lot, and that, till further information is forthcoming, Hutton's name should be synonymised with Chlorodiloma adelaidae (Phil.), and omitted from the New Zealand lists.

Genus Cantharidus Montfort, 1810 [P. 122]

The type of Cantharidus Montfort is the Neozelanic Limax opalus Martyn, and the group is a well defined one, to which may be referred the Southern Australian Phasianotrochus, a subgeneric value being apparently the most admissible.

Elenchus appears first in the Museum Calonnianum in 1797, but at that place the name is a nomen nudum, no references being given to the Neozelanic species named. Mr. Iredale has sent me the following interesting note: “Humphrey wrote ‘Elenchus’ and Hermannsen gave as ‘Etym. nom. apell. Conf. seq.,’ with a footnote, “Quamvis Swainson ubique Elenchus scribat, magis tamen arrideret Eleuchus, quod derivandum esset ab γγγ, lumen; et γγγ, habeo. Rectus

tum scribendum Heleuchus.” It is curious how the learned err when they endeavour to force meanings out of names given in Natural Science without thought of the object on which the name was bestowed, as in this instance old Humphrey, who apologised for being but little acquainted with the learned languages, used a word found in Latin dictionaries of his age, “Elenchus γγγγγos A pendant for the ears, consisting of three pear-shaped pearls hanging beside one another, and worn only by rich ladies of distinction,” and as the vernacular for his Elenchus gave “Poires, ou Pendants d'Oreille—Ear-drop.”

The small species allotted to Cantharidus form an easily recognizable group, for which I propose the new genus Micrelenchus, with Trochus sanguineus Gray as type; this group dates back at least to the “Miocene” in New Zealand (undescribed species in Geol. Survey and Finlay collection), but true Cantharidus is at present known only from the Pliocene onwards.

Cantharidus dilatatus (Sowerby, 1870) [P. 122]

To the synonymy of this species should be added Photinula suteri Smith, based on a young stage of dilatatus and thus lacking the thickened and expanded outer lip. The two diagnoses given by Suter otherwise read word for word alike, and the two forms are always found together in seaweed-washings (especially in the neighbourhood of Wellington). It might be inferred from the ranges given by Suter (though these overlap) that suteri is the southern representative of dilatatus, but even this view does not seem tenable for Sowerby's species ranges to Stewart Island, specimens from there being apparently inseparable from northern forms. It has not, however, been found between that locality and Banks Peninsula.

Cantharidus sanguineus (Gray, 1843) [P. 128]

I have not seen Suter's var. elongatus, but coelatus Hutton, 1884 is a deep water Forsterian representative of Gray's species. Odhner (1924, p. 14) has described a shell from “Auckland Island, Carnley Harbour, 45 fms.” as Gibbula mortenseni n. sp. This looks at first like a baby Calliostoma; from the shape and general appearance it could only be spectabile A. Ad., but the swollen pillar and the number of spirals at so early a stage negative its reference to this group. It is evidently a Micrelenchus, and appears closely related to coelatus Hutton. The latter species is very variable in the number and pustulation of the ribs; many specimens from 60 fathoms off Otago Heads agree generally with Foveaux Strait topotypes, and differ from Snares, Auckland, and Bounty Island specimens only in slightly taller shell and more flexed columella. The latter specimens agree well with Odhner's figure and description (though not always so granulose) so I would regard his species as merely a Rossian form of sanguineus Gray, and would write it as Micrelenchus sanguineus mortenseni (Odhner, 1924).

Cantharidus tenebrosus A. Adams, 1853 [P. 129]

Suter included with this a subspecies “huttoni Smith,” giving as “Hab.—The same as the species but more abundant.” The distinc-

tion accepted by Oliver is gathered from his Ecological Essay in that he records (p. 525) Cantharidus tenebrosus from Shag Point, and (p. 536) C. tenebrosus huttoni from Otago Harbour, i.e. the species a rocky shore dweller, the subspecies an estuarine form.

To this species should probably be referred the New Zealand records of Gibbula dolorosa T.-W. Hedley has discussed this species, referring to it Fischer's Gibbula scamnata (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 3, No. 1, p. 54, 1920), but it is not known to local workers, and had better be placed on the suspense list for the present.

Photinula coruscans Hedley, 1916 [P. 125]

This was introduced for the species Suter included as Cantharidus pruninus subsp. perobtusus Pilsbry. The reference to the genus Photinula does not seem a happy one, especially in view of the fact that it has been rejected in favour of Margarella (Iredale, 1915, p. 438). Since Hedley's proposal, Thiele has separated Margarella and Photinula into two subfamilies, each different from the Cantharidus series. Examination of the shells reported upon by Hedley leaves one in no doubt that they are simply relatives of Cantharidus capillaceus (Philippi) and that they should not be classed in Photinula. Trochus capillaceus Phil., Cantharidus pruninus var. minor Smith, and Photinula coruscans Hedley are all good species, and form a group noticeably differing from Cantharidus proper by the greater flexure of the pillar to the right, and the strongly convex early whorls, leading to a depressed dome-shaped apex; C. opalus and its congeners rise to a sharp point, the spire being often concave. The subantarctic group, too, has a uniformity of sculpture and colour (“leaden purple, which on the apex changes to bright rose”) rendering it at once conspicuous. So far as is at present known the distribution is:—

The Snares and Bounty forms do not seem to have been recorded. Other members of the group probably exist and I provide for it the new name Plumbelenchus, with T. capillaceus Phil. as type, and would provisionally rank it as of subgeneric value under Cantharidus.

Cantharidus fasciatus (Menke, 1830) [P. 130]

Although several localities are given for this Australian species, it seems justifiable to recommend that it and the genus Bankivia Beck should be struck off the faunal list. As in the case of Chlorodiloma crinita, there are specimens—probably of Cheeseman's “collecting”—in the Auckland Museum, and it is sufficient to remark that in the same box with them are two specimens of the Tasmanian. Phasianotrochus irisodontes (Q. & G.). Northern collectors have never met with this species, and agree that it should be rejected.

Cantharidus picturatus (H. & A. Adams, 1863) [P. 130]

Omit this from the list of Neozelanic mollusca. Wherever such a shell might have been found in New Zealand, Stuart (sic) Island is surely about the last place to locate it. Iredale, in his “Commentary,” noted that Gould's name lineolaris has priority over the name

given above, and has since recorded the confusing nature of the Australian Leiopyrgas (1924, p. 225).

Cantharidus conicus (Gray, 1827) [P. 131]

This is also an alien species which must be eliminated from the Neozelanic list. Suter gives “Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman)” and the “Chatham Islands” as the localities whence it has been received, but specimens must be re-collected before even the genus Thalotia, of which conica Gray is the type, can be admitted as Neozelanic.

Margarella decepta (Iredale, 1908) [P. 133]

This now well-known shell has not yet been figured, and Oliver in his Ecological Essay, dealing with the molluscan associations at Shag Point, has included Margarella antipoda (1923a, p. 520) obviously intending this species, described from that locality. Since Oliver in that paper has altered several names without indication, one may conclude he intended to show that he considers M. decepta as a synonym of M. antipoda, but they are quite distinct.

There are four species of Margarella in the Neozelanic region—M. antipoda (H. & J.) and M. macquariensis Hedley (1916, p. 37) (Rossian), M. decepta (Iredale) (Cookian), and M. fulminata (Hutton) (Moriorian). This is one of the very useful regional genera, the species live under the roots of kelp, and are all absolutely littoral; the four mentioned constantly characterize their respective provinces. Differential characters may be given thus (macquariensis has not been seen and is therefore omitted from the key, but it seems, from Hedley's figure, to be more depressed and to have more clasping whorls than the other species; it is imperforate).

There does not seem to be a Forsterian form, and the genus is evidently of southern origin. The distribution of the species as given by Suter calls for some comment. First, Chrysostoma rosea Hutton was described from “Stewart's Island,” and is recorded from various subantarctic islands. The type is definitely determinable as antipoda on account of its open umbilicus, depressed form, and spiral red bands; it certainly did not come from Stewart Island, and should—as Iredale has already suggested (1915, p. 439)—be reduced to an absolute synonym of the subantarctic form. Secondly, Chrysostoma fulminata Hutton, described as from “Chatham Islands only,” is credited by Suter to “Hauraki Gulf to Cook Strait, not common.” I have never seen a North Island Margarella, and would regard these identifications as erroneous, referable probably to the young of “Cantharidus” dilatatus Sow. or “Gibbula” nitida A. Ad.; the true fulminata is apparently a very distinctive and restricted Moriorian form. It may also be noted that decepta apparently does not range north of Shag Point, Otago, the Southern limit being Stewart Island. To facilitate recognition of this beautiful species, figures are now offered of a specimen in the Finlay collection from kelp roots, Otago Penin-

sula (Figs. 3, 4). Since the type of decepta has been lost, I here select this figured topotype as neotype of the species.

Photinula nitida (A. Adams and Angas, 1864) [P. 134]

As suggested by Iredale in his “Commentary,” this species appears conchologically referable to Cantharidella, founded upon the Australian picturata Ad. & Ang. The specific name of the Neozelanic form must be corrected, since Iredale tells me he noted in the British Museum a tablet labelled tesselata, upon the back of which was written, “Margarita tesselata A. Ad., P.Z.S., 1851, p. 191. Hab.? Types.” These were compared with the description and found to agree, and when contrasted with the type set of nitida A. Ad. & Ang. were broader and less elevated, but agreed entirely with specimens from Lyall Bay, Wellington. There is a tall form from the west coast of the North Island for which it may be possible to reinstate nitida, but since South Island shells agree in detail with Auckland and Wellington specimens, it seems better to admit in the meantime only one species, for which the correct name will be Cantharidella tesselata (A. Adams).

Gibbula tasmanica (Petterd, 1879) [P. 136]

What the species is that Suter records under this name is at present unknown. This note serves to point out that the true Gibbula tasmanica has proved to have a very anomalous radula, and Thiele has proposed for it a new genus Nanula, placing the genus in the family Umboniidae. Nanula, however, cannot, until further evidence is forthcoming, be included in the Neozelanic fauna.

Genus Gibbula Risso, 1826 [P. 135]

This disappears entirely from Neozelanic molluscan systematics. All the species included by Suter have been dealt with in the previous notes, except Gibbula micans Suter, and this, until further specimens are available, may be classed under Micrelenchus. A resume of the alterations in this genus reads,—

Fossarina rimata (Hutton, 1884) [P. 139]

Powell (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 4, p. 204, 1921) has found this species living under oysters on rocks at the Bay of Islands.

Genus Monilea Swainson, 1840 [P. 140]

Since Iredale wrote in his “Commentary” that Solariella might be used to include all the Neozelanic species classed by Suter under the genus Monilea, a revolution has been effected in our knowledge of these simple Trochoids.

Peile investigated the radulae of three Australian species, and found that these were so different that shell characters became of secondary importance. The type of Solariella is a fossil from the

Tuffs (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 5, 1917), is the only other member at present described, but at least five new species are known to me from “Miocene” beds. Antisolarium seems to be a late development of Conominolia, both have the early whorls regularly diminished to a tiny inconspicuous embryo, a sculpture of only spiral cords or keels, of which three are often more prominent, a narrow but deep umbilicus with crenulated edge, and a peculiar aperture^* and sinuous pillar; Antisolarium differs in its depressed instead of conic shell, few strong keels, and smooth band on the base. Until transition forms are found, it is preferable to regard these two distinct series as genera.

Zeminolia and Zetela, on the other hand, have a disproportionately large and bulbous embryo, and different umbilicus. Zetela is by far the older group; besides the type I include the “Miocene” Solariella praetextilis Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 4, 1917), and some undescribed Tertiary species; the beautiful sharp reticulate sculpture, developing on later whorls into numerous beaded ribs, and the narrower style of umbilicus amply distinguish the genus from Zeminolia, which has a very wide perspective perforation. The latter seems to be quite a Recent development, no fossil species being known at present; besides the type I include only Minolia semireticulata Suter. Powell (Rec. Cant. Mus., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 45, 1926) has recently preferred Spectamen for this and the other New Zealand Recent species, and Solariella for the fossil sulcatina Suter, but for reasons given above I prefer to dismiss both these genera.

Genus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 [P. 144]

Thiele's subfamily Calliostomatinae does not show whether he has studied the Neozelanic species or not. As he included Astele for Australian and American species, he had apparently little material, for the American species he names in connection with Astele has no close connection with the Australian type. Iredale has introduced the generic names Salsipotens and Fautor, for the large and small Australian “Calliostomas” respectively (1924, p. 230). The Neozelanic representatives of the Fautor series are the fossil Calliostoma marwicki Finlay and C. cancellatum Finlay^† (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, pp. 102, 103, 1923), and the Recent Calliostoma onustum described by Odhner (1924, p. 16) from 50 fms. off Cape Maria van Diemen, but the other Neozelanic Recent “Calliostomas” belong to a group quite distinct from Salsipotens, which was provided for armillatus Wood. They may, for the present, all be classed in one new genus Venustas (for which I name Trochus tigris Martyn as type), with a subgenus Mucrinops nov., typified by Zizyphinus spectabilis A. Ad. In Venustas s. str. I also place pellucidum and selectum, together with the following Tertiary species,—undulatum Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 104, 1923), ponderosum Hutton (l.c., vol. 17, p. 322, 1885), hodgei Hutton (l.c., vol. 7, p. 458, 1875) (these two are

possibly synonyms, but much material needs to be examined), filiferum Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 3, 1917), gracilis Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 263, 1918), and fragilis Finlay (l.c., vol. 54, p. 102, 1923); these forms have a rather sharply-angled periphery, somewhat inconspicuous sculpture, and usually a concave spire with styliform apical whorls, the coiling varying greatly with age. The shells of the subgenus Mucrinops have usually a rounded or but slightly-angled periphery, strongly-granulose prominent cords, and a straight or convex spire, the coiling being always regular; here I include punctulatum, urbanior n. subsp. (see later), osbornei Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 591, 1926), and among fossil species, oryctum, waiparaense, and acutangulum Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, pp. 3, 4, 1917), and suteri Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 101, 1923). The earlier forms in both groups are a little aberrant, e.g., the two last named have a sharp periphery, but they are small species, and on account of coiling and sculpture are better referable to the subgenus; they may be transition forms. In both groups, too, large size does not seem to have developed until “Pliocene” times, the older “Calliostomas” being mostly small shells. Oliver is describing some further new Recent species in a paper to appear shortly in the Proc. Mal. Soc. (Lond.), but I have not seen these.

Calliostoma pellucidum (Valenciennes, 1846) [P. 145]

This seems to be the only species of Venustas that has no Forsterian representative. The Upper Pliocene C. undulatum Finlay is extremely close to this species, and the acquisition of further material enables me to state that the differences given when I described it (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 104, 1923) are not of value, but that since the fossil shells seem always to have lower ribs and weaker granules, the name may be retained as a trinomial, Venustas [pellucida] undulata (Finlay).

Odhner (1924, p. 15) has admitted to the New Zealand fauna Calliostoma trepidum Hedley, based on two small specimens, 3 mm. in height, dredged in Colville channel and off Cape Maria van Diemen. This record of a Capricorn species may be rejected without any hesitation whatever; apart from the extreme improbability of any subtropical Queensland form—much less a Trochoid—occurring in New Zealand waters, it is evident that Odhner had before him only young shells of V. pellucidum (Val.)

Calliostoma punctulatum (Martyn, 1784) [P. 146]

The Forsterian and Cookian forms of this shell are quite distinct, and as the synonyms diaphanus Gmelin and grandineus Val. both apply to the northern shell, the southern form is now brought to notice as a new sub-species.

Venustas punctulata urbanior n. subsp. (Fig. 27).

Close to the northern punctulatum (Mart.), but altogether a more delicate and graceful shell; not so crass; generally depressed rather than conic; whorls far more convex, leading to deeper sutures;

and spirals much thinner and wider apart, and with far finer granules, especially evident on base.

Height, 26 mm.; diameter, 28 mm.

Locality,—Type from 20 fms. Foveaux Strait, common anywhere in the Forsterian Province on the littoral and down to 30 fms.

Calliostoma selectum (Chemnitz, 1795). [P. 146]

This combination cannot be used, as Chemnitz was not a binomialist. Before this name had been used binomially, Griffiths and Pidgeon had published an excellent figure of the species with the name Trochus cunninghami (“Cuvier's Animal Kingdom,” vol. 12, pl. 1, fig. 7; Index, p. 600, 1834). The plate is dated 1833, and this is the name and date that should come into use. I have recorded large examples of this species (and of V. tigris) from 20 fathoms off Otago Heads (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924); these are really separable from the typical form as a Forsterian representative, and as such I have described it elsewhere in this volume.

Calliostoma spectabile (A. Adams, 1885) [P. 147]

What Suter has figured for this species in the “Atlas” (Pl. 40, fig. 5), I do not know; but it is nothing like the original figure of Adams' species. As neither this nor any other accurate figure of the species is readily available to New Zealand workers, and as this form is the type of Mucrinops, I here present a figure of a beautiful specimen in the Finlay collection (Fig. 26), dredged alive in 60 fms. off Otago Heads. The locality “Chatham Islands” given by Suter should be deleted.

Genus Euchelus Philippi, 1847 [P. 148]

This genus may be replaced by Herpetopoma Pilsbry, 1890, the New Zealand species having a multispiral operculum, and otherwise agreeing generically with scabriusulus Angas, the type of this genus. Powell has recently described (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 17, Pt. 1, p. 36, 1926) a second New Zealand member of the genus, from Whangaroa, as Euchelus (Herpetopoma) larochei; it is related to scabriusculus.

Euchelus Hamiltoni (Kirk., 1882) [P. 149]

Powell has recently figured the unique type of this species for the first time (Bucknill, 1924, Pl. 6, figs. 26, a). I have examined the type specimen, and conclude without hesitation that it is an abnormal form of E. bellus Hutton, specimens of which are frequently found with a more or less deep groove in the umbilical area; in the “hamiltoni” specimen it is only somewhat deeper than usual, and in all other details the two “species” coincide exactly.

Suter's record [P. 1048] of E. baccatus (Menke), which Iredale has shown should bear the name Herpetopoma aspera (Phil.) (1924, p. 230), must be rejected, the two New Zealand shells which he so identified representing an undescribed species, related to aspera, but differing in details.

Family Trochidae [P. 150]

Under this heading Iredale in his “Commentary” advised the admission of the genus Angaria to include the two species Suter listed

as Liotia serrata [p. 151], and L. solitaria [p. 152]. This is an error; Miss Mestayer has recorded that solitaria is the juvenile of Astrea heliotropia (Mart.), while serrata is a true Liotid, allied to tryphenensis Powell (see following note) and such Australian forms as tasmanica T.-Woods. Angaria must therefore be dismissed from the Neozelanic fauna.

Munditia n. gen.

I propose this for the elegant shell described by Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 592, 1926) as Liotina tryphenensis n. sp. and name in conjunction with it Liotia serrata Suter^* and the Tasmanian L. tasmanica T.-Woods. Liotia suteri Mestayer, and a host of Australian species such as L. botanica Hedley, L. australis Kiener, L. subquadrata T.-Woods, etc., possibly represent a different group, but may be included here at present. Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 9, pt. 4, p. 258 1911) has discussed the name Liotia, restricting it to the cancellata group; and later remarked (1915, p. 440) that “the type of Liotia agrees with Cyclostrema micans A. Ad. in every essential particular.” This shell has a peculiar facies, a horny operculum, and a thin unvariced aperture. For the large solid Liotids with heavily variced aperture and spiral lines of calcareous particles on the outer side of the operculum (Liotia auct., typified by L. peronii Kiener) Iredale advocated the use of Liotina Fischer, 1885, based on the fossil L. gervillei Defrance. As a near relative of Liotina was noted Ilaira H. & A. Ad. (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 9, pt. 4, p. 260, 1911), proposed for D. evoluta Reeve, a discoidal shell with “whorls angulated, detached, the last entirely free.” None of these groups exactly suits the majority of temperate Australian and Neozelanic Liotias, with their widely umbilicate depressed shells, moderately variced aperture, and simple multispiral horny operculum. Hedley's Liotia affinis (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 33, pt. 3, p. 483, 1908), noted as having an operculum “similar to that figured for L. peronii,” would fall very easily into Liotina, which seems to be a well marked tropical and sub-tropical group of extremely solid, not very depressed shells, with very narrow cyclindrical perforation. Hedley's Liotia botanica, however, (loc. cit., vol. 39, pt. 4, p. 710, 1914), typical of a large South Australian and Tasmanian series, seems to be a temperate relative of the warm water Liotina; it has a depressed less heavily ornamented shell, not strongly variced trumped-shaped aperture, and wide umbilicus; Hedley does not mention the operculum, but it is horny, multispiral, with but faint traces of granules. This group is probably separable from Munditia nov. s. str., which has a still more planorbid shell, with tendency to reduction of sculpture to knobs on the double keel, very wide perspective umbilicus, lightly variced aperture, and simple horny multispiral operculum.

Liotella incerta (Ten.-Woods)

Why Miss Mestayer has recorded this shell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 125, 1916) is obscure. New Zealand specimens are not like Tenison-Woods' species—which Tate and May (1901, p. 398)

have recorded as the immature form of L. tasmanica Ten.-Woods. There are many species of Liotella in Neozelanic waters, all endemic, and I remove this bad record by proposing for the shell figured by Miss Mestayer (loc. cit., Pl. 12, fig. 5) the name Liotella indigens nov.

Family Cyclostrematidae Fischer [P. 152]

Suter has included a family of this name, but Iredale has proposed to reject the name altogether (1915, p. 440), counselling the admission of a Family Liotiidae Iredale, while pointing out that the usage differed from that usually accepted. Thiele has reverted to the former bad usage—bad because in a systematic revision based on radular characters the use of an indeterminate shell of unknown locality (and of which necessarily the animal is unknown), to typify a family, must be condemned. Thiele states that as he has studied a shell agreeing with Gray's description of his Liotia, Iredale's conclusions must be wrong. Iredale studied the type series of Gray's Liotia, so that it is more probable that Thiele's shells were wrongly determined. Further, Thiele omitted to deal with Pseudoliotia Tate, which Iredale rejected as exactly synonymous with Gray's Liotia, and which Thiele should have reinstated. It would not be wise to revive Cyclostrema until something definite is known about the type species. Iredale has suggested that if it ever be recognized it will replace the Liotina series. I therefore continue Iredale's family Liotiidae, and draw attention to Thiele's action with regard to Elachorbis; he states this is referable to Vitrinellidae, closely allied to Rissoidae and Adeorbidae. This is quite incorrect, for the genus is obviously Liotid. It is recalled by some European Tertiary forms, but the resemblance is probably quite superficial, and I have already decided not to consider these in connection with austral forms (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 100, 1924).

Cyclostrema eumorpha Suter, 1908. [P. 153]

Iredale (1915, p. 444) advised that this should be placed with subtatei Suter in Elachorbis, but the examination of ample material shows that a better location would be in Lodderia; it is quite close to L. lodderae (Petterd) but is less depressed. As usual, Suter's figure is poor, and shows the aperture too high up. Further undescribed species of Lodderia are known to me from northern localities.

True Elachorbis is of considerable antiquity in New Zealand, Circulus cingulatus Bartrum (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 97, 1919), C. helicoides (Hutton) (l.c., vol. 9, p. 598, 1877), and C. politus Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 5, 1917) all falling in line with subtatei, but I would dissociate from the group C. inornatus Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 226, 1919), from the Hampden beds; I have not seen this species and do not attempt to place it from the ineffective figure and diagnosis. A second Recent species of Elachorbis has been described as E. diaphana Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924).

Zalipais lissa (Suter, 1908). [P. 154]

May has reported this from Tasmania (P.R.S. Tas., for 1919, p. 68) but it is improbably the same species. I have described Z. parva from the South Island (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924).

Pseudoliotia imperforata Suter, 1908^* [P. 156]

In Iredale's “Commentary,” this species from figures and description was transferred to Leptothyra; later, recognizing the misuse of Leptothyra, Iredale proposed Collonista for the Kermadec shell determined as Collonia picta Pease, and Finlay has therefore referred to the Neozelanic shell as Collonista imperforata (Suter) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 497, 1924).

From Lord Howe Island, minute shells which agreed in every detail with such forms as Collonia picta Pease, have been traced to their adult stage, which proved to be Turbo cepoides Smith. The range of Collonista suggests a Stewart Island habitat as foreign to the genus, and this is fully justified when a series of specimens is examined. I have been able to trace Pseudoliotia imperforata Suter definitely as the juvenile of Turbo granosus (Martyn), so that Collonista and all matter relating to it should be omitted from New Zealand lists.

Juvenile Trochinae have frequently given trouble before, and may be expected to do so also in the future. Thus, in New Zealand, we have the following identities:—

Liotia (Arene) shandi Hutton, 1873 is juv. Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)

Pseudoliotia imperforata Suter, 1908 is juv. Turbo granosus (Martyn, 1784)

Turbo (Lunella) radina Webster, 1905 is juv. Turbo smaragdus (Martyn, 1784).

Risella kielmansegi Zelebor, 1866 is juv. Astrea sulcata davisii Stowe, 1872.

Astralium pyramidale Webster, 1905 is juv. Astrea sulcata davisii Stowe, 1872.

Liotia solitaria Suter, 1908 is juv. Astrea heliotropia (Martyn, 1784).

Photinula suteri Smith, 1894 is juv. Cantharidus dilatatus Sowerby, 1870.

Calliostoma trepidum Odhner, 1924 is juv. Calliostoma pellucidum Val., 1846.

We do not yet seem to know the very young stages of Turbo smaragdus or Astrea sulcata, while the Monodonts, Cantharidi, Calliostomas, and Eucheloids may all be expected to provide problems.

Genus Brookula Iredale, 1912.

I have recently dealt with the fossil members of this group (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 526–531, 1924), and proposed a division Aequispirella (type: Scalaria corulum Hutton) to cover the conic, narrowly-umblicated, less-sculptured forms. It may be brought to notice here that B. fossilis Finlay was inadvertently included in this

division in the “Key to Species,” (p. 531) whereas it is a true Brookula. It was also suggested, on the strength of a figure published by Miss Mestayer (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, Pl. 12, fig. 4, 1916), that fossilis should be admitted as a Recent shell. This is now withdrawn, topotypes of Miss Mestayer's shell showing valid distinctions in their more numerous axial ribs (about 36 on the last whorl in adults), taller shell, and weakening of the ribs on base till in the umbilicus they vanish altogether. The name Brookula prognata nov. is here advanced for the shell figured by Miss Mestayer (locality,— off Big King Is. in 98 fms.). Brookula funiculata Finlay also has a distinct Recent descendant, at present undescribed. Hedley has reported a “Brookula sp.” from Macquarie Island (1916, p. 45).

Lissotesta errata n. sp. (Figs. 28, 29).

Shell close to L. micra (T.-Woods), but smaller, and with a not quite complete peristome. Spiral threads are occasionally visible over whorls, generally near suture; about four coarser threads with narrower interstices are developed in umbilicus, which has a subkeeled margin. A rather wide flattish shoulder at suture, merging off imperceptibly into periphery. Suture almost canaliculate.

Height, 1.4 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.

Locality,—Snares Is. in 50 fathoms.

This shell has been misidentified as L. micra T.-Woods. Iredale, judging from figures and descriptions, associated with this species Cirsonella granum Murd. & Suter, and examination of topotypes of both species shows his judgment to have been correct. Lissotesta is also of considerable antiquity in New Zealand, the “Miocene” Lissospira exigua Suter being hardly separable even as a species from the form described above. L. granum also has early Tertiary representatives.

Powell (Rec. Cant. Mus., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 46, 1926), in describing a new Recent species of Cirsonella (C. parvula, from 100 f. off Lyttelton), seems doubtful whether Lissotesta differs from that genus; but the groups are distinct in texture, altitude, umbilicus, aperture, and operculum, and should both be recognised.

Family Orbitestellidae Iredale.

Miss Mestayer has added this to the fauna by describing from the Snares O. hinemoa (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 131, 1919), which I have recorded also from Bluff oyster scrapings (l.c., vol. 55, p. 517, 1924). Another undescribed species of the genus, probably belonging to Iredale's second group (vide Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 12, p. 327, 1917) is known to me from dredgings from 12 fathoms, Doubtless Bay; and a third species from shell-sand, Lyall Bay.

Genus Turbo Linneus, 1758. [P. 161]

The type of Turbo L. is the tropical marmoratus L., and this is sufficiently unlike the Neozelanic shells—which are both unusual forms—to make the loss of the name a matter for no regret. Helix smaragdus Martyn falls into Lunella Bolten, while the quite peculiar Trochus granosus Martyn already has a name of its own in Modelia Gray, 1840. No Tertiary ancestors of either of these forms are at

present known, but this is certainly due to the almost total lack of quite littoral fossil deposits in New Zealand; the ancestors of such distinct shells must certainly have lived in the same locality.^*

Suter admits six species to the Tertiary fauna (Alph. List N.Z. Tert. Mollusca, p. 29, 1918), and Bartrum has since added another by describing Turbo postulatus n. sp. from Kaawa Creek (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 100, 1919). The latter form I have not seen and the figure provides no key to a generic solution. Turbo superbus Zittel must also be left alone till good material is available. Turbo etheridgei T.-Woods^† is an Australian Tertiary form, and its inclusion may be justly doubted. Turbo approximatus Suter has been shown by Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 555, 1924) to be a Naticoid, and is now Magnatica approximata (Suter)† Of the remaining three species, two are the Recent forms, and the third, Turbo marshalli Thomson is peculiar. This species has been well described by Thomson and Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 103, 1907; and N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 3, p. 3, 1915), and differs in opercular and shell characters from any named austral group, so I provide for it the new name Incilaster, and would provisionally associate with it Astrea transenna Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull., No. 5, p. 6, 1917; a close Australian ally is the Tertiary Astralium flindersi T.-W., from the Table Cape beds (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. for 1876, p. 95; see also May, l.c. for 1918, p. 71, pl. 10, fig. 11), erroneously referred by its author and by Cossmann (Ess. de Pal Comp., livr. 11, p. 145, 1918) to Calcar. As no illustration of marshalli is available in later publications, figures are appended of topotypes in the Finlay collection (Figs. 20–23). Rather curiously, what seems to be an exotic congeneric species—from the figures it would not be easy to separate it even specifically—is Astralium bathyraphe Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 4, p. 247, 1899) from the Indian Ocean. It has the same simple operculum.

Argalista fluctuata var. immaculata (Suter, 1908) [P. 165].

This should be merged in fluctuata. The types of both species and variety are from southern localities, and live specimens from the Snares show absolutely the same range of colour and sculpture as Foveaux Strait specimens, which grow to just as large a size.

Powell (Rec. Cant. Mus., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 46, 1926) has described Argalista umbilicata from 100 f. off Lyttelton; a Tertiary ancestral form, with the same wide umbilicus and prominent tongue, occurs at Target Gully together with the ancestor of fluctuata, so that the two species have long been differentiated.

Genus Astrea Bolten, 1798 [P. 166]

This also should have no place in Neozelanic molluscan systematics, our two well-known forms being both highly abnormal, and

only distantly related to T. imperialis Gmelin, the type of the genus. For Trochus heliotropium Martyn, Montfort's Imperator is available, while Lesson has provided Cookia for Trochus sulcatus Martyn. Of the latter species no Tertiary ancestors are yet known—for the same reason as advanced in the case of our Turbos—but (because of nonlittoral habitat) forms closely similar to heliotropia are found from the “Miocene” onwards, while Suter's Astrea bicarinata (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 6, 1917) may perhaps be located in Imperator. The Australian Tertiary Astrea undosa Chapman has been compared by its author (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 25, N.S., p. 188, 1912) with heliotropia, while another Australian fossil ally is certainly Imperator hudsoniana Johnston (Geol. Tas., pl. 29, figs. 12, 12a; see also Chapman, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 35, N.S., p. 9, 1922). Imperator was thus common to both countries during the Tertiary, but seems to have now no Recent representative in Australia. Cookia, however, appears to be represented there by the beautiful Astralium aureolum Hedley (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 32, p. 492, 1907), described from Mast Head Reef, Queensland, from a single living and adult example, compared by its describer with sulcata, and classed “as a second member of the subgenus Cookia.” It may be noted that if the form davisii Stowe, admitted by Suter as a subspecies of sulcata, is really worthy of separation, and if Suter's synonymy is correct, the name it should bear is Cookia sulcata kielmansegi (Zelebor, 1866); Stowe's name dates from 1872, and is thus six years too late. I have recorded juveniles of this form from Dunedin Harbour, on muddy weed-covered rocks (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 518, 1924).

Astrea subfimbriata Suter (loc. cit., p. 7, 1917), from the “Oligocene” of Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara, is an interesting form as making some approach to the Australian Bellastrea Iredale (1924, p. 232). As far as superficial resemblances go, the species is really nearer to sinius (Gould) than to “fimbriata” (Lamk.), but the relationship is quite distant The peculiar ornament and base, with its relatively huge callus area, the extremely oblique curved pillar, and the curious nodulation under the periphery form an ensemble deserving generic recognition, and I propose Opella nov. for it alone. It may be a branch from the Bellastrea line, but the differences are too considerable to admit of close relationship.

Phasianella huttoni Pilsbry, 1888 [P. 169]

As already noted, Thiele includes Prisogaster in his subfamily Phasianellinae (which is better regarded as a family), with two other genera, Phasianella and Tricolia. For the latter, Humphrey's name Eutropia must be used, and the family name would become Eutropiidae, but the Neozelanic species does not belong to the genus Eutropia. Pilsbry has pointed out that the small Australian species have a radula of the Phasianellid style, not of the Tricolia (=Eutropia) form. Consequently one may propose for the Neozelanic species the new generic name, Pellax, associating with it the Australian rosea Angas, virgo, Angas, etc.

Family Umboniidae [P. 169]

As above noted, Thiele, by means of the radular characters has brought together a peculiar series in the family Umboniidae, and consequently amended Iredale's conclusions in connection with this family and generic values. It has been shown that a Minolioid shell may possess an Umbonioid radula, e.g., the common Australian shell previously known as M. angulata A. Ad., but which Iredale has renamed Ethminolia probabilis (1924, p. 228). This is succeeded by another series such as M. vitiliginea (Menke) of Australian workers, which is a Talopena. Thiele has also included Monilea i.e. Talopia, and when these are all studied in connection with true Umbonium, Ethalia, and Ethaliella, the Neozelanic species with its angulate periphery is a little discordant. Iredale (1915, p. 446) stated that “Globulus anguliferus Philippi, given by Suter in the synonymy of “Ethalia zelandica Hombron and Jacquinot, 1854,” was really published in 1853, and therefore has clear priority over the name assigned to Hombron and Jacquinot, but only published by Rousseau in 1854,” and therefore used the name Umbonium anguliferum (Phil.) for the species. Unfortunately, this conclusion must be revised, as there is a prior Globulus anguliferus J. de C. Sow., 1840 (Tr. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. 2, pt. 5, expl. pl. 26). The specific name zelandicum must therefore be restored, whether it be credited to Rousseau or to A. Adams, who also proposed Umbonium zealandicum as a name for this species in the same year (Proc. Zool. Soc. for 1853, p. 188, 1854); which has priority is not at present known.

Cossmann has proposed Ethaliopsis for the Neozelanic shell (Essais de Pal. Comp., vol. 11, p. 223, 1918), but that name had been used before by Schepman for a different mollusc. I accordingly propose Zethalia as a suitable substitute. This kind of shell is not known below the Pliocene in New Zealand, though plentiful in Nukumaruian beds. Powell (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 4, p. 205, 1921) has found zelandica living in enormous numbers in the littoral zone at Marsden Point.

As a key to the somewhat extensive changes in these groups, a summary is presented of the locations here adopted of all New Zealand members of the Trochacea, both Tertiary and Recent,—

Fam. Trochidae d'Orbigny.

Genus Trochus Linneus, 1758. Type: Trochus maculatus Linné.

• Subgenus Coelotrochus Fischer, 1880. Type: Trochus tiaratus Q. & G.

  • Trochus tiaratus Q. & G., 1834.

  • —huttoni (Cossmann, 1916)

  • [—avarus] Suter, 1917.

• Subgenus Thorista Iredale, 1915. Type: Polydonta tuberculata Gray (i.e. T. viridis Gmelin).

  • Trochus viridis Gmelin, 1791.

  • —camelophorus Webster, 1906.

• Genus Thoristella Iredale, 1915. Type: Polydonta chathamensis Hutt.

  • Thoristella carmesina (Webster, 1908).

• • (?)^* Genus Conjectura nov. Type: Crossea glabella Murdoch.

  • Conjectura glabella (Murdoch, 1905).

• (?)* Genus Dolicrossea Iredale, 1924. Type: Crossea labiata T.-W. Dolicnossea vesca nov.

• * Genus Crosseola Iredale, 1924. Type: Crossea concinna Angas.

  • Crosseola errata nov.

  • — cuvieriana (Mestayer, 1919).

Fam. Orbitestellidae Iredale.

• Genus Orbitestella Iredale, 1917. Type: Cyclostrema bastowi Gatliff.

  • Orbitestella hinemoa Mestayer, 1919.

Fam. Turbinidae Gray.

• Genus Argalista Iredale, 1915. Type: Cyclostrema fluctuata Hutt.

  • Argalista fluctuata (Hutton, 1883).

  • — crassicostata (Murdoch, 1905).

  • — umbilicata Powell, 1926.

• Genus Lunella Bolten, 1798.

  • Lunella smaragda (Martyn, 1784).

• Genus Modelia Gray, 1840. Type: Turbo granosus Martyn.

  • Modelia granosa (Martyn, 1784).

• Genus Incilaster nov. Type: Turbo marshalli Thomson.

  • [Incilaster marshalli] (Thomson, 1908).

  • [— (?) transenna] (Suter, 1917).

• Genus Imperator Montfort, 1810. Type: Trochus heliotropium Martyn.

  • Imperator heliotropium (Martyn, 1784).

  • [— bicarinata] (Suter, 1917).

• Genus Cookia Lesson, 1832. Type: Trochus sulcatus Martyn.

  • Cookia sulcata (Martyn, 1784).

  • [Opella subfimbriata] (Suter, 1917).

• Genus Opella nov. Type: Astrea subfimbriata Suter.

  • — — kielmansegi (Zelebor, 1866).

Fam. Eutropiidae nov. (= subfam. Phasianellinae Thiele).

• Genus Pellax nov. Type: Phasianella huttoni Pilsbry.

  • Pellax huttoni (Pilsbry, 1888).

Incertae sedis: Trochus circinatus Hutton (Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 15. 1873), Trochus mutus Finlay (= T. nodosus Hutton, preoccupied; Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 99, 1924), Trochus (?) antipodum and Calliostoma decapitatum Wilckens (N.Z.G.S. Pal Bull. No. 9, pp. 4, 34, 1922—Cretaceous forms), Canthandus fenestratus Suter (l.c., No. 5, p. 3, 1917), submargarita (?) tricincta Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 227, 1919), Talopena sublaevis Finlay (l.c., vol. 55, p. 520, 1924), Circulus inornatus Marshall (l.c., vol. 51, p. 226, 1919), Turbo postulatus Bartrum (l.c. p. 100) and Turbo superbus Zittel (Voy. “Novara,” Palae., p. 39, 1865).

Nerita melanotragus Smith, 1884. [P. 172]

A paper entitled “Notes on the Radula of the Neritidae,” by H. Burrington Baker, was published in the Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philad., vol. 75, pp. 117–178, 1923. As this will not be seen by many Neozelanic students, Iredale has kindly sent me a few notes on it

which may be here given in connection with the genus Nerita:—“Baker accepts Montfort's designation of the type of Nerita Linné as peloronta L., and divides the genus, which differs little from the customary acceptance, into two subgenera, Nerita s. str. and Puperita. The latter he divides into two sections Puperita and Heminerita, and the former into four, Amphinerita, Theliostyla, Pila, and Nerita s. str. The second named subgenus, proposed for umlaasiana, a variety of polita, is used to cover the Neozelanic N. melanotragus. Judging from the characters of the shell and operculum, this is probably correct, but he also notes that the Pacific species morio Sowerby, 1833 seems scarcely separable.”

The type of the fossil Nerita nitida (Hutton, 1873), recently renamed N. pomahakaensis by Finlay (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 100, 1924), has been examined, with a quite unexpected result. Considerable collecting has never brought to light another specimen, and further, no shells from the Pomahaka marls show any traces of colour markings, so that the occurrence of a greenish Nerite with black stripes is more than suspicious. The broken unique type is in fact a Recent Pacific Theodoxus, certainly not found in New Zealand—let alone fossil at Pomahaka, and must be dismissed from the fauna.

Fam. Cocculinidae [P. 172]

It is questionable whether any of the Neozelanic shells referred to this family (which depends on animal characters) really belong here, since of all of them only the shells are known. From criticism of the North Atlantic typical species one may advocate the dismissal of Cocculina from the Neozelanic list, the conchological features disagreeing. Four species are included by Suter, clypidellaeformis, compressa, craticulata, and tasmanica. When Thiele monographed the group he was doubtful of the location of any of these, and suggested that craticulata, judging from the description, might be a Phenacolepas. Hedley has used Thiele's genus Cocculinella, provided for minutissima Smith, for his coercita, but Thiele did not so class it.

I would dismiss Cocculina tasmanica (Pilsbry) from the New Zealand list, and refer all records of this type of shell to C. craticulata Suter, which may be named as type of a new genus Notocrater, including therein tasmanica Pilsbry and meridionalis Hedley.

For the remaining Neozelanic species, clypidellaeformis Suter and compressa Suter, I propose Tectisumen nov., with the first named as type. Here may also be located C. coercita Hedley, C. tasmanica May, and Tectisumen mayi^* nom. nov. for Cocculina clypidellaeformis, May (Illust. Index Tas. Shells, Pl. 21, fig. 20, 1923), not of Suter. The outlines of the Tasmanian shell differ from those of New Zealand topotypes, while May, in his original record of the species (Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1912 (1913) p. 43), remarked that his shells were “not quite so raised as the type.”

I have seen further undescribed Recent species of Tectisumen from New Zealand (e.g. what Miss Mestayer has recorded as compressa; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 125, 1916); it has not been found fossil, but Notocrater occurs in early Tertiary beds.

Littorina infans E. A. Smith.

“Some small sps., max.h. 1.3 mm., shaken from algae, Cape Maria van Diemen” are the basis on which Odhner (1924, p. 18) has recorded the above Sydney species. This does not need discussion.

Littorina mauritiana (Lamarck, 1822) [P. 188]

Iredale, in preferring the name Melarhaphe unifasciata (Gray, 1826) for Australian shells (1915, p. 447) remarked that the New Zealand form seemed separable, and as no name has previously been given to it, I here act this suggestion—which I am able to confirm—by describing it as new.

Melarhaphe zelandiae n. sp. (Figs. 18, 19).

Shell related to M. unifasciata (Gray), but with shorter and less convex whorls, not so inflated. Much darker in colour, uniformly blackish outside, greyish-brown where corroded, inner part of base sometimes whitish; inside rich dark chocolate-brown with a white band below. Spiral sculpture much better marked than in Australian shells, especially on base, interstices not linear, and rendered prominent by their white colour. Peripheral subangulation better marked.

Height, 17 mm.; diameter, 10.5 mm. (type; harbour form).

Height, 11 mm.; diameter, 7.5 mm. (Taieri Beach rock form).

Locality,—Dunedin Harbour, on rocks at half and high tide level.

Laevilitorina hamiltoni (Smith, 1898) [P. 190]

This form does not agree conchologically with caliginosa, the type of the genus. There is an undescribed closely-allied form at the Auckland Islands, and probably search at Campbell, Bounty, and Antipodes Islands would reveal further members. For this group is proposed Macquariella nov., with Paludestrina hamiltoni Smith as type, allowing it subgeneric rank under Laevilitorina.

Finlay, (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 522, 1924) has recently recorded the genus from the mainland, describing two new forms, L. micra and L. cystophora. These looked conchologically aberrant, and are now shown to be widely sundered from Laevilitorina. This genus and Macquariella agree in having a paucispiral Littorinoid operculum, and Finlay has stated that this in his shells is “normal.” Dissection of further specimens shows, however, that though appearing normal while deep within the aperture, the minute operculum in both species is really not spiral at all, but pyriform, with a medio-lateral nucleus Many other undescribed species of this group, all minute, are now known from the mainland, while Brookes has described one from the North Island (L. iredalei Brookes; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 589, 1926), and I signalize their distinction from Laevilitorina—which, so far as the Neozelanic region is concerned, is restricted to the Rossian province—by the proposition of a group name, Zelaxitas nov., naming L. cystophora Finlay as type.

Fam. Fossaridae Fischer [P. 192]

Odhner (1924, p. 18), in admitting the type genus to the Neozelanic fauna, has associated under it an incongruous assemblage of forms, covering at least three genera, none of which has anything to do with true Fossarus. For clearness' sake one may propose the necessary new genera now, and then proceed to discuss them,—

Odhner's F. ovatus and F. productus may be regarded as congeneric, both having a blunt paucispiral embryo, a complete peristome, and a groove behind the inner lip; with these may be associated the Tertiary Couthouyia coninna Marshall and Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 80, 1921) and, provisionally, Lacuna exilis Murdoch (loc. cit., vol. 32, p. 220, 1900) and Aclis costellata Hutton (loc. cit., vol. 17, p. 319, 1885). The Recent Couthouyia corrugata Hedley is near to these but has a tiny apex, expanded whorls, and a deep, keeled umbilicus spreading from the groove; it does not belong to Couthouyia, and the new name Radinista may be supplied for it alone at present, taking subgeneric rank under Zeradina.

Odhner's third species, F. conicus, is quite a different kind of shell, having only the fine spiral sculpture in common with the previous series. The apex is minute, of several whorls, almost pointed, the peristome is considerably broken by the convex parietal wall, and there is no groove behind the inner lip. I nominate it as type of Nilsia nov., and place it at present near Dardanula in Rissoinidae; Rissoina cuvieriana Suter is apparently congeneric, and though Suter's figure and dimensions differ considerably from Odhner's, I suggest that when his unique type is examined it will prove to be the same species; if that is so, Suter's name has precedence.

Fossarus hyalinus, Odhner's last species, is about as far removed conchologically from Fossarus as it could well be. The thin hyaline test, depressed dome-shaped and glossy two-whorled apex, quite incomplete peristome, perforate umbilicus more or less filled by a calluspad, deep sutural triangular sinus in the outer lip, deep rounded notch in the basal lip, and swollen subplication low down on the pillar, form a very curious combination of characters. I give it a name of its own in Scrupus nov. and provisionally associate with it Cithna marmorata Hedley, and perhaps Fossarus minutus Petterd,^* locating the genus temporarily in the neighbourhood of Cithna which, in an exaggerated way, it somewhat resembles, except for the posterior sinus. Odhner's record of F. minutus from Hauraki Gulf cannot be accepted; identified specimens he has sent me belong to Notosetia (s.l.) and are in no way related to Scrupus hyalinus.

Planaxis brazilianus (Lamarck, 1822). [P. 194]

Definite evidence regarding the authenticity of New Zealand examples of this shell—which should be generically called Hinea—is not yet forthcoming, and till it is the species should be placed on the suspense list. It is, however, common at the Kermadecs.

Family Rissoidae Gray [P. 198]

I have given some account of the Tertiary Neozelanic species, with generic and specific keys (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 481–493, 1924) and have there added several new species and the Australian genus Epigrus Hedley (Mem. Austr. Mus., No. 4, p. 355, 1903) to the Tertiary fauna.

The genus Amphithalamus must be rejected as Iredale suggested, for even if it were applicable to some Australian forms, the Neozelanic hedleyi is typical of a very distinct group, and for this species I therefore propose the new generic group Nannoscrobs. It may be noted that probably Scrobs is characteristic of an Australian Family, for many species are being discovered belonging to two or three distinct groups, one centering round shells like the American Amphithalamus (but probably not at all related), another of shells like Watson's Scrobs scrobiculator which appear to be of a slighter texture, and some smaller thinner species, rather like Scrobs, which constitute the group named Nannoscrobs above. The two former have not yet been recorded from New Zealand itself, though known from the Kermadecs. Odhner's Rissoa semen may be located in Nannoscrobs, but his R. erosa, with its squat shell and heavy ornament, is a different style of “Amphithalamus.”

Hedley (1916, p. 46) has added Eatoniopsis to the fuuna by describing E. ainsworthi from Macquarie Island. The fossil Rissoa vana Hutton (Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 12, 1873) I have shown to be a subfossil Potamopyrgus (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 491, 1926).

Elsewhere in this volume Powell describes sixteen new Recent species, a welcome addition to the fauna.

Rissoa cheilostoma Ten.-Woods, 1877 [P. 202]

This name must disappear from New Zealand lists, as Iredale has already suggested (1915, p. 449). Its place will be taken by Merelina lyalliana (Suter, 1898), described from Lyall Bay; as this shell has never been figured, illustrations of topotypes in the Finlay collection are appended (Figs. 35. 36). Numerous specimens of Merelina are known to me from New Zealand waters, representing two or three group; I have already proposed (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 483, 1924) the genus Linemera (type: L. interrupta Finlay = Rissoa gradata Hutton^*) to cover forms with Merelinid sculpture, but a smooth glossy apex, while Powell (l.c., vol. 56, p. 593, 1926) has introduced Promerelina for two extreme forms of this group, P. crosseaformis and coronata Powell, both Recent species. For shells like Lironoba in sculpture, but with a smooth glossy apex like Linemera, I have proposed Nobolira (type: Lironoba polyvincta Finlay) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 227, 1926).

Powell (Rec. Cant. Mus, vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 46, 1926) has added to the Recent fauna Haurakia venusta, from 100 f. off Lyttelton, stating that Haurakia has the protoconch “sculptured with exceedingly fine uneven spiral striae,” and that his species has “a striking resemblance to Finlay's Linemera, which is only superficial, however, the nucleus being quite smooth and glossy in the latter genus.” Nevertheless, I would refer venusta without hesitation to Linemera, as the

southern representative of the Cookian deep-water pingue Webster, which is a close ally of gradata Hutton, the genotype. I would restrict Haurakia at present in New Zealand to the type (hamiltoni), huttoni Suter, and the Tertiary oamarutica Finlay (my H. mixta should, I think, be dropped; the type was irreparably damaged during illustration, and the sole paratype proves to be a juvenile abnormal Estea impressa): when the austral Rissoids are monographed, Haurakia will probably become a monotypic genus, as hamiltoni differs in habitat and facies from all the other species referred here. I cannot understand Powell's description of the apex of this species and venusta. Linemera differs from Haurakia most noticeably in development of spiral sculpture, but both genera have a smooth and glossy paucispiral apex, that of Haurakia being more depressed, slightly inrolled at the tip, and with a less marked terminal varix. But under a high power, and in very strong sunlight, the shells and the apices of both groups are seen to be of a minutely porous structure (much as in Terebratella and other brachiopods), and the very fine dense punctures occasionally give the effect of running together in spiral lines. This is probably what Powell mentions as “spiral sculpture,” and no more than this is visible in my topotypes of hamiltoni on the one hand, or of exserta, pingue, gradata, and venusta on the other. Quite different is the true spiral sculpture (often heavy) seen on the embryos of Merelina, Promerelina, Lironoba, Anabathron, Attenuata, and Brookesena (vide post).

Merelina plaga n. sp. (Figs. 37, 38).

Shell similar to M. lyalliana, but of weaker build, though slightly larger. Number and disposition of spiral ribs the same, except that subsutural rib stronger, and the two on the periphery subequal, giving the spire-whorls a half-hexagonal instead of a triangular outline; body-whorl thus loses its angled periphery. All spiral ribs thinner, interstices three to four times as wide instead of same width, axial ribs slightly less numerous and weaker; nodules at intersections much smaller; axials and spirals thus enclose large square meshes instead of small rectangular pits. Aperture larger, more obliquely oval than subcircular. Other details as in Suter's species.

Height, 3 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.

Locality,—Snares Islands, in 50 fathoms.

Rissoa incidata (Fraunfeld, 1867) [P. 208]

Omit this species; Suter's records apply to species of Estea; one that I have seen, from Lyttelton, is a lusus of E. minor which developed a groove for a short distance following a fracture. In passing, it may be mentioned that Odhner's record (1924, p. 22) of Rissoa subfusca Hutt. is, from examination of shells sent by him, based also on Estea minor (Suter), so that this species does not appear to be at all well understood.

Rissoa roseola Iredale (=rosea Hutton) and Rissoa roseocincta Suter. [P. 209]

Transfer these species to Dardanula. In connection with Dardanula fuscozona (Suter), it may be noted that of two specimens so identified and sent to me by Odhner, one is a Dardanula n.sp., the other a Zelaxitas sp., cf iredalei (Brookes).

Ancestral to D. limbata is the Teritary D. rivertonensis Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 491, 1924).

Rissoina hanleyi Schwartz, 1860. [P. 219]

Several species seem to be masquerading under this name. Odhner (1924, p. 23) has recently split off one good species as Rissoina achatina nov., but recorded hanleyi also; there are at least two others in the compound remaining, and in describing one of them I now dismiss this Philippine Island species from the New Zealand fauna.

Rissoina anguina n. sp. (Figs. 39, 40)

Shell stout, shining, generally milky white with broad chestnut-brown band just below periphery, and a narrower subsutural one; sometimes there are several tawny-yellow bands instead, or the whole shell may be blackish-brown or orange-yellow. About 24 axials per whorl, interstices 2–3 times as wide; they have fairly wide bases but rapidly narrow and become sharp, obsolescent on body-whorl; whole shell with dense fine spiral grooving. Spire about 1½ times height of aperture, outlines faintly convex. Other details as mentioned by Suter in his diagnosis of R. hanleyi.

Height, 5.5 mm.; diameter, 2.5 mm.

Locality,—Whangaroa Harbour

Omalogyra bicarinata Suter, 1908 [P. 229]

This shell has no affinity with Omalogyra, but is closely related to the form described by Miss Mestayer as Discohelix hedleyi (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 125, 1916). O. bicarinata was described from the Snares in 50 fms., and related forms are known to me from northern localities, while D. hedleyi, described from off Big King Island in 98 fms., has similar southern relatives. For this series I propose the genus Zerotula nov., with D. hedleyi Mestayer as type; no congeneric Australian forms are as yet known. The species are all small and discoidal, the shells usually somewhat shining and with a simple ornament of two or three strong keels on the periphery, otherwise smooth except for faint corrugations on the upper and lower surfaces and occasional weak serrations on the two outer keels; the aperture is squarish with a complete peristome. Miss Mestayer's location of the species in the Family Architectonicidae (loc. cit., vol. 51, p. 132, 1919) seems reasonable, the apex being slightly inrolled. There may perhaps be relationship with Discohelix, or such Discohelix-like forms as Omaxlaxis meridionalis Hedley. The forms are certainly adult and not the juvenile stage of some Trochoid.

Genus Tatea Ten.-Woods, 1879.

Hedley (1916, p. 46) has introduced this genus to the Neozelanic region by describing Tatea melvilli nov. from Macquarie Island. Brookes has added a second species (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 153, 1924), Tatea hedleyi, from Rangitoto Island, but Iredale informs me that this shell is really Assiminea nitida (Pease, 1865), (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 674), which is distributed throughout Polynesia, and has been recorded from the Kermadecs by Oliver (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 47, p. 522, 1915).

Melanopsis trifasciata Gray, 1843 [P. 236]

The genus Melanopsis is based on a European form, and all monographers have noted the distinction of the Neozelanic group without providing a distinctive name for it. As the genus is represented in the early Tertiary (by Ancillaria pomahaka Hutton; Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 6, 1873; see also Suter, 1915A p. 6), I have no hesitation in proposing Zemelanopsis n.gen., naming this species as type. Another group of “Melanopsis” existed in the New Zealand Tertiary, of which Coptochetus zelandicus Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 265, 1918) and Melanopsis waitaraensis Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 317, 1926) are members; Dr. Marwick has noted that they have the aperture of Zemelanopsis, but differ in their strong sculpture; this is of at least subgeneric importance in this group, so that I now separate them under the name Pakaurangia n. subgen., with M. waitaraensis Marw. as type.

Fam. Cerithiidae Fleming [P. 236]

The only members of this family admitted by Suter are referred to two genera, Cerithidea and Bittium, four species being allotted to the former, a tropical mangrove form, and six to the latter, a British type. Both generic names must be dismissed from the Neozelanic fauna, and some of the species also. First, the recognition that a Neozelanic species is establishing itself in Australia necessitated a criticism of the species, with the result that Suter's first species, Cerithidea alternata Hutton, was found to be based on an Australian specimen of Cerithium australis Q. & G., and not to be of Neozelanic origin. The type in the Dominion Museum has been examined, and this fact is evident. Secondly, Iredale tells me that the species name bicarinata Gray, 1843, is invalid, but that the substitute lutulentum Kiener was published in 1842, and was therefore the valid name all the time. Thirdly, the next two species must be lumped, since Hutton's tricarinata is simply an individual variant of Sowerby's subcarinata—this is the species that has gained an Australian foothold; it is extremely common and spreading rapidly at Freshwater, near Manly, Sydney. Lastly, the whole series, now reduced to two species, has nothing much to do with the genus Cerithidea—which was introduced by Swainson for a very different mangrove Cerithioid—and must be separated as a distinct genus, for which the new name Zeacumantus is proposed, Sowerby's subcarinata being named as type. In direct lineage may be noted Ataxocerithium perplexum Marshall and Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 254, 1919) and Cerithidea tirangiensis Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 317, 1926). Iredale tells me that the South Tasmanian species diemenensis Q. & G., referred at the present time to Pyrazus, a poor decision, is congeneric.

With regard to the genus Bittium, Suter wrote, “Operculum 4-whorled, with central nucleus,” and of Bittium exile Hutton noted “Operculum normal.” Suter also included Bittium granarium Kiener, 1842, and Bittium lawleyanum Crosse, 1863, in each case observing, “Operculum normal.” These two well-known Australian species form no part of the Neozelanic fauna, and must be eliminated from the records. As a matter of fact, the operculum in these species is not “normal” in the sense used by Suter, but has proved to be

(Pap. and Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., p. 64, 1919) represents a group not yet recorded from New Zealand, but of which I have new species; the apex, well figured by its describer, is paucispiral, rather swollen and flattened on top, ornamented all over with quite strong axial ribs; this group may be near crenistria, but the latter has a much larger and more massive shell, different aperture and ornament, and a diverse type of axial ornament on the embryo, the ribs being heavy, wide, and flattish, on a bulbous, almost planorbid, few-whorled apex; as Suter's illustration was drawn from a juvenile and does not well show the canal, I refigure this fine species (Fig. 42) from a specimen, in the Finlay collection, dredged off Otago Heads in 60 fathoms. I propose to designate these groups as follows:—

Of these, the third and fourth are not yet known as fossils, but all the others have known or undescribed Tertiary representatives in “Miocene” and older beds in New Zealand. C. mamilla May and C. turbonilloides Ten.-Woods represent Specula in Tasmanian waters, while C. semilaevis Ten.-Woods and C. dannevigi Hedley can easily be referred to Zaclys.

Genus Seila A. Adams, 1861 [P. 250]

This name seems inapplicable to any of the Neozelanic forms, which, as in Cerithiopsis, fall into several groups, easily defined by apical characters. As the Tertiary species need further study, and some of these are not available to me, I defer full division of the group, and merely propose Notoseila nov. for the common Cerithium terebelloides Hutton (of which the protoconch is “long, cylindrical, of 4 convex and smooth whorls, the nucleus mamillate”) and Hebeseila nov. for S. bulbosa Suter, which has the protoconch “globular, of 1½ smooth whorls, the first bulbose, of greater diameter than the next few whorls.” Notoseila is the only group of Seila that extends throughout our Tertiaries, for here belongs S. attenuissima Marshall and Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 52, p. 129, 1920), and there are several new “Miocene” species. The only other fossil species is the late Pliocene S. huttoni Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 3, p. 6, 1915), but this is related to S. chathamensis, and these two may for the present be located in Hebeseila. S. cochleata Suter may be reduced to a synonym of S. chathamensis until the unique type (which appears to be based on a worn and distorted shell) is made available for examination. Fresh Whangaroa specimens, which I take to be practically topotypes of cochleata, do not differ from Chatham Island and Auckland specimens of chathamensis. The latter name has priority, being published in Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 8, p. 37 (April, 1908), while cochleata appeared in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 361 (June, 1908). Seila dissimilis Suter, excellently figured lately by Odhner (1924, Pl. 1, f. 18) stands out from the other species, which have a characteristic uniformity of habit and sculpture, and differ mainly in apical

features; it has faint axial ribs and nodulations, and may be grouped at present near Cerithiopsis styliformis Suter, i.e., in Specula; but here again Suter's type must be examined before one can be quite sure of what he described. A somewhat similar Australian form seems to be Cerithiopsis turbonilloides May. Among other Australian species, Seila albosutura Ten.—Woods seems congeneric with S. terebelloides, while S. halligani Hedley may be located in Hebeseila. Seilarex Iredale (1924, p. 246), type: Seila attenuata Hedley, seems from the description related to Notoseila, but actual specimens differ widely in texture, facies, and features of aperture, and show that no close relation to any of the New Zealand groups exists.

Genus Ataxocerithium Tate, 1894.

Marshall and Murdoch have stated that the fauna of the Castlecliff beds “differs from the Recent fauna only in the presence of Ataxocerithium….”; this distinction has now been removed by Odhner, who has described Cerithium invaricosum from off Moko Hinau Island in 5 fathoms, and this species immediately falls into line with a series of Neozelanic fossil forms. Unfortunately Odhner was not acquainted with these, and was not able to compare his Recent specimen with Pliocene shells; this is to be regretted since topotypes of his shell are identical with the Castlecliffian A. huttoni (Cossmann) (vide Suter, N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 2, p. 14, 1914). Odhner's figure and description might well stand for a Castlecliff shell, the apparently more sparse axials being due to the smallness of his specimen.

I have lately treated of the New Zealand members of this genus (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 475, 1924), but the acquisition of further material enables me now to amend one or two erroneous conclusions there. The type of A. pyramidale subsp. robustum Finlay consisted of only some of the apical whorls; curiously enough, in the remaining unsorted material from the same locality the remainder of the shell was discovered, and it now proves to grow into A. quadricingulatum Finlay. The shell is worth full specific rank, and will bear the prior name robustum Finlay. This evidence also seems to warrant the union of the two “Miocene” forms described as pyramidale and nodicingulatum, both of Finlay, the former having priority. Doubt was expressed at the time as to whether one might not be the fully-grown form of the other, and I am now satisfied that it is. There can be little question that a direct lineage is represented here, — pyramidale (= nodicingulatum) [Miocene], robustum (= quadricingulatum) [Pliocene], huttoni (= invaricosum) [Uppermost Pliocene and Recent]. The first species is abnormal in occasionally showing a denticular plait on the middle of the pillar, but it is more usually absent, and in the later members never present; except for this feature these shells appear absolutely congeneric with Cerithium serotinum Adams, the type of Ataxocerithium Tate, and it may be noted that the Australian Tertiary ancestors of this species (e.g. A. concatenatum Tate) also occasionally possessed a rudimentary plait. A. tricingulatum Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 194, 1924) is probably an offshoot from this lineage.

Ataxocerithium suteri Marwick (l.c., p. 195) has, however, little to do with this series; peculiar in form, and possessing always a strong medial columellar plait, it demands separate recognition, which is given by providing for it alone the name Taxonia nov.; ancestors and descendants have not yet been found.

Genus Batillaria Benson, 1842.

This was introduced into New Zealand Tertiary lists by Harris (Cat. Tert. Moll. B.M., Pt. 1, p. 229, 1897) when he renamed Hutton's Cerithium nodulosum. I now reject it, and note that B. pomahakaensis Harris, Cerithium hectori Harris, and Turritella ornata Hutton, appear to be congeneric, and demand a new genus. This is provided in another paper in this volume.

Zefallacia n. gen.

I propose this for the Tertiary Fastigiella australis Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 68, 1919). This species has little affinity with Fastigiella carinala Reeve, an Antillean species, but is a member of a group of species occurring in early and middle Tertiary beds in New Zealand. Suter's records of Nerinea from the Tertiary (cf. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 95; “Nerinea n. sp.” from Chatton) refer to shells of this kind, and several undescribed species are known.

Genus Triphora Blainville, 1828 [P. 254]

That the complex covered by this name is polyphyletic has been admitted for long enough; as in the case of Seila, typical forms do not occur in New Zealand. There are many groups in Australasian Triphorids—and once again study of the apices seems to provide the best divisions—while the Neozelanic members fall into three series, huttoni, lutea, and the rest.

There is a well-marked austral group of Triphorids possessing a polygyrate apex with a sharp median carina crossed by numerous axial threads. T. fasciata Ten.—Woods, granifera Brazier, innotabilis Hedley, tribulationis Hedley, infelix Webster, and fascelina Suter all fall easily into this group, for which I propose Notosimister nov., with T. fascelina Suter as type. Odhner's record (1924, p. 28) of T. tribulationis Hedley, a north Queensland form, in New Zealand waters cannot be accepted. He mentions differences apparent even from the figure, and it is very probable that he was dealing with a fresh example of T. fascelina Suter.

T. huttoni Suter has a smooth several-whorled protoconch with a flattened dome-shaped top, and a strong medial groove on its later whorls; nodular sculpture is obsolete, and the shell has rather the appearance of a reversed “Seila.” It may stand as type of a new genus Teretriphora, and with it may be placed the South Australian and Tasmanian T. gemmigens Verco; Suter states [p. 257] that T. angasi Crosse and T. kesteveni Hedley are also closely allied species.

T. lutea Suter, with which T. obliqua May may perhaps be grouped, has a characteristic apex with a short blunt asymmetrical point and two heavy spiral keels on all its whorls. I name it as type of Cautor nov. Teretriphora and Cautor may in the meantime be regarded as subgenera of Notosinister.

• Genus Taxonia nov. Type: Ataxocerithium suteri Marwick.

  • Taxonia suteri (Marwick, 1924).

  • Genus Zefallacia nov. Type: Fastigiella australis Suter. Zefallacia australis (Suter, 1919).

Fam. Triphoridae Jousseaume.

• Genus Notosinister nov. Type: Triphora fascelina Suter.

  • Subgen. Notosinister s. str.

  • Notosinister fascelina (Suter, 1908).

  • — infelix (Webster, 1906).

  • (?) [— aoteaensis] (Marshall and Murdoch, 1920).

  • (?) — ampulla (Hedley, 1902) (?).

  • Subgen. Teretriphora nov. Type: Triphora huttoni Suter.

  • Notosinister huttoni (Suter, 1908).

  • Subgen. Cautor nov. Type: Triphora lutea Suter.

  • Notosinister lutea (Suter, 1908).

Incertae sedis: Cerithium inaequicostatum Wilckens (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 9, p. 8, 1922); this Cretaceous species is based on a mere fragment, and might equally well be referred to the Scalidae.

Bittium oamaruticum Bartrum (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 96, 1919) belongs to my genus Notacirsa, and the name is therefore invalidated by the prior N. oamarutica (Suter), the genotype; the species, founded on a single worn and broken shell, is too obscure to be worth renaming, and may be allowed to lapse.

Genus Serpulorbis Sasso, 1827 [P. 259]

This is better replaced by Vermicularia Lamarck, 1799, which is used by both Hedley and May for sipho Lamarck and allied forms. Marshall and Murdoch have described the “Miocene” form as Vermicularia ophioides (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 80, 1921), and Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 312, 1926) has described a still earlier ancestor as Serpulorbis lornensis.

Genus Siphonium Mörch, 1859 [P. 260]

This genus name is preoccupied by Browne (Hist. Jamaica, ed. 2, p. 396, 1789), and as Stoa is not available for the Neozelanic species, I propose the new genus name Novastoa, naming the Neozelanic species Siphonium lamellosum Hutton as type. The nuclear characters in this family (or families) show well-marked differences, and— when available—provide the best means of classification.

The name “Siphonium planatum Suter” appears in many of Suter's lists of Tertiary fossils, but considerable difficulty was experienced in tracing the name. The place of its introduction is nowhere referred to by Suter, and I had come to the conclusion that it was either a nomen nudum, or a substitute name, on some ground or other, for Hutton's lamellosum, when I dropped across the description of it and another species (which has been totally neglected, see the notes on Trophons, later) in Rec. Cant. Mus., vol. 2, p. 57, 1913. It is a circularly involute adherent-planorbiform species, described from two examples from Kapiti Island; both are now in the Canterbury Museum. The species may be referred temporarily to Vermicularia, and not Novastoa, and all records of it from the “Miocene” would

be better referred to Marshall and Murdoch's V. ophioides, till the group as a whole is revised.

Stephopoma nucleogranosum Verco, 1904 [P. 262].

It is doubtful whether Neozelanic specimens are really identical with South Australian ones; in these variable shells the only safe guide is the apex, and there seem to be a series of these “nucleogranose” and “nucleocostate” forms. There is an Upper Pliocene ancestor to the New Zealand species found in the Castlecliff beds. These shells are not well placed in Stephopoma, the type of which is the Neozolanic rosea Q. & G., so I provide for them the group name Lilax nov., naming S. nucleogranosum Verco as type.

Siliquaria cumingi Moerch, 1860 [P. 263]

Omit this. Suter himself said that he was “inclined to consider the specimen in the Canterbury Museum as a variety of the next species” (weldii Ten.–Woods). I have seen the specimen and concur.

A Tertiary species has been described by Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 313, 1926) as Siliquaria senex.

Caecum digitulum Hedley, 1904 [P. 265]

Odhner has described a new species (1924, p. 29) from 35 fathoms, Colville Channel, as Caecum suteri, remarking, “This may be the same species as Suter (1913) mentions and (1915) figures under the name of Caecum digitulum Hedley, and which differs from Hedley's type in its less rapid tapering, according to a remark made by Iredale and quoted by Suter (l.c., p. 265).” Odhner seems to have the impression that digitulum is an Australian species, whereas it comes from Lyall Bay. The rapidity of its taper is rather variable, and examination of many topotypes of both Hedley's and Odhner's species shows that the Lyall Bay and Hauraki Gulf forms are the same; Odhner's name will fall as a synonym of digitulum.

Genus Turritella Lamk., 1799 [P. 265]

This is in great confusion, specifically as regards the fossils, and generically as regards all the New Zealand representatives. Suter's descriptions of the Recent species contain many errors, especially concerning the apices and comparisons with exotic forms; his note on T. tasmanica Reeve (in the remarks on T. fulminata Hutton) has been corrected by Iredale (1924, p. 250). The latter writer has recently separated several genera for the Australian species, but many other groups can be distinguished. The austral genera at present recognised are as follows:—

Colpospira Donald, 1900; for T. runcinata Watson (= accisa Watson). Includes sinuata Reeve, cordismei Watson (which Iredale says is either the southern stage of sinuata, or identical with runcinata), and the Balcombian platyspira Ten.—Woods. Closely allied to these in style of apex and sinus, but uniformly differing in general facies (unpolished, more solid test, with perfectly straight instead of lightly concave spire), more rugged sculpture, tending to develop three strong keels (the middle one weakest and frequently slightly beaded), and deeply-cut suture, is a mostly Eocene group containing the Australian aldingae Tate (which Suter at one time identified from

finer cords are soon developed above them, and there is a tendency for one or two of the spirals to become keels on later whorls; spire outline interrupted posteriorly by deep sutures, much less so anteriorly.

Also with a paucispiral apex, but with a different type of sculpture is Stiracolpus new genus, proposed for T. symmetrica Hutton, 1873; with which may be grouped the Recent chordata Suter (probably only a freak variant of the type species), and the fossil waikopiroensis Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 8, 1917), kanieriensis Harris (Cat. Tert. Moll. B.M., Pt. 1, p. 241, 1897), and possibly the Australian Recent T. godeffroyana Donald, atkinsoni Tate and May, and smithiana Donald; many new Tertiary species are known to me. The apex of this group is one-whorled, without a keel, the sculpture starting with three subequal spirals, the median quickly becoming a little stronger; these three cords usually remain far the strongest, with not many interstitial riblets; the older Tertiary species have the lower two cords close and distant from the upper one, the later species tend to have the cords equally distributed.

The third group is represented by the common T. rosea Q. & G., which may be put forward as type of a new genus Maoricolpus; under this may also be ranged the Tertiary cavershamensis Harris (1897, p. 242) and many new species, and the Australian Tertiary T. murrayana Tate. The protoconch is polygyrate, papillate, and apparently sinusigeroid, the three to four tiny whorls being of distinctly smaller diameter than the following shell whorls, and thus noticeably projecting from them; the initial sculpture is of three ribs, the median strongest, the uppermost weakest; fine threads are intercalated on later whorls, which are relatively narrower between sutures than in the other groups, and tend to be concave; spire outlines straight, sutures very inconspicuous at all stages. T. difficilis Suter, I have noted elsewhere in this volume as preoccupied, but apparently inseparable from rosea.

The Cretaceous Turritella solitaria Wilck. (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 9, p. 35, 1922) cannot yet be located; its apex is unknown.

Turritella carlottae Watson, 1881 [P. 266]

Odhner (1924, p. 30) has correctly resumed the use of Hutton's specific name vittata for this species; Murdoch and Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 38, p. 292, 1906) dropped the name on account of supposed preoccupation by Lamarck, but that was an error, as has already been pointed out by E. A. Smith (Brit. Antarc. “Terra Nova” Exped., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 80, 1915), who also records that the species grows to a length of 85 mm.

Mathilda neozelanica Suter, 1908 [P. 273]

Suter has compared this species with the Australian M. decorata Hedley, but commented on the difference in apex. The resemblance between the two shells is curious but entirely superficial, decorata having a smooth bulbous embryo, abruptly set at right angles to the shell, while neozelanica has a heavily spirally keeled protoconch, marked off by a slight varix, but otherwise in the plane of the whorls, only the tip being slightly immersed (Suter's figure much exaggerates this feature). An exactly similar type of apex, differing only in

more numerous keels is shown by Aclis succincta [p. 327], described by Suter in the same year but not recognized as a near relation. In the absence of soft parts and operculum, it is difficult to know where to locate these shells, but the new genus Brookesena here proposed for them (with M. neozelanica Suter as type) may be provisionally located in Rissoidae, near Lironoba. The genus is named after A. E. Brookes of Matamata, a well-known conchologist.

Family Struthiolariidae Fischer [P. 273]

Dr. Marwick has recently published (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 161–190, 1924) a comprehensive monograph of “The Struthiolariidae,” this family being represented by 28 Neozelanic species in the Tertiary and Recent faunas. Since then, three further Tertiary species have been described: S. prior Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 228, 1926), S. nana, and S. praenuntia Marwick (l.c., p. 318). Marwick creates one new genus, Monalaria (p. 163), for Struthiolaria tuberculata concinna Suter; this is entirely a very early Tertiary group, of few species. Apart from this, all the New Zealand forms are included in Struthiolaria (Strutkiolariopsis similis Wilckens, 1922, p. 17, a Cretaceous form, is shown to be not referable to the family), three groups being outlined but not named. They should have been, however; one of them at all events is quite distinct, for the following reasons: Marwick figures the curious apex of Struthiolaria vermis Mart. (p. 163), and remarks, “Well preserved examples of the Recent and Pliocene S. papulosa and S. vermis show, in most cases, a small, almost planorbid apex of one or two smooth volutions. This has always been considered as the protoconch; but a surprising condition was revealed by some specimens of S. vermis from the Wanganuian Pliocene. In these the protoconch is a smooth, bulbous, capuliform structure, with its long axis at right angles to that of the shell. That this is the true protoconch is shown by the appearance of the same feature on specimens of S. convexa n.sp…. In withdrawing from the embryonic shell, the animal constructs numerous septa, so that, the hollow bulb being easily broken off, a planorbid apex is the result. It is probable that this type of protoconch prevails throughout the genus, for the smooth planorbid tip, generally seen in all well-preserved shells, is followed by a convex striated conch-whorl similar to that following the deviated protoconch of the examples cited above.” Later (p. 167), he figures the apex of S. papulosa Mart., and examination of any perfect specimen will show that this small, glossy, planorbid embryo is certainly the true apex, and has not resulted from fracture. That the apex of S. convexa Marwick resembles that of S. vermis Mart., is to be expected, as both species belong to the same lineage. The protoconch of S. subspinosa Marwick, on the other hand, is identical with that of its lineal descendant, S. papulosa. This difference in the embryos is the best and surest evidence of the presence in New Zealand Tertiary beds of two radically different though superficially similar stocks of Struthiolaria^*

(comparison of the radulae of the two Recent species would be very interesting, and one may predict that it would but confirm the separation here made on apical features). Dr. Marwick has noted them as different groups, but, misinterpreting the observed embryonic differences, was not able to separate them with certainty from shell features alone. But I would now recognise them as distinct genera, so that Pelicaria Gray, 1857 (Guide Syst. Distrib. Moll. B.M., p. 97) (type: S. vernis (sic) = Buccinum vermis Mart., vide Marwick, p. 170) returns to use as a generic name for the vermis lineage; forms of this group which converge towards Struthiolaria s. str. in shell formation are placeable easily and with certainty if the apex is examined. For the Struthiolaria callosa Marwick group I now provide the new subgenus Callusaria; it is probably not so distinct as the vermis line is from Struthiolaria s.str., but the four species included by Marwick form a rather compact assemblage, for which a group name is desirable.

Xenophora corrugata (Reeve, 1842) [P. 278]

In this case Suter's name of X. neozelanica must be used, as Reeve's species is quite distinct. The misunderstanding arose through the extreme range given to Reeve's shell, “Indian Ocean, Japan, etc.” Mr. Iredale informs me that when the type of Reeve's species is examined, the Neozelanic shell is easily separable, and when Hedley suggested their identity, he referred only to Fischer's conception of Reeve's species.

The generic name must be Onustus Humphrey, as maintained by Moerch many years ago, the description and bibliographical reference enabling the exact recognition of Humphrey's genus.

I have described an early Tertiary ancestor to the Recent species (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 228, 1926) as Onustus prognatus, showing that the neozelanica style of shell has lived in this locality for a long time.

Fam. Hipponicidae Fischer [P. 281]

The three species recorded from New Zealand, Hipponyx hexagonus Suter, Pilaeopsis radiatus Hutton, and H. antiquatus Linné have been discussed by Powell in a “Review of the Recent and Fossil New Zealand Species ascribed to Hipponyx” (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 6, nos. 5 & 6, p. 282, 1924) and by Finlay (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 100, 1924) with the result that the Recent form disappears as a synonym of Gadinia nivea Hutton (q.v.), while, of the fossil shells, radiatus proves to be a Crepidula, its name being an available substitute for the indeterminable C. striata (Hutton), and antiquatus is rejected, the sole record for the family being now Hipponyx species from Kaawa Creek.

Fam. Calyptraeidae Broderip [P. 282]

Smith (Brit. Antarc. “Tera Nova” Exped., vol. 2, no. 4, p. 83, 1915) has recorded the Australian calyptraeformis from New Zealand, but Peile, from examination of the radula, has distinguished the New Zealand shell as a new species, terraenovae (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 1, p. 21, 1924). This species is common in the Cookian Province in depths of from 20–60 fathoms, where it seems to replace

often deceptively alike. Careful serutiny, however, always allows of separation, for crater has a much more solid shell of very coarse texture, the sides are almost straight, the whorls being more concealed than in tenuis, the growth lines appear from above rather as concentric circles than as logarithmic spirals, there is generally no tendency for the last whorl to flatten out (as is almost always the case in tenuis), and there is no hollow axis. The last feature, which is so conspicuous in true tenuis, is perhaps the safest for quick separation. Even young shells of crater can be distinguished from tenuis by the character and set of the embryonic whorls, which project laterally and obliquely, and have the inner whorl somewhat inrolled and hidden by the outer; the protoconch of tenuis rises in a more regular spiral, and juts more vertically, the inner whorl generally rising above the outer and not at all obscured by it. E. A. Smith's figures of Gray's type of tenuis (Brit. Antarct. “Terra Nova” Exped., Moll., pt. 1; pl. 1, figs. 20–22, 1915) are a little puzzling, the side-view showing a shell quite like crater, though the internal aspect is that of what I am taking for tenuis; however, the actual size given shows that the type was a juvenile shell, and such are sometimes found with considerable altitude. The whole of Smith's descriptions and comparisons apply to the common South Island littoral and deep-water shell rather than to the very rare Moriorian and Pliocene crater.

Genus Crepidula Lamarck, 1799 [P. 286]

This genus name is later than, and exactly equivalent to, Crypta of the Museum Calonnianum, p. 4, 1797, both being based on the American Patella fornicata L. It is almost certain that the radula will show good differences in Crepidulid shells, but the Neozelanic group centering in costata Sow. is a very peculiar one, being confined to New Zealand, and having many fossil antecedent forms in the same country. Curiously enough, Suter mentioned as equivalent aculeata Gmelin, which is at present given a world-wide range, showing very little variation; it, however, has a notched septum, and otherwise differs considerably. In view of these facts I propose to erect a new genus Maoricrypta, naming C. costata Sow. as type

Another group is represented by the series of slipper limpets that live inside dead shells; this is an extremely interesting one and needs detailed study. Whereas the apex in the costata series is smooth and glossy, passing directly into the crude corrugations of the adult sculpture, the monoxyla line has developed an intervening brephic stage which forms a large slightly raised ellipsoidal cap (with the flatly-coiled smooth embryo at one of the foci), ornamented all over with fine threads radiating from the embryo. The “Miocene” ancestor of monoxyla has the same feature, only the threads are fewer and wider; this stage has evidently developed long since, and never appears in the costate forms; I therefore emphasize the distinction of the parasitic group by providing Zeacrypta nov. for monoxyla Lesson at present allowing it subgeneric rank under Maoricrypta. The reference of the high, nonparasitic forms to monoxyla is doubtful; they seem quite distinct specifically, possibly generically, and may indeed be degenerate forms of Maoricrypta.

One may recommend investigation of this problem and I suggest that only the flattened parasitic forms are true Zeacrypta monoxyla.

Maoricrypta has numerous fossil members, haliotoidea Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst, vol. 56, p. 318, 1926), radiata Hutton (see note on Hipponyx), densistriata Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 10, 1917), wilckensi Finlay (= incurva Zittel, preoccupied) (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 101, 1924), and hochstetteriana Wilckens (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 9, p. 5, 1922), may all be cited in this connection; the last named carries the line back to the Upper Senonian.

Genus Natica Scopoli, 1777 [P. 288]

None of the known Neozelanic members of the family fall into the genus Natica, which has a spirally multisulcate calcareous operculum.

Natica australis Hutton was proposed as a Lunatia, and is now referred to Bolten's genus Cochlis, so that a new name is not necessary, unless there be another species australis in Cochlis, or another L. australis be unearthed. At present my substitute, Natica maoria (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 101, 1924), cannot be used, and the species name will revert to australis (Hutton).

Natica zelandica Q. and G. is also to be referred to the genus Cochlis. Dr. Marwick has published an account of the Tertiary and Recent Naticidae and Naricidae of New Zealand (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 545–579, 1924), and makes no mention of Cochlis, but till more is known of the opercula of the fossil species, all his species of Natica would be better classed as Cochlis.^* In that paper he has added two species to the Recent fauna, Natica denticulifera Marwick (p. 552) (from unknown locality, type from the Pliocene), and Uber (Euspira) barrierensis Marwick (p. 571) (from off Great Barrier Island, 110 fathoms, while he places Suter's two species of Ampullina—undulata (Hutton) (see nomenclatural note and new substitute name elsewhere this volume) and venusta (Suter)—in his new genus Globisinum, proposed for Sigaretus (?) drewi Murdoch (pp. 575, 576). To the species included here by Marwick must be added G. crassiliratum Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. 56, p. 230, 1926). The other new group names proposed by Marwick in this account are:— Carinacca (for Ampullina waihaoensis Suter), Magnatica (for Polinices planispirus Suter), and Sulconacca (for S. vaughani Marwick; see note under Ampullina apora, below); the genotypes of these three groups are all lower Tertiary shells. Besides these, the genera Neverita Risso and Amauropsella Chelot are added to the Tertiary fauna. I have since then added three further Tertiary species of Magnatica (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 228, 229, 1926) and proposed a new subgenus Spelaenacca for one of them (M. altior).

Powell has (elsewhere in this volume) added still another Recent species of Cochlis (from Whangaroa) to the New Zealand fauna.

Genus Polinices Montfort, 1810 [P. 290]

This has been displaced by Uber Humphrey. 1797, of the Museum Calonnianum, in a recent study of the group by Hedley (Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. 14, No. 3, p. 154, 1924). The species Lunatia vitrea Hutton is very probably distinct from Watson's Natica amphiala, the location and station being widely separated; this is discussed by Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 570, 1924) and the usage of vitreus Hutton may, at all events, be recommended for Forsterian shells. Marwick has used Uber, but seems to be dubious that the distinction between the horny and shelly operculate groups is definite. Study of the radulae of the Recent species shows valid differences.

One further Tertiary species of Uber has to be added to Marwick's list, Uber laxus Finlay (l.c., vol. 56, p. 229, 1926), while Wilckens (1922, pp. 6, 7) has described two Cretaceous forms selwyniana and ingrata.

Ampullina apora (Watson, 1881). [P. 293]

The Neozelanic shell referred to this Aru Island species of Watson may be a species of Friginatica. That genus has been recorded (in the form of F. pisum Hedley) from Macquarie Island (Hedley, 1916, p. 52), but Hedley's species does not, from the figure, seem congeneric with his genotype; a true fossil member is, however, known in Lunatia suturalis Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 9, p. 597, 1877). Marwick has proposed a new genus Sulconacca for S. vaughani Marwick, a close relative of this species, so that Sulconacca appears to be an absolute synonym of Friginatica. The characters on which Sulconacca was founded are all present in Friginatica, while the Australian Tertiary F. polita Ten.-Woods (P.R.S. Tas. for 1875, p. 23) is with difficulty separable even as a species from S. vaughani Marwick, ^* and (according to Hedley, 1916, p. 51) even from the genotype of Friginatica, N. beddomei Johnston (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. for 1884, p. 222).

The “Family Naricidae” used by Marwick must give way to Merriidae, while reference to the early Tertiary European Micreschara and its section Macromphalina would be obviated by the use of Hedley's Naricava (P.L.S.N.S.W., vol. 38, p. 294, 1913), proposed for Adeorbis angasi A. Ad., to which Micreschara huttoni Marwick is very similar even specifically.

Genus Lamellaria Montagu, 1815. [P. 293]

To L. cerebroides Hutton and L. ophione Gray must now be added Lamellaria verrucosa Odhner (1924, p. 31), described from Auckland Island.

Genus Trichotropis Broderip and Sowerby, 1829. [P. 296]

This genus is based on an Arctic species with only a vague resemblance to the Neozelanic species, which Hedley suggested might be referred to Sirius, but a new genus would meet the case better, S. badius T.-W., the type of Sirius, being a much smaller shell, with different style of ornament and aperture. I therefore propose the new generic name Trichosirius, naming Trichotropis inornata Hutton as type.

Iredale has indicated (1924, p. 251) that if the grouping be continued the family name must be Lippistidae on the score of priority, and he has also pointed out the confusion existing in connection with the species and specific names of Lippistes. The South African type has a similar appearance to the Neozelanic shell, but agrees less with the intervening Australian series. As Tertiary forms related to the Neozelanic type have been found within late years (L. perornatus Marshall and Murdoch, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 121, 1923; and L. pehuensis Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 319, 1926), there is probably only indirect relationship between the several Recent stocks, which perhaps sprang from a common ancestral dweller on the shores of Gondwanaland. One may, therefore, introduce a new generic name Zelippistes, naming Separatista benhami Suter as type.

Genus Recluzia Petit, 1863.

Powell has added this to the New Zealand fauna by recording Recluzia lutea (Bennett) from Great Barrier Island (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. nos. 5 and 6, p. 285, 1924).

Trivia australis (Lamarck, 1822). [P. 301]

Iredale has pointed out that the Lamarckian name is preoccupied and no substitutes are available, and has therefore described the Australian shell as a new species under the name Triviella merces (1924, p. 257). Upon examination it is found that Neozelanic specimens differ, so also require description as a distinct form.

Triviella memorata n. sp. (Fig. 73.)

Shell globose and inflated, high but not elongate. Milk white, with two central large red-brown patches meeting across dorsal groove, a small anterior and one or two posterior patches, ends of outer lip same colour. Whole surface with weak transverse ribs, meeting at a more or less faint dorsal groove, continued everywhere into interior except for a small smooth space at anterior canal. Sides curved, not even approximately parallel. Outer lip not much projecting beyond spire. Other details as in T. merces Iredale.

Length, 13.5 mm.; height, 8.5 mm.; width, 9.5 mm.

Locality,—Ahipara Bay, near Auckland.

Close to T. merces (a Sydney specimen of which is here figured for comparison—Fig. 74), but shorter, higher, and more globose, with larger colour-patches, and less produced outer lip. Not very close to any of the three Tertiary Neozelanic species, zelandica Kirk (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 14, p. 409, 1882), pinguior Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 314, 1920), or “avellanoides Tate” (vide Marshall, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 461, 1917); the latter is of the same generic style, but the two former would be better referred at present to Trivia.

Genus Erato Risso, 1826.

Although living species are known from Australia and most other parts of the world, this genus is not yet represented in the Recent Neozelanic fauna, the nearest occurrence being E. lachryma Gray, recorded by Iredale from the Kermadecs (Proc. Mal., Soc., vol. 9, p. 71, 1910). A Tertiary species, however, E. neozelanica Suter (N.Z.

G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 12, 1917), has been known for some time, and has recently been redescribed and figured by Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 160, 1924). To this have now to be added several further species described lately: antiqua Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol., 51, p. 227, 1919), vulcania Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 314, 1926), and senectus Murdoch (l.c., vol. 55, p. 160, 1924). The curious plaits running over the anterior part of the outer lip on to the base in the last-named species are evidently a specific character, as I have another specimen from Target Gully agreeing exactly in this respect with the previously unique type.

Family Septidae. [P. 302]

This name was amended to Cymatiidac by Iredale in his “Commentary,” and some notes given on the classification of the group. Some further corrections may now be made in the species and group names.

Septa tritonis (Linné, 1758). [P. 304]

This is a very doubtful member of the fauna, and shells so called should be critically examined and compared with typical specimens. Smith (Brit. Antarct. Exped., Moll., pt. 1, p. 84, 1915) has pointed out that a perfect apex dredged in 11–20 f. near North Cape differed in detail from that of true tritonis.

Septa rubicunda Perry, 1811 [P. 303]

Iredale advised the use of Charonia lampas (Linné, 1758), but informs me that, as in other cases of lumping, he has been compelled by study of more material to alter his decision. “When series of shells are studied, the variation is seen to be geographical as well as individual, and consequentl races (or species) can be really determined. Thus, a dozen South African shells showed features of nodulation which differed from that seen in Australian specimens, though both series varied inter se. The few Kermadec specimens differ from a series of New South Wales shells, and the Neozelanic form is easily separable.” (T. Iredale, in litt.)

I have recorded an Australian form, euclia Hedley, from off the Neozelanic coast (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 462, 1924, but this proves different again, so that these Neozelanic forms are now described as new.

Charonia capax n. sp. (Fig. 67.)

Shell large and wide, with capacious aperture. Apex lost. Two strongly-noduled, broad spiral cords per whorl (9–10 nodules per whorl), and many variable narrow flattish riblets (interstices wider on shoulder, sublinear below); body-whorl with about nine strong cords, all with faint nodulation, 2–3 narrower weaker cords in interstices, canal with 10–12 cords. Colour pure white, with pale yellowbrown maculations on main cords, parts of shell suffused with a pinkish-brown tinge; inside of outer lip and lower part of columella glossy, greyish-brown, with occasional pale reddish-brown bars. Varices, about 150° apart, low, flattened, with little difference in level on either side. Spire a little shorter than aperture, sides straight; whorls with a submedian shoulder (slope about 45°, thence vertical);

sutures distinct, irregular but not undulating. Body-whorl considerably inflated, with an expanded outer lip which is thin and sharp, only slowly thickened inside, curving regularly, the wide and short canal hardly protruding beyond it. Pillar placed much to the left, considerably angularly excavated above the three or four weak basal plaits. A rather weak parietal tubercle distant from outer lip.

Height, 165 mm.; diameter, 90 mm.

Locality, off Otago Heads, in 20 fathoms.

Differs considerably from the Australian rubicunda in colour, higher shoulder, weaker and more numerous nodules, more excavated and sloping pillar, shorter and wider canal, much weaker parietal tubercle, expanded and regularly curved outer lip, not angled at shoulder, absence of teeth and chocolate-brown bars inside lip, and altogether larger and more inflated body-whorl.

Subsp. euclioides nov. (Fig. 68.)

In colour and general arrangement of sculpture similar to the species, but the whole ornament stronger; the nodules are smaller, higher, and more pronounced on all whorls, especially those on lower cord; cords on shoulder very much narrower, interstices 4–5 times as wide. Shell much thinner and taller, spire considerably higher than aperture, which is rather compressed, the outer lip (though broken) much less expanded. Parietal plait much stronger.

Height, 210 mm.; diameter, 90 mm.

Locality, off Otago Heads, in 40 fathoms.

Very similar to euclia Hedley, and recorded by me as such, but apparently of different colour, and with a taller, more compressed aperture and more excavated pillar; also it is evidently a derivative of capax nov., which differs considerably from the forms out of which euclia has sprung.

Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis, 1790). [P. 305]

New Zealand specimens have a longer canal, a different outer lip, and a considerably smaller aperture than Australian shells, so that the use of Hutton's name Triton acclivis (Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 13; plate fig. 8, 1873) may be counselled.

Cymatium exaratum (Reeve, 1844) and Austrotriton parkinsonianum (Perry, 1811). [pp. 306, 307]

Lack of comparative material at the present time prevents criticism of these species and their New Zealand records, though it may be noted that Powell has lately re-recorded them both (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 6, nos. 5 and 6, p. 286, 1924). I present figures of actual New Zealand shells (exaratum, Figs. 83, 84; parkinsonianum, Fig. 85), but the few specimens I have seen do not show satisfactory differential characters from Australian shells, so that these two species may stand in the meantime. They and Cymatium acclive (Hutton) seem to be geologically quite recent immigrants to the New Zealand region; a species of Austrotriton (maorium Finlay) is common in the “Miocene,” but the genus seems quite absent in the Pliocene. For a discussion of the New Zealand fossil species and

their relationships, with keys to genera and species, see Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, pp. 453–465, 1924.

Argobuccinum argus (Gmelin, 1791). [P. 309]

Argobuccinum is not valid at the place quoted by Suter, viz., Hermannsen, 1846, but dates only from Moerch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi, 1852, where it exactly equals Priene H. & A. Adams, 1858 (Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 2, p. 654), which name it must replace. I therefore propose the new name Gondwanula, naming Ranella tumida Dunker as type. The existing members of this group seem to be confined to shores of the continents that once formed “Gondwanaland,” and the stock would thus seem to be of very early origin and South Tethyan distribution.

I have elsewhere added Priene retiolum Hedley to the Neozelanic fauna (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 462, 1924). The generic location of retiolum is in Fusitriton Cossmann, and the Neozelanic shell requires a new specific name. A beautiful specimen has lately been obtained from off Otago Heads in 40 fathoms, and since this permits of more accurate comparison than was possible with the fragment recorded from Taieri Beach, and proves to be distinct, it is now described.

Fusitriton laudandum n. sp. (Fig. 65.)

Shell large, fusiform, thin and light. Colour whitish, marked with double yellow-brown bands on the spire-whorls. Apex lost. Sutures deep, spire a little higher than aperture and canal. Varices very weak and low, irregular, two or more to a whorl. Whole surface reticulated, four more-prominent double spiral cords per whorl, and about 19 axials, interstices about three times as wide in each case, so that there are square meshes with double nodules at each corner over the whole shell except base, axials rather abruptly fading out just below periphery; 16 spirals and 27 axials on last whorl. Aperture ovately pyriform, outer lip with a stronger varix than elsewhere, simple within; a channel posteriorly between outer lip and a low thick parietal plait; anteriorly a fairly long, straight, sloping canal. Inner lip smooth, distinctly limited. Pillar with a low blunt ridge at its base, above which it is deeply excavated.

Height, 100 mm.; diameter, 46 mm.

Locality,—Off Otago Heads in 40 fathoms.

The shell is smaller and the sculpture coarser than in F. retiolum (Hedley), which has 35 radials and 22 spirals on the last whorl of a shell measuring 130 mm. by 60 mm.

With this shell were dredged several living and very large specimens of Gondwanula tumida (Dkr.), the largest measuring 130 by 79 mm.; the maximum size given by Suter is 103 by 62 mm.

Argobuccinum australasia (Perry, 1811). [P. 310]

For this species Iredale has proposed the genus Mayena, and an investigation of the forms would yield much of interest. There appears to be variation associated with geographical distribution, but this is somewhat masked by individual variation. From southern Australia specimens with two rows of nodules on the last whorl are

commonly met with, the majority of the Sydney shells show only one obsolete row, while from Norfolk Island a large shell with numerous nodules has been seen. As the New Zealand shell appears to differ also, having a subobsolete lower keel, and many nodules on the peripheral keel (about 9 between varices in specimen figured), I supply the name Mayena zelandica for the shell from Tauranga (in the Finlay collection) here figured (Fig. 66); a general diagnosis of the species is given by Suter under Argobuccinum australasia. The dimensions of the figured type are 90 mm. by 52 mm.

In treating of the New Zealand fossil Cymatiidae, I noted the distinctness of one of the groups (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 458, 1924), and I now refer C. kaiparaense Finlay and C. sculpturatum Finlay to Mayena; these specimens were compared with the Australian fossil Triton intercostale Tate, and this species is also a Mayena. Two others (revolutum Finlay and transennum Sut.) that were included in this group now turn out to belong, as I suggested, to Semitriton; the former has been described and figured also by Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 315, 1926). My octoserratum (loc. cit., p. 459), which I compared with quoyi and its congeners, will be referable to Cymatiella Iredale (1924, p. 253).

Phalium labiatum (Perry, 1811). [P. 312]

Iredale is reviewing the Australian species of this group in a paper to appear shortly in the Records of the Australian Museum. As he is incorporating there some remarks on New Zealand forms I have sent him, and describing some as new species, a revision must be postponed until his paper has appeared. Mention need be made only of the new genus Euspinacassis Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 230, 1926) created for three Tertiary New Zealand shells—E. pollens Finlay (l.c.), Phalium grangei Marwick (l.c., p. 319), and Cassis muricata Hector (vide Suter, N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 3, p. 12, 1915)—somewhat resembling Echinophoria Sacco. In a recent paper on the “Cassididae of Western America” by Schenck (Bull. Depart. Geol. Sci., vol. 16, No. 4, p. 72, 1926), Echinophoria (with type Cassis intermedia Brocchi) is placed as a section of Bezoardica with the definition, “Callus nearly smooth; nodosities almost covering whorl.” Euspinacassis has a ridged callus, and appears, as one would expect, genetically related to the austral Casmaria (pyrum Lk., etc.) rather than to areola Gm., the type of Bezoardica.

Tonna variegata (Lamarck, 1822). [P. 314]

Hedley has separated New Zealand shells from the Australian variegata Lamk., and supplied for them the name Tonna haurakiensis (Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. 12, No. 11, p. 331, 1919). Wilckens (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 9, p. 18, 1922) has proposed a new genus Protodolium for Neritopsis speighti Trechmann (Geol. Mag., n.s., dec. 6, vol. 4, p. 300), an Upper Senonian fossil, and referred it to the Tonnidae, as an ancestor of Dolium (i.e. Tonna).

Family Architectonicidae H. and A. Adams. [P. 315]

General notes on the few New Zealand species of this family may be brought together under this head.

Architectonica reevei (Hanley, 1862) appears to claim a place in the Neozelanic fauna, Powell having lately figured New Zealand specimens gathered at Mt. Maunganui, Bay of Plenty (Bucknill, p. 57, Pl. 8, fig. 19, 1924). Tertiary species are aucklandica (Marsh.) (v.i.), marwicki Allan (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 338, 1926) and ngaparaensis Suter (1917, p. 14); inornata Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 452, 1917) I have made the subject of a nomenclatural note and the type of a new genus elsewhere in this volume.

Philippia Gray, 1847 should be given generic rank. P. lutea (Lamarck, 1822) seems also to have several authentic New Zealand records, and has also been figured from New Zealand specimens by Powell (loc. cit., Pl. 8, fig. 20).

Heliacus variegatus (Gmelin, 1791) should probably be replaced by H. stamineus of the same author, if one may judge from Suter's description and figure; I have seen no adult New Zealand specimens. Apart from this rather doubtful record, the genus has no representatives in the Neozelanic fauna, though several Tertiary species have been described as such. H. conicus Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 453, 1917) has already herein been made the type of Conominolia nov. and referred to the Umboniidae; I have advocated the dismissal of imperfectus Suter as an unrecognizable species (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 506, 1924), certainly not a Heliacus; aucklandicus Marshall (l.c., vol. 50, p. 263, 1918) is an Architectonica close to marwicki Allan.

Omalaxis amoenus Murdoch and Suter, 1906 should, as Iredale has contended (1915, p. 461), be referred in the meantime to Heliacus, larger shells than the type showing the characteristic rounding and descending of the whorls.

Discohelix meridionalis Hedley, 1903 has been recorded by Miss Mestayer (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 125, 1916), but further examination of the sole fragmentary specimen would probably lead to its identification with the previous species. As, however, these Agadinoids have a wide distribution, and I have not seen Miss Mestayer's shell, the record cannot be definitely rejected at present.

It has already been noted that the new genus Zerotula for Discohelix hedleyi Mestayer and Omalogyra bicarinata Suter should be placed in this family.

Genus Epitonium Bolten, 1798. [P. 319]

Powell has added a species by describing Epitonium bucknilli nov. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 138, 1924).

The earliest name is undoubtedly Scala Humphrey, 1797 of the Museum Calonnianum (p. 23) and the family name must revert to Scalidae, one of the pleasing changes that occur. The grouping of the Neozelanic species needs careful consideration; de Boury made a life study of these fascinating shells, but did not live to complete his monograph and see it published.

Epitonium parvicostata and simplex Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, p. 451, 1917) (which I have referred to Tenuiscala; Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 102, 1924), tricinctum Marshall (l.c., vol. 50, p. 263, 1918), tenuispiralis Marshall (l.c., vol. 51, p. 227, 1919), Cirsostrema caelicola Finlay (l.c., vol. 56, p. 231, 1926), C. angulata

Marwick (l.c., p. 320), and Scalaria (Cirsostrema?) pacifica Wilckens (1922, p. 8) (Cretaceous) must be added to the list of fossil species.

The beautiful shell named Scala laevifoliata by Murdoch and Suter is so distinct that it probably does not even belong to this family. It is quite unlike any of the groups indicated by de Boury, who would probably also have denied it relationship. I propose the new genus Murdochella (with this species as type) for this group, which also occurs in Australian waters, and of which there are at least three other distinct Neozelanic members, one of which I here describe. Hedley has identified an Australian shell with Murdoch and Suter's species, but in view of the slight differences between species in this genus, it is probable that re-examination would result in its description as new.

Murdochella alacer n. sp. (Fig. 41.)

Shell similar to M. laevifoliata, but stouter and less slender. Apex of same style, but larger and wider, only the incoiled tip smooth, the rest with rather distant strong curved axial ribs, not becoming laminate toward the close; not so well marked off from the succeeding whorls. Lower two keels on spire-whorls much more prominent (in laevifoliata the upper and lower are subequal and the median strongest), only a faint suggestion of a fourth subsutural thread on body-whorl; a carina as strong as lower keels emerging from suture, and between this and pillar one more strong cord. Axial lamellae fewer, stronger, and more distant, not stopped by carina but passing over whole base. Other details as in laevifoliata.

Height, 4.7 mm.; diameter, 1.6 mm.

Locality,—Near Cuvier Island, in 40 fathoms.

Genus Crossea A. Adams, 1865. [P. 324]

The Neozelanic specimens referred to Crossea cancellata Ten. Woods, 1878 and to C. labiata Ten.-Woods, 1876 are quite distinct from these species and I describe them as new.

Iredale has proposed two new genera, Crosseola for C. concinna Angas, which will include the first named, and Dolicrossea for the latter (1924, p. 251). The animal of the former has not yet been examined, but the operculum proves to be horny and multispiral, and the genus therefore referable to the family Liotiidae.

The species Crossea glabella Murdoch is not congeneric with either, and is an endemic and very peculiar form. For it may be proposed the new generic name Conjectura. Tertiary forms of Crosseola and Dolicrossea are known to me from New Zealand, but Conjectura has not been met with except as a Recent shell, which, however, has a wide Neozelanic range.

Till more is known of the animals of these little shells it will be safest to include all these genera in the Family Liotiidae Iredale (vide antea).

Crosseola errata n. sp. (Fig. 33).

Shell related to cancellata Ten.-Woods, but differing in aperture and details of sculpture. Three strong spirals on spire-whorls, six and the umbilical cord on body-whorl; upper three by far the strongest, with interstices twice their width; lower three below aper-

ture, interstices much narrower than those above, but still about 1½ times width of ribs; no trace of a seventh rib. Axial lamellations coarse and thick, interstices 1½–2 times as wide. Umbilical rib stout and crenulated. Spire as high as aperture, somewhat tabulated, outlines straight; whorls squarely convex. Aperture with thickened sides, interior quite circular, no angle above, and no canaliculation at base, but the thickened and produced pillar forms with basal lip a slightly-grooved triangular pad, enfolded by umbilical cord. Very narrow chink-like shallow umbilicus.

Height, 2 mm.; diameter, 1.9 mm.

Locality,—Awanui Bay, North Auckland, dredged in 12 fathoms.

Dolicrossea vesca n. sp. (Fig. 32).

Shell small, globose, thin, and fragile. Sculpture of spiral sublinear grooves, about 8 on penultimate whorl and 30 on body-whorl; no narrow smooth zone above umbilical rim, but grooves continued over basal cord and weakly into umbilicus. Spire short, but little over half height of aperture, outlines straight. Whorls convex, base flattish. Suture distinct. Aperture obliquely pyriform, angled above, rounded below, with a very slightly canaliculate pointed anterior emargination. Peristome continuous. Outer lip thin and sharp, not reflexed or fringed. Basal lip hardly truncated, pointed at the pillar. A low wide cord encircles pillar and margins umbilicus which is narrow and short. Inner lip and columella as in D. labiata.

Height, 2.5 mm.; diameter, 2 mm.

Locality,—Lyall Bay, Wellington.

Abundantly distinct in tenuity, outer lip, relative proportions, spire, and aperture, from true labiata.

Genus Aclis Lovén, 1846. [P. 325]

This must disappear from Neozelanic literature. Aclis succincta has herein been placed in the Rissoidae in a genus Brookesena; and the Pliocene Aclis costellata Hutton has been referred to Fossaridae in (temporarily) my genus Zeradina; Aclis semireticulata Murdoch and Suter is just as aberrant. It belongs to a series that goes far back into the Tertiary, and there are other Recent forms known to me. I here describe three allied forms, and propose for the group Powellia n. gen. (after my able friend, A. W. B. Powell, whose fine work on New Zealand shells is so welcome), naming P. lactea n. sp. as type; owing to lack of knowledge of the animals, the genus is of uncertain affinities, but may be temporarily located in the Family Rissoidae.

Powellia lactea n.sp. (Figs. 47. 48.)

Shell subulate, highly polished, milk-white. Apex blunt, subpapillate, smooth, and polished, not marked off from true shell, which is also quite smooth, but with an indication of a subangle just above suture, forming periphery of body-whorl. Spire nearly twice height of aperture, outlines straight or a trifle concave. Whorls gently convex, most swollen near lower suture. Aperture pyriform, subangled above, distinctly pouting and emarginate below; outer lip very crass, backed by a wide rounded strong varix, inclined forward anteriorly, and set a little behind the edge; inner lip very thin,

distinct, peristome continuous. Umbilicus chink-like, not covered, and surrounded by a blunt angulation. Pillar excavated and produced.

Height, 3.3 mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm.

Locality,—Pukeuri sandy clays (Awamoan, i.e. “Miocene”) near Oamaru. Fairly common.

Powellia comes n. sp. (Fig. 45, 46).

Shell like the preceding form, but smaller, more inflated, and less slender. Whorls more convex, with deeper sutures. Peripheral subangle marked by a thread, indications of other spiral threads present. Faint axial plicae on upper whorls. Spire about 1½ times aperture in height, outlines a trifle convex. Outer lip and varix not nearly so crass as in last species, aperture suboval, less emarginate below. Umbilicus about same size, but less prominent, due to absence of encircling blunt angulation and rounder base.

Height, 2 mm.; diameter, 1.2 mm.

Locality,—Same as last species. Nearly related to the Recent semireticulata M. & S., but shorter, with weaker peripheral thread and umbilicus.

Powellia paupereques n. sp. (Figs. 43, 44).

Shell resembling C. comes in size, but with much less convex whorls, and heavily variced aperture. Distinguished from all the other species by the suture being submargined below as well as above. Only very faint traces of spiral threads over the polished surface, but the peripheral thread is strong. Traces of close axial ribs present. Whorls very lightly and regularly convex. Spire 1½ times height of aperture, outlines convex. Aperture as in comes but more pressed against parietal wall; outer lip with a narrow heavy varix some distance behind edge, strongly inclined forward anteriorly. Umbilicus almost hidden.

Height, 2.4 mm.; diameter, 1.4 mm.

Locality,—Off the Poor Knights Islands in 60 fathoms.

Powellia semireticulata (M. and S., 1906). [P. 326]

As the figure of this species given in the “Atlas” (Plate 16, fig. 5) is not good, emphasising the sculpture far too much, I present another figure, (Fig. 49) taken from the type in the Dominion Museum. The dimensions of the type given by Suter are incorrect; they should be 2.8 mm. by 1.6 mm. Odhner has sent me specimens identified as this species, from 35 f., Colville Channel, North Is.; they are a n. sp., close to Linemera gradata (Hutt.), and not related to Powellia.

This species differs from paupereques in its thinner, less polished shell, stronger axial sculpture, taller spire (about twice height of aperture), more convex whorls, deeper sutures, and less heavily variced outer lip.

Genus Eulimella Jeffreys, 1847. [P. 329]

E. awamoaensis M. & M. has been described from the Tertiary (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 83, 1921).

Syrnola pulchra Brazier, 1877. [P. 331]

This is not a constituent of the Neozelanic fauna, the single shell Suter so identified being easily distinguished, so I now describe it as new.

Syrnola menda n. sp. (Figs. 50, 51).

Shell very tall and slender, polished, and shining, perfectly smooth except for inconspicuous growth-lines. Apex heterostrophe, set not quite at right angles to shell-whorls. Spire very high, slowly tapering. Whorls 11, subangled close to lower suture, then cut in sharply to suture, straight or faintly concave above subangle till very near upper suture, then suddenly rounded in to suture, which is thus deeply cut. Colour whitish-grey, with a brown band just above the subangle on all whorls, no second band on base, which is flatly convex, rapidly contracted below periphery. Aperture short, subrhomboidal, basal lip rounded into outer lip, elsewhere with straight sides, no lines of striae. Pillar with a moderately strong plait. Umbilicus narrow, open.

Height, 6.7 mm.; diameter, 1.3 mm.

Locality,—Near Cuvier Island in 40 fathoms.

Differs from S. pulchra Brazier among other things in longer and more slender shell, much more rapidly-rounded base and shorter aperture, absence of second colour-band on base, and weaker columellar plait.

A Tertiary species of Syrnola has been described as S. semiconcava M. & M. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 122, 1923).

Pyramidella tenuiplicata Murdoch and Suter, 1906. [P. 332]

The type of this species is a mere apical fragment. It was absurd to describe it; Pyramidellids are difficult enough to identify from perfect specimens, and it is asking too much to expect recognition of one from type material so poor as this. The name must be neglected till topotypes are available, and even then may prove indeterminable. In the meantime no records of this species can be safely made.

Odostomia bembix Suter, 1908. [P. 335]

This must give place to Odostomia georgiana Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 319, 1885). The type shells of this Upper Pliocene species are not separable from abundant topotypes (and many specimens from other localities) of Suter's bembix. I would like to reduce stygia Suter also to a synonym of Hutton's species, but not having seen the holotype, refrain at present from uniting them; stygia may be retainable as a deep-water smaller representative of georgiana Hutton, though I feel considerable doubt about it.

Odostomia impolita (Hutton, 1873). [P. 343]

This species must likewise be dropped. The type specimen consists of three unrecognizable fragments gummed on a slide. Hutton's original diagnosis contains no specific characters, and the type is said to come from Stewart Island where three or four Evaleas can be found, so that the only solution is to drop Hutton's Rissoa impolita as indeterminable. Suter has described E. liricincta from Port

Pegasus, Stewart Island; chordata Suter is a northern form; while the Upper Pliocene huttoni Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 368. 1907) and obsoleta Murdoch (l.c., vol. 32, p. 217, 1900) will have to be noted when identifications are being made.

Genus Pyrgulina A. Ad., 1863. [P. 344]

Ancestral forms to rugata (Hutt.) await description; the Tertiary pseudorugata M. & M. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 83, 1921) is not in direct lineage, though closely allied; it represents another branch, of which I have several new species.

Genus Menestho Moeller, 1842. [P. 345]

This name must be dismissed from Neozelanic literature; it was bestowed on a Greenland species, and the sole member admitted by Suter has little alliance with the type. Following Dall and Bartsch, Suter admits. Evalea for forms with simple grooves, and Menestho for shells which have the grooves traversed by thin axial threads. It is doubtful whether such a distinction is at all useful, for the growthlines in species of Evalea frequently produce minute fenestrations in the grooves. One is, however, less concerned with this point than with the grouping of the New Zealand species, and it is to be noted that all well-preserved specimens of Evalea liricincta Suter and of what has been taken for E. impolita (Hutton) show more or less distinct axial threadlets in the interstices. Suter's Menestho sabulosa certainly should not be cut adrift from these species, in fact I would suggest that when the types are compared it may prove inseparable from liricincta, in which case liricincta has place priority; topotypes of the two species agree entirely. I conclude that Menestho is unnecessary in New Zealand, and would refer the following species to Evalea—sabulosa Suter, liricincta Suter, chordata Suter, huttoni Suter, and obsoleta Murd.

Genus Turbonilla Risso, 1826. [P. 332]

Several additions have lately been made to the sole representative of this genus included by Suter:—

• T. (Pyrgolampros) blanda Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 522, 1924).

• T. campbellica Odhner (1924, p. 33); from Campbell Island.

• T. powelli Bucknill (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 3, p. 122, 1924).

• T. finlayi Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 594, 1926).

• T. lamyi Hedley (1916, p. 63); from Macquarie Island.

• T. suteri Powell (Rec. Cant. Mus., vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 47, 1926).

As regards Tertiary species, T. oamarutica Suter has been removed to the Epitoniidae and made the type of a new genus Notacirsa (Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 231, 1926); possibly T. prisca Suter should go with it, but its position must remain in doubt till the apex is known. This leaves the only fossil species so far recorded as T. awamoaensis Marshall and Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 84, 1921) and T. antiqua Marshall (loc. cit., vol. 51, p. 228, 1919) (renamed elsewhere in this volume).

Family Eulimidae. [P. 346]

The genus Teretianax Iredale, 1918 (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 13, p. 39), considered by its author as doubtfully referable to this family, has been added to the Recent fauna by Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 596, 1926) with the description of T. pagoda nov.—the second known species—from several North Cookian localities.

Eulima itself has had three Tertiary species lately described, aoteaensis M. & M. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 53, p. 84, 1921), christyi Marwick (l.c., vol. 55, p. 195, 1924), and waihaoensis Allan (l.c., vol. 56, p. 339, 1926).

Genus Fusinus Rafinesquee, 1815. [P. 357]

The name Colus Humphrey. 1797 (Mus. Calonn., p. 34) takes precedence over Fusinus Rafinesque, but the name is applicable in New Zealand only to some of the Lower Tertiary species. A full treatment of the Neozelanic forms is withheld, as there are so many new species to describe, and there are already several synonyms among the proposed species. The only living member of the group in this region, however (excepting Columbarium suteri Smith, 1915; Brit. Antarc. “Terra Nova” Exped., vol. 2, no. 4, p. 87; see also Mestayer, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 126, 1916), Fusus spiralis A. Ad., is so distinct from Colus, and represents the culmination of so well-defined a group that there can be no hesitation in proposing for it a new genus Coluzea. In lineage may be named Fusus dentatus (Hutton) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 9, p. 594, 1877), Fusinus maorium Marshall and Murdoch (l.c., vol. 51, p. 254, 1919), F. climacotus Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 21, 1917), and many new species. The striking protoconch, of the genotype especially (bulbous, flat-topped, with whorls subangular at the top, strongly keeled at the end), the single, strong, serrate keel, and Columbarium-like facies, are all highly characteristic. Euthriofusus tangituensis Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 320, 1926) is like a Colus in many respects but I have not seen actual specimens.

Family Mitridae A. Adams. [P. 359]

Much confusion centres round the New Zealand forms grouped here. “The shells referred to the Family Mitridae show so much diversity in the radular characters as to suggest polyphyletic origin. Troschel years ago divorced the series widely, but shell characters and laisse faire have ruled since, so that the Family “Mitridae,” as shown for example in the British Museum, is an incongruous association of species. Cooke has recently reviewed the radulae (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1919, pp. 405–422), and, ignoring the shells altogether, has simply grouped them by this means, and in Group 1—Mitra Martyn he includes M. glabra Swainson (Tasmania) and M. rhodia Reeve (Port Jackson).” (T. Iredale, in litt.). These shells closely resemble the species Suter includes [P. 361] as Mitra carbonaria Swainson (which is described below as Mitra maoria nov.) and the Tertiary species Mitra hectori Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, p. 473, 1904), M. eusulcata Finlay, and M. elatior Finlay (loc. cit., vol. 55, p. 468, 1924), so that the genus name Mitra may be retained in Neozelanic literature.

Besides these fairly typical forms, other kinds of Mitra are known from New Zealand Tertiary beds. Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 266, 1918) has described three species from Pakaurangi Point as Cymbiola masefieldi, nitens, and calcar. Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 264, 1926) has noted that these are “not Volutes, but belong to the Mitridae, though none of the present genera fit them well.” In shell features, however, they are not very far removed from Mitra s. str. though in radular characters they may have differed. There is an Australasian Tertiary group of fairly large Mitras with long aperture and snout and a tendency to suppression of the lower two plaits (sometimes in adult shells only the uppermost remains), as opposed to the Recent glabra—rhodia—maoria group with short aperture and pillar and four or more strong and regular plaits. For this group, which includes Marshall's three species, I propose the name Diplomitra nov., with Cymbiola nitens Marshall as type; here may be referred the Australian Tertiary M. alokiza T.-W. (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 4, p. 9, 1880), M. dictua T.-W. (l.c.), and M. monoploca Finlay (new name given elsewhere in this volume to M. uniplica Tate, preoccupied). This group of Mitra is not at present known in New Zealand elsewhere than at Pakaurangi Point.

The use of the genus name Conomitra Conrad, 1865 for some austral Tertiary forms is due originally to Harris (Cat. Tert. Moll. B.M., p. 129, 1897) who there classed othone (T.-W.), dennanti (Tate), and ligata (Tate). The last species is placed later in this paper in Microvoluta; the other two are closely allied, and have Neozelanic representatives in Mitra inconspicua Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 326, 1885), Vexillum apicicostatum Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 27, 1917), and Conomitra othoniana Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 467, 1924). Inconspicua has been definitely localized by Allan (l.c., vol. 56, p. 341, 1926) as occurring only in the Waimatean stage, and falsely recorded from the Awamoan, while I have compared it (l.c., vol. 55, p. 468, 1924) with the Australian complanata Tate. All these species may be embraced in the new genus Waimatea here proposed, with Mitra inconspicua Hutton as type. Mitra fusoides Lea, the genotype of Conomitra, and the assemblage of Paris Basin shells placed in this genus by Cossmann differ in whorling and snout, and are more regularly biconic than these austral forms.

Mitra albopicta Smith, 1898. [P. 360]

In the Dominion Museum is a tablet marked “Mitra albopicta Sm., co-type, Mohokinau, 453” on one side, but labelled “Paratypes” on the reverse. These are certainly authentic examples of Smith's species, agreeing in detail with his description and figure. But they also agree in detail with the type specimen of Mitra obscura Hutton, which is from the Bay of Islands, and which Suter records also from Mohokinau Island. Hutton's name has 25 years' priority, and must replace that of Smith. Cooke has compared albopicta Smith with M. pica Reeve, and this seems indeed to be a close ally.

Mitra hedleyi Murdoch, 1905, looks like a juvenile shell and may be a Microvoluta, but definite location must be deferred at present.

Mitra maoria n. sp. (Fig. 57).

A full diagnosis of this species cannot be given till better specimens turn up; all those found so far are much worn. Shell moderately large. Surface quite smooth, but very much rubbed; traces of linear spiral grooves visible. Spire about 1½ times height of aperture. Whorls flatly convex, very faintly and bluntly shouldered at upper ⅔, body-whorl oblique below this sub-shoulder, then bent in rather suddenly at base. Suture apparently narrowly canaliculate—at least in worn shells. Aperture sharply angled above, widely open below, outer lip almost vertical, basal lip horizontal, not notched. Pillar stout, markedly oblique, with five strong close plaits, decreasing in strength from top downwards, a trace of a sixth at the bottom. Colour light brown, with a yellowish tinge.

Height, 48 mm. (true height probably about 58 mm.); diameter, 17 mm.

Locality,—Tauranga beach.

Genus Vexillum Bolten, 1798. [P. 364]

Under this head Suter includes six species, but at least four good conchological groups are represented, while several alterations are necessary in the species names. First, Vexillum marginatum (Hutton) was erroneously used by Suter to replace the species he and Murdoch described as Vulpecula biconica; Hutton's shell is from the Upper Pliocene and is not only quite distinct from biconica (as Smith concluded ten years ago; Brit. Antarc. Exped., Zool., vol. 2, No. 4, pt. 1, p. 85, 1915) but belongs to a different group; marginatum does not seem to occur Recent. Hedley wrote Iredale some years ago, “May not Vexillum marginatum Hutton be Mitra novaezelandiae Filhôl, Mission Ile Campbell, vol. 4, pt. 2, p. 554, 1885?” This name does not appear in Suter's work at all, and upon reference to Filhol's work it is found to be simply a new name for Mitra zebra Hutton, not Reeve. Filhol seems to have erred in ascribing such a name to Hutton, so that his substitute has no standing. Columbella zebra Gray was included by Hutton in his Man. N.Z. Moll., 1880 (p. 61), and Filhol may have had this in mind.

Secondly, Suter has introduced a new species pseudomarginata, ranking his previously named angulata as a variety; if the forms deserved only varietal rank, angulata would have to become the species, and pseudomarginata the varietal name, but both forms are worthy of specific rank, and here again, when subdivision is fully carried out, will probably be placed in different groups.

Lastly, Turricula planata Hutton has also been misapplied by Suter: it is a Pliocene species, and though Suter commented on its large size, he used it as the name for a common northern littoral shell. The type of planata is quite distinct from “planata” auct., therefore I describe the Recent shell below as a new species.

The radulae of the Vexillum species show two very distinct styles; the distinguishing feature of the group is the unicuspid lateral, but while one series of Vexillum has a multicuspid rachidian tooth, the other has a regular tricuspid Buccinoid central tooth. The former of these is cited by Cooke for V. tasmanicum Ten.-Woods, and V. teresiae Ten.-Woods, both from Tasmania, and the latter for

(N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 75, 1921) as V. linctum Hutton. Locality, Awamoa (fide Hutton), also common at Pukeuri.” “V. enysi Hutton. Distinguished from apicale by greater size, fewer knobs per whorl, and lower spire. Locality, Broken River (Lower).”

With this group, quite provisionally, may be associated Mitra obscura (Hutton) (=albopicta Smith), with, as has been mentioned, its Australian ally pica Reeve, and Mitra mortenseni Odhner (1924, p. 34).

Genus Egestas nov. Type: Vexillum watei Suter.

The type and a direct Tertiary ancestor, V. fenestratum Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 28, 1917) comprise this last group, widely sundered from the others by shell form and the possession of only three plaits. Uromitra etremoides Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 469, 1926) and Vexillum lornense Marwick, 1926 (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 314) also have three columellar plaits, but a quite different facies, and do not seem to belong to any of the groups here outlined.

Austromitra rubiradix n. sp.

Shell similar to rubiginosa, but narrower and with different colour-pattern. Axial sculpture the same, but obsolete on most of last whorl; spirals much finer, dense minute grooves, a single strong cord beheading axials on shoulder. Colour uniformly blackish, with a slight purplish tinge, only the pillar and fasciole area reddish-orange brown, no bands on spire. Pillar plaits somewhat weaker than in rubiginosa (Hutton) and antipodum (Brookes), aperture more compressed, spire a trifle higher and more convex.

Height, 8 mm.; diameter, 3.5 mm.

Locality,—Whangaroa Harbour (type); generally distributed in the north of the Cookian Province and restricted to it.

This is the Recent species erroneously taken for planata (Hutton).

Siphonalia nodosa (Martyn, 1784). [P. 368]

When Iredale wrote his “Commentary,” he proposed Aethocola as a subgenus for Martyn's species. This form has been found to be well represented in the Tertiary, a number of species having been named and Aethocola raised to generic rank. Recently I have pointed out (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, p. 102, 1924) that Martyn's specific name had been anticipated by Solander for a different species, an item overlooked by Iredale. Depending upon Suter's synonymy, I selected raphanus Lamarck as the next available name. Iredale, however, tells me that the species had been well figured by Chemnitz, and had been named Drupa glans by Bolten (Mus. Bolten, p. 56, 1798; for Chemnitz, 10, t. 163, f. 1558). Lamarck's Fusus raphanus was given in a Liste, p. 8, 1886 explanatory to the shells figured in the Tabl. Encycl. Method, Pl. 435, fig 1, and when he wrote his Hist. Anim. s. Verteb., Vol. 7, 1822, p. 128, Lamarck included under his species name only the references to Martyn, Chemnitz, and the Encycl. Meth., which may account for the neglect of Bolten's name.

It is unfortunate, too, that the decision regarding Austrofusus must be reversed, as it must come into use for this group. When Martens wrote up the early years of the Zoological Record, he used to make comments, and in the volume for 1881, Mollusca, p. 40, records “Austrofusus, subgen. n. of Neptunea, type N. nodosa (Martyn) = raphanus (Lamark); Kobelt, J. B., mal Ges. 8, p. 321.” This must be accepted, but why Martens selected this species, which simply figures midway in Kobelt's list, cannot now be ascertained. After many vicissitudes this species therefore comes to rest—one hopes finally—as Austrofusus glans (Bolten, 1798). This is typically a Cookian form, the Forsterian representative has been described elsewhere in this volume as Austrofusus glans agrestior Finlay.

For a further discussion of the Tertiary forms of Austrofusus and its allies, descriptions of new species and removal of the genus to the Buccinidae, see Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 232-238, 1926. Three group names were proposed for the fossils: Neocola (for Austrofusus beta Finlay) (p. 232), Zelandiella (for Neptunea subnodosa Hutton) (p. 232), and Nassicola (for Neptunea costata Hutton) (l.c., vol. 54, p. 514, 1924). The sole species described since that account, Aethocola cliftonensis Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 321, 1926) may be located in Neocola.

Verconella dilatata (Q. and G., 1833) [P. 370]

The recognition of this species has given much trouble. The shell that Quoy and Gaimard described was dredged in 25 fathoms in the Bay of Islands, and was pictured by them as having a short canal, rather squat and wide shell, and fine spiral lirae. Quoy and Gaimard's figures are so exact and careful that there is no reason to regard their illustration as incorrect in this case. The common littoral Northern shell disagrees in having coarse lirae and being altogether a more massive shell; this form should, as Hedley has pointed out (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 54; no. 3, p. 170, and no. 4, p. 222, 1920) take the name adusta Philippi, but I do not approve of Hedley's action in deflecting Quoy and Gaimard's name to the large deep-water Verconella called Megalatractus maximus by Suter. This form is, though larger than any of the others, quite thin, with a very long canal and fine lirae. It evidently cannot be Quoy and Gaimard's shell, but may be regarded as a benthal form of the true dilatata, for which I now propose the trinomial Verconella (dilatata) rex n. subsp., and figure as type (Figs. 71, 72) a specimen in the Finlay collection (measuring 154 mm. by 65 mm.) from off Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, in 40 fathoms. The identity of true dilatata cannot be settled until exact topotypes are dredged, but in the meantime I advance as the best expression of Quoy and Gaimard's species I have seen a shell from the Castlecliff beds here figured (Fig. 70); this is obviously neither adusta nor rex, but has the short canal and fine lirae of dilatata. V. mandarina (Duclos), as Iredale has stated, undoubtedly goes generically with these forms, while in lineage may be named the Tertiary Fusus crawfordi Hutton (Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 3, 1873), Buccinum inflatum Hutton (l.c., p. 6; referred to Verconella by Finlay, Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 103, 1924), and numerous undescribed species.

Powell has some further notes on this genus, and adds to it five more Recent species elsewhere in this volume.

A large number of Tertiary species have been described under the name Verconella, but not one of them is really referable to it. Four are dealt with in the note (later) on Siphonalia valedicta; V. delicatula M. and M. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 123, 1923) is a Colus; while spiralis, uttleyi, and formosa Allan (l.c., vol. 56, p. 340, 1926) are Turrids, belonging to a characteristic early Tertiary group which contains also Siphonalia senilis M. and M. (l.c., vol. 52, p. 131, 1920), Surcula serotina Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 52, 1917), Daphnella ovata and multicincta Marshall (l.c., vol. 49, p. 457, 1917), and Belophos incertus Marshall (l.c., vol. 51, p. 229, 1919). The last named species, described from Hampden, is, from comparison of the types, a synonym of the earlier Daphnella neozelanica Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 60, 1917), based on a fragmentary specimen from the “Esdaile Collection, Teaneraki;” this locality has been shown by Marwick (N.Z. Journ Sci. and Tech., vol. 6, p. 280, 1924) to refer really to the “greensand, McCulloughs Bridge, Waihao River,” which is of the same age as the Hampden beds. Allan (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 341; Pl. 76, f. 8) has lately figured an adult example from McCulloughs Bridge which perfectly corresponds with Marshall's incertus. For this group, which is somewhat like Austrotoma Finlay in facies and embryo, but has a Verconellid aperture, without trace of an anterior notch, and only a wide and shallow posterior sinus, I now propose the genus name Marshallena (with Belophos incertus Marshall=neozelanica Suter as type), as a mark of admiration for the magnificent pioneer work Dr. P. Marshall has done for New Zealand Palaeontology.

The genus Iredalula Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst. vol. 56, p. 231, 1926) for the Tertiary Bela striata Hutton, may perhaps be placed near the Verconellidae, but its affinities are at present obscure.

Siphonalia caudata (Q. and G., 1833). [P. 371]

This is another of Quoy and Gaimard's species that does not appear to have been met with since their time; I suggest that when it does turn up it will be found to be either related to the “Miocene” Siphonalia excelsa Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 30, 1917), which I have (elsewhere in this volume) referred to Austrosipho Cossmann (Ess. de Pal. Comp., livr. 7, p. 229. 1906); or a member of my genus Zeatrophon (vide post). I think the latter is more probable, as I have specimens of true Zeatrophon from deep water in Hauraki Gulf and off Otago Heads which closely resemble Quoy and Gaimard's figure, though not one of them is exactly like it.

Suter's obscure figure of caudata in the “Atlas” does not agree with the original one, but represents, Iredale informs me, the species named Fusus vulpicolor by Sowerby (Thes. Conch., vol. 3, p. 78, Pl. 411, Fig. 73, 1880), which was described from New Zealand and then erroneously referred to the Falkland Islands, the type in the British Museum being labelled New Zealand. I have collected it alive in deep water in Otago, and Iredale's record of valedicta (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, p. 383, 1908) refers to this species. It

seems almost certain that no one has troubled to investigate the apex of this shell, for it is so radically different from that of any other Verconella that it would surely have provoked comment. Suter says it is of “two smooth whorls, small and globose”—an extraordinary statement. I was fortunate in finding egg-capsules and all growth stages of this species in 60 fathoms off Otago Heads, and it proves to be viviparous. Inside a circular wafer-shaped horny egg-case are found about a dozen progeny, consisting of the embryo and a whorl or so of true shell. The embryo is pagodiform, very strongly carinate, rising to a crude tip; it is everywhere coarse and roughened which suggests that it also may have been cased in a horny capsule that was early lost. I have therefore no hesitation in providing for this elegant form the new generic name Glaphyrina, and as Suter's illustration is extremely poor, I refigure this species from a specimen in my collection dredged off Otago Heads in 60 fathoms (Fig. 80). A closely allied direct ancestor is found in the Upper Pliocene Castlecliff beds; it differs only in finer sculpture (the spirals being more even and less prominent, and the axials absent on the last three whorls), deeper suture and rather thinner test. For it I provide the name Glaphyrina [vulpicolor] progenitor nov., the type being in the Finlay collection.

Siphonalia valedicta (Watson, 1886). [P. 372]

This likewise has not been met with again, but deep-water dredging will probably bring it to light. It seems to be a benthal relative of a series of shells well represented in the Pliocene, and of which several members have recently been described, viz., Verconella marshalli Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 159, 1924), V. compta Finlay (loc. cit., p. 523), V. dubia Marwick, and perhaps V. thomsoni Marwick (loc. cit., p. 196). The group seems related to Verconella s. str. by its apex (which, however, is much smaller) and canal, but shows constantly different whorling, and has a tendency, never shown by Verconella, to develop tubercles on the inner lip; palaeontological evidence shows that the two series have lived side by side for a long time. Accordingly, in my opinion, both are worth generic rank, and I provide for the valedicta group the new genus Aeneator, naming V. marshalli Murdoch as type.

Streptopelma henchmani Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 321, 1926) is somewhat allied to these forms but cannot be referred to either Streptopelma or Aeneator.

Genus Euthria Gray, 1850. [P. 373]

Oliver in his Ecological Essay (1923A) has reverted to Euthria for the whole of the Neozelanic forms, although the type of Euthria is a European shell of unlike shell characters and possesses a different radula. The smaller New Zealand “Euthrias” show a radula notably unlike that of “Euthria” linea, which more approaches that of the European type. Cooke has shown so clearly that the radula must be weightily considered in relation to shell characters that Oliver's retrograde step does not seem wise. If the whole series were to be lumped again, the name Euthria would also have to be rejected, on account of the prior Buccinulum.

following points being noted. Suter's subspecies costulata is not close to littorinoides, but is far nearer to and may be identical with vittata, which itself appears to be a northerly form of the closely-related martensiana. The Chatham Island “vittata” is a peculiarly distinct form more sundered from true vittata than that species is from martensiana or than littorinoides is from strebeli and flavescens; for it must be restored Hutton's Fusus bicinctus (Cat. Mar. Moll., p. 10, 1873), described from “Chatham Islands only.”

“Euthria striata (Hutton)” is admitted to the Recent fauna by Suter, but the Recent shell obviously differs from the Pliocene type. I here describe the species as new.

Buccinulum sufflatum n. sp. (Figs. 75, 76).

Shell wide and solid. Embryo large, mamillate, smooth, tip flattened, central; a brephic stage of one or two axial riblets at its close. First two whorls after apex with 11-13 little stout axial riblets per whorl (interstices narrower), swollen on lower half, weak on shoulder; entirely absent on last three whorls. Spiral sculpture of moderately raised thickish cords with 1–4 weaker interstitial riblets; cords and interstitials stronger on base. Spire not quite as high as aperture with canal, outlines straight, hardly broken by sutures. Whorls gently concave on upper half, gently convex below, thus having a swollen and undulating appearance; body-whorl tumid on periphery, rapidly contracted on base. Suture distinct, slightly submargined below, the whorls clasping. Aperture pyriform, bulging, angled and channelled above, produced below into a moderately long open canal, flexed to left and faintly notched at base. Outer lip strongly convex, a little contracted near suture and at canal, with a sharp edge but rapidly thickened inside, and with many sharp strong lirae (roughly in pairs) situated well within, those near canal stronger and more distant. Inner lip well defined as a rather thick glaze over parietal wall and pillar, with about a dozen tubercles spread over its whole length, those on parietal wall elongated and ridge like, those below closer and suboval. Pillar deeply excavated in centre, with a strong twist below forming margin of canal. Fasciole fairly strong, slightly lamellose. Occasionally a tiny umbilical chink. Colour pure white. or with a yellowish-brown tinge.

Height, 35 mm.; diameter, 17 mm.

Locality,—Lyttelton Harbour.

Genus Cominella Gray, 1850. [P. 381]

I have already (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 238-244, 1926) treated of the New Zealand Tertiary and Recent species referred to this genus, and there is nothing futher to discuss at present. The following divisions were proposed in the paper noted: Eucominia (for Buccinum nassoides Reeve), Cominula (for Cominella quoyana A. Ad.), Procominula (for Cominella pulchra Suter), Zephos (for Nassa cingulata Hutton), Acominia (for Buccinum adspersum Brug.), and Cominista (for Buccinum glandiforme Reeve = luridum Philippi). Cominella s. str. is restricted to Buccinum maculosum Mart. and its relatives. In Acominia will be placed C. hendersoni Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 322, 1926), while C. compacta Marwick (l.c.)

is either a Procominula or a Cominella (more probably the latter), depending on the character of the columella; I have not seen it. Suter, in connection with Cominella maculosa [P. 388], has written, “The Buccinum catarracta Chemnitz is considered by Tyron to be a mere colour variety of this species, and, as far as I know, Chemnitz gives New Zealand as the habitat; Krauss (Sudafric. Moll., p. 119), on the other hand, claims it for the coast of Natal but I suspect that he wrongly identified his specimens.” Chemnitz's species name has been used for the South African shell resembling the Neozelanic Lepsiella scobina (Q. and G.), but Iredale tells me that upon reference to Chemnitz one finds that the description and figure apply exactly to the South African shell known as Cominella delalandii, which, though resembling the Neozelanic species, is quite distinct, and belongs to Burnupena Iredale (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 13, pts. 1 and 2, p. 34, 1918).

Cominella zealandica (Reeve, 1846). [P. 390]

This shell is not known to New Zealand collectors, and should be rejected at present as probably exotic. Iredale has withdrawn his record of C. costata (Q. and G.) (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 13, pts. 1 and 2, p. 34, 1918), while Hedley has placed Cominella quoyi (Kiener) as probably a juvenile of Pollia undosa (L.) and therefore not Neozelanic (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 55, 1920).

Cominella campbelli (Filhol, 1880). [P. 382]

Iredale suggested, and Cooke afterwards proved by means of the radulae, that the Magellanic Euthrias belonged properly to Cominella s.l. (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 13, pts. 1 and 2, p. 33. 1918). This, however, is only in a very broad sense; although campbelli and its congeners have the superficial appearance of the “costata” group of Cominellids, they lack the deep anterior sinus and corresponding strong fasciole. Such forms as plumbea Philippi, magellanica Philippi, fuscata Bruguiere, rosea H. and J., campbelli Filhol, etc., have a uniformity of texture, appearance, and shell formation that demands separation from Cominista proper. Pareuthria Strebel, 1905 (Zool. Jahr., Bd. 22, Heft 6, p. 600) proposed for fuscata Brug. should be used generically for these forms; the series may be derived from Cominista (or vice versa); but has by now become considerably differentiated in virtue of a subantarctic habitat.

Zephos otagoensis n. sp. (Fig. 81).

Shell small, rather elate, with strong axial and spiral sculpture. Apex of two smooth and glossy whorls, flatly dome-shaped, quite symmetrical; the pullus very minute, rapidly enlarging to the swollen next whorl; well marked off. Fourteen vertical and strong axial ribs per whorl (interstices a little wider), extending over whole shell, but weaker on shoulder and base. Numerous fine threads on shoulder: six strong spiral chords per whorl between shoulder and lower suture, ten on body-whorl, cords flatly rounded, with narrow interstices except on base where lowest two have wide spaces on either side traversed by fine interstitial threadlets. Spire more than 1½ times height of aperture. Whorls shouldered at upper ¾, the

angle bluntly convex; shoulder narrowly concave, lightly convex and cut in below. Suture linear, distinct, undulated by axials. Aperture shortly pyriform, angled and narowly channelled above, open below in a short oblique canal, deeply and narrowly notched behind. Outer lip thin and sharp, contracted at shoulder; inner lip a narrow distinctly limited milk-white glaze. Pillar straight, a trifle excavated above, with a strong narrow groove, and below it a raised narrow ridge bordering the canal. Fasciole narrow, raised, smoothish, margined anteriorly by a low sharp carina. Colour pure white.

Height, 18.5 mm.; diameter, 8 mm.

Locality,—off Otago Heads in 50 fathoms.

More elate and with a less angular shoulder than Fax tenuicostatus (Ten.-Woods); ornament also differs in details. For a note on this shell, and also the proposal of the genus Zephos, see Finlay, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, pp. 239, 240, 1926. No authentic specimens of Iredale's genus Fax have been available to permit of comparison between the two genera, and the present species may belong to Fax rather than to Zephos.

Pisania reticulata A. Adams, 1855. [P. 392]

This shell, which Iredale has renamed Fusus mestayerae (1915, p. 466), may be retained in the fauna at present. Only juvenile specimens seem to have been found in New Zealand, but Mr. Powell informs me that his juveniles from Whangaroa match well with Tasmanian examples of mestayerae.

Genus Cantharus Bolten, 1798. [P. 393]

This has no Neozelanic representative. Iredale has stated that, of the two groups Tritonidea and Cantharus used by Suter, the latter is preferable for both New Zealand forms, but is antedated by Pollia Sowerby, 1834 (1915, p. 466). However, neither of the two species recorded by Suter can be regarded as congeneric with Triton undosus Lamk., the type of Pollia, and one of them, T. fuscozonata Suter, has already herein been referred to the subgenus Evarnula nov. of Buccinulum. The other, Tritonidea colensoi Suter has a Tertiary ancestor in T. acuticingulata Suter (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 35, 1917), which I name as type of a new genus Zeapollia, erected for these two shells, and for the Australian Tertiary Ricinula purpuroides Johnston (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. for 1879, p. 33) from the Table Cape beds (Janjukian), which is very close to acuticingulata. The two other Tertiary species referred by Suter to Tritonidea, viz., T. compacta Suter and T. elatior Suter (loc. cit., pp. 35, 36) have been united by Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 503, 1924) and are now placed in Evarnula nov. (vide antea).

Latirus (Peristernia) neozelanicus (Suter) (vide Allan, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 341, 1926) and Latirofusus optatus M. and M. (l.c., vol. 54, p. 123, 1923) both need new generic locations but cannot be discussed at present.

Alectrion fasciata (Lamarck, 1822). [P. 397]

Eliminate this from the Neozelanic fauna. Records that have been made of this shell probably refer to what E. A. Smith has

recorded (Brit. Antarctic “Terra Nova” Exped. 1910; Moll., p. 85, pl. 1, fig. 28, 1915) from 11-20 fathoms near North Cape, New Zealand, as Arcularia coronata var., citing Buccinum coronatum Bruguiere, 1789 as the prime entry. As Bruguiere's name is invalid through preoccupation by Martyn, I propose to name the New Zealand shell figured by Smith Nassarius aoteanus nov.

As regards “Alectrion suturalis subsp. Dunkeri Suter, 1908” [P. 398], Iredale has commented on the identification, (1915, p. 467), and doubtfully regarded Suter's shells as N. spiratus A.Ad., noting, however, that the diagnosis seemed to refer to a shell of the “glans” group. Powell and La Roche have collected one or two specimens, and these prove to be of the “glans” type, not like spiratus, but close to particeps Hedley. The name dunkeri must be dropped; it is merely a new name for Nassa intermedia Dunker and cannot be used for New Zealand shells.

Family Muricidae. [P. 399]

Iredale has given some account of the higher groupings in his “Commentary,” but did not deal with the species. There is not very much to say when there are only three species to consider, but Murex octogonus Q. and G. does not occur in Australia, neither does Trophon umbilicatus Ten.-Woods occur in New Zealand. What Suter has called umbilicatus is merely a grading form of octogonus and deserves no recognition; the size of the umbilicus is entirely variable. I have elsewhere in this volume advocated the use of Murexsul Iredale (1915, p. 471) as a full genus for this and allied species and added a new species, Murexsul cuvierensis, to the Recent fauna.

In place of Murex angasi Crosse, a common Sydney species, Murex eos Hutton must be cited, nothing like angasi occurring in New Zealand; the resemblance between these two is so superficial that the Neozelanic shell proves to be more closely related to the Tasmanian Murex triformis and referable to the subgenus Pterochelus (=Alipurpura, even as Suter placed both) instead of the subgenus Poropteron. The reference by Iredale in the “Commentary” to the closed canal of Murex angasi does not apply exactly to the Sydney species, and not at all to the Neozelanic species. There is a fossil New Zealand species, however, which was even named as a Typhis (zealandica Hutton, Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 2, 1873) on this account; it is not uncommon in the Castlecliff beds and has wide frilled varices, and the canal completely closed, thus widely differing from the Recent eos Hutton, though Suter stated of the latter species that “This is Typhis zealandica Hutton.” For this shell, Hutton's zealandica must of course be revived; eos does not seem to occur fossil, nor zealandica Recent. Curiously enough, the “Miocene” form (undescribed) is again of the eos style, with narrow shell and open canal. I present figures of both eos Hutton (Fig. 55) and zealandica (Hutton) (Fig. 56) in order that they may be contrasted.

Genus Trophon Montfort, 1810. [P. 404]

The comments necessary on this group more than make up for the little that could be said of the Murices.

Axymene turbator n. gen and sp. (Figs. 127, 128).

Shell small, dark coloured. Apex small, papillate, of 1½ smooth whorls, the nucleus globose and asymmetric. 14-16 axial ribs per whorl, faint and thin on shoulder, thence prominent to lower suture (interstices narrow at bottom, subequal to ribs at top of ribs), rapidly vanishing on base. Four spirals on penultimate whorl below shoulder (which is smooth), nine on body whorl, cords thickish (with subequal interstices), undulated and faintly thickened by axials, the ninth on neck of canal, very prominent. Faintly lamellose growth-lines over the whole surface. Spire subequal to aperture with canal, outlines stepped but straight. Whorls strongly shouldered at upper third, shoulder lightly concave, straight below. Suture inconspicuous, margined below by a pronounced swelling, above by the lowest cord. Aperture trapezoidal, widely angled above, produced below into a moderately long narrow canal, flexed a little to left, not notched at base. Outer lip thin and sharp, vertical in middle, straight and oblique in opposite directions at shoulder and base. Inner lip defined as a narrow glaze. Pillar subvertical, twisted near inception of canal and thence narrowing to a long fine point. Fasciole weak, smooth except for growth-lines. Colour sienna-chocolate, outside with greyish tints, inside chocolate, pillar touched with white.

Height, 12.5 mm.; diameter, 6 mm.

Locality,—Dunedin Harbour, under stones at low tide.

Genus Vesanula Finlay.

For a curious Middle Tertiary shell of both Trophonoid and Fusid affinities, V. chaskanon, I introduced this genus name (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 245, 1926), stating that Pagodula vegrandis M. & M. (l.c., vol. 54, p. 124, 1923) “is superficially similar, but the embryo is radically different.” This conclusion was based on an abnormal specimen, and study of further material of both species and of V. tegens (Hutton) (l.c., vol. 9, p. 594, 1877) allows me to correct the mis-statement, and give a better description of the embryo of Vesanula. All the species have a two-whorled protoconch, smooth and glossy, the second whorl somewhat inflated and ending in a distinct curved varix, followed by a short brephic stage of similar but distant and stronger varices before there arises the median keel with its strong triangular open spines. There is some variation, however, in the initial whorl; in chaskanon and tegens it is minute, slightly asymmetrical, and very depressed, quite tiny in comparison with the much inflated second volution, in vegrandis it is much more loosely coiled, suberect and somewhat papillate, the second whorl relatively much less swollen. Nevertheless, there seems to be no fundamental difference shown, and the shells are so similar in facies that they can safely be grouped together. This is welcome, as it will remove the extra-limital genus Pagodula from New Zealand faunal lists. I cannot help thinking that Columbarium maorum M. & M. (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 127, 1923) would be better placed in Vesanula; the characteristic aperture is unfortunately missing, but the embryo, though described as lightly carinated, is nothing like the large bulb of the Recent C. suteri Smith or the Australian Tertiary forms such as acanthostephes (Tate). Vesanula seems, on

the whole, to be better placed near Xymenella in the Trophonidae than near Columbarium in the Fusidae.

Genus Typhis Montfort, 1810. [P. 420]

Suter was able to record only a damaged and specifically indeterminable specimen of this genus from 110 fathoms off Great Barrier Island, but Miss Mestayer has now definitely added it to the fauna by describing T. pauperis (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, p. 127, 1916) from 60 fathoms Poor Knights Is., and 30 fathoms Hauraki Gulf. The Tertiary species T. hebetatus Hutton has lately been recompared with Australian material (Marwick; Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 328, 1924), and its asserted identity with T. maccoyi T.-W. decided to be well founded. I have added a second Tertiary species, T. francescae (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 465, 1924).

Thais haustrum (Martyn, 1784). [P. 422]

In his “Commentary” Iredale proposed to use for this genus Haustrum, of Perry, 1811, but Haustrum was a Humphrey name, published in 1797 in the Museum Calonnianum, where the only recognisable constituent of the genus is Buccinum persicum Linné (teste T. Iredale), so that Hutton's genus name Lepsia can be reverted to.

This species has been denounced as an oyster-borer (Hedley, N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 2, No. 6, p. 366, 1919).

Thais succincta (Martyn, 1784). [P. 423]

This species was localized as from New Zealand, but contemporary authorities recognized that it came from Botany Bay, New South Wales. When series of specimens are examined, this is very definite, as the form figured by Martyn is typical of the common Sydney shells and disagrees with the Neozelanic type. Several species prove to have been confused under the above name, and the Neozelanic species must bear the name scalaris Menke 1829 (Verz. Conch. Samml. Mals., p. 33). New Zealand shells differ at sight from Sydney specimens, especially when juveniles are compared, in relatively much more capacious aperture, quite differently flexed pillar, and shorter and broader spire, besides differences in detail of sculpture.

The apex of N. lacunosa Bruguiére needs examination to determine its nature; there is nothing to show at present that it is really Neothaitid, i.e., sinusigerid, horny, sharply conic, polygyrate, swollen at its base, and set somewhat obliquely on the shell.

Powell has recorded (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 4, p. 205, 1921) a large specimen (36 mm. high) of Lepsiella scobina rutila (Suter) from Whangarei.

Thais tritoniformis (Blainville, 1833). [P. 424]

The correct name is Agnewia tritoniformis, but it must be noted that Suter gives no authority for the two localities he mentions, “Bay of Islands; Cook Strait,” referring to Justice Gillies's introduction of it to the Neozelanic fauna. Mr. La Roche, of Auckland, has two specimens found by himself at Whangaroa; I have examined

these, and here figure one of them (Fig. 32), but as the species is a somewhat variable one more Neozelanic examples must be studied before a safe discrimination can be made. One may therefore admit it doubtfully to the fauna. The specimens possibly came from Australia in ballast; exotic shells have occasionally been reported alive in New Zealand waters, e.g. Murex ramosus L. (Moss; Beautiful Shells of New Zealand, p. 16, 1908) and Conus marmoreus L. (Mestayer; N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 1, p. 102, 1918: Ericusa sowerbyi Kiener also reported from a dead shell). These have, of course, no just claim to inclusion in the Neozelanic fauna.

Family Cancellariidae. [P. 429]

This has as yet only one Recent representative, but I have in my collection undescribed new species belonging to several genera.

The fossil species have considerably increased in number, and the following new genera have been proposed for them: Oamaruia Finlay (for Admete suteri M. & M.; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 52, p. 132, 1920) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 514, 1924), Inglisella Finlay (for Ptychatractus pukeuriensis Suter; N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 26, 1917) (l.c., p. 513), Maorivetia Finlay (for Turbinella brevirostris Hutton; Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 9, p. 596, 1877) (l.c., p. 513), and Procancellaria Wilckens (for P. parkiana Wilck.; N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 8, p. 21, 1922); the last is a Cretaceous genus and is a very doubtful member of the family. Inglisella seems to be allied to the Recent Australian genus Microsveltia Iredale (for M. recessa Iredale) Rec. Austr. Mus., vol. 14, p. 265, 1925) and includes, besides the type, cincta (Hutton) (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 327, 1885), anomala M. & M. (l.c., vol. 52, p. 132, 1920) and the Australian Tertiary etheridgei (Johnston) and probably caperata (Tate). Pepta Iredale (l.c., p. 266) another Recent Australian genus, proposed for Admete stricta Hedley, and including the Tertiary turriculata Tate, has no Neozelanic representative. Neither is Cancellaria proper represented in New Zealand, though Cancellaria scobina Hedley and Petterd, which Iredale has noted (1924, p. 262, and 1925, p. 266) should be “removed from Admete back to Cancellaria s.l.” is quite like some members of the series lacunosa Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 320, 1885), maorium M. & M. (l.c., vol. 53, p. 82, 1921), ovalis Marshall (l.c., vol. 50, p. 269, 1918), and hampdenensis M. & M. (l.c., vol. 54, p. 124, 1923), for which the generic name Bonellitia Jousseaume—apparently a reasonable location—is at present in use in New Zealand. The Australian Trigonostoma series is represented in the New Zealand Tertiary by T. waikaiaensis and christiei Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 466, 1924). Maorivetia is at present restricted to the type species, while Oamaruia includes one New Zealand species (though others are known to me), i.e., O. suteri (M. & M.) the genotype, and several Australian species, ptychotropis and tatei (Cossmann) (= gradata Tate; see nomenclatural note elsewhere in this volume), and the Recent pergradata (Verco). The list of New Zealand Tertiary species is completed by the addition of three doubtfully located forms, Aphera (?) scopalveus Finlay (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 246, 1926), Uxia (?) marshalli Allan (l.c., p. 342), and “Admete” cristata

Marwick (l.c., p. 323), the last named probably does not belong to this family.

Admete trailli (Hutton, 1873). [P. 429]

The reference to the genus Admete is indefensible. Suter's description, “Protoconch of 1½ smooth and convex whorls, the nucleus globular.…Columella vertical, with 3 low rounded and oblique plaits” should be contrasted with that of the type of Admete, with its sculptured complex protoconch and its smooth columella. I propose the new generic name Zeadmete, naming Cancellaria trailli Hutton as type.

Family Pyrenidae. [P. 430]

The forms referred to this family by Suter are placed in four genera, Mitrella, Anachis, Alcira, and Atilia. All these four names must be dismissed, and most of the species redistributed. Suter's basis of classification—length of the canal and the presence or absence of an oblique plait at the base of the pillar is useless as regards Neozelanic species; Suter himself could not use it, for there are several “Mitrellas” among his “Alciras” and vice versa.

Before rearranging the forms into more natural groups, however, it is best to deal with three specific names that call for rejection; these are Alcira sanguinea, A. inconstans, and Atilia biconica.

Topotypes of Alcira sanguinea Suter agree absolutely with topotypes of Mitrella rosea (Hutton); as evinced by his generic location, Suter saw a basal plait in the Bounty Island shells, and therefore distinguished them from rosea which he had placed in Mitrella; but all specimens of rosea show a strong basal plait, while Hutton's original location in Obeliscus is sufficient evidence that he had not missed it.

Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 38, p. 329, 1906) renamed Columbella varians Hutton C. inconstans nov., and (wrongly) changed Lachesis sulcata Hutton to Columbella huttoni nov. (Index Faunae N.Z., p. 72, 1904), but the type material of the former—from the Upper Pliocene—is inseparable as a species from the two poor type specimens of the latter; sulcata has many years' priority. The confusion seems to have begun when Murdoch (Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 37, p. 223, pl. 7, fig. 12, 1905) figured a Whangaroa shell which he took to be huttoni, i.e. sulcata; it hardly resembles it and belongs to a different group, but nevertheless this is the interpretation and illustration given to Hutton's species in the “Manual” [p. 440] and “Atlas” [Plate 20, fig. 1]. Murdoch at the same time gave a good description of his specimens, which represent a distinct form, so I rename it after him (see under Paxula), selecting a type here figured (Figs. 60, 61) from the same locality, in the Finlay collection.

Suter described Atilia biconica from Hauraki Gulf, in 25 fathoms, remarking that “The two specimens at my disposal for drawing up the above diagnosis do not appear to be quite full grown.” This, no doubt, was the reason for a curious blunder, for the specimens are juveniles of the shell he had described three pages previously as Mitrella pseudomarginata from the Bay of Islands; I have specimens dredged in 25 fathoms in Hauraki Gulf. i.e., topotypes of biconica.

certainly not a Turrid. I know of the genotype as a Castlecliff fossil, but otherwise the group is so far of only Recent occurrence.

Zemitrella n. gen. Type: Lachesis sulcata Hutton.

Here may be grouped the remaining New Zealand Pyrenids (except those placed in Anachis); choava, pseudomarginata, stephanophora, websteri, laevigata, rosea, the type, and (provisionally) Atilia daemona Webster. There is indication that more than one shell type is included here, but there is gradation, and till the fossil forms are better known I prefer not to split further. Marshall's Mitrella inconspicua (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 266, 1918) and some undescribed Tertiary species (e.g., Suter's “Alcira n. sp.”—N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 20, pp. 89, 93, 1918) belong to this group, all the members of which show an oblique plait at the base of the pillar. Choava has the plait subobsolete, but all the others show it strongly, especially in juvenile shells.

The Neozelanic species of Anachis are divisible into two groups, one containing small shells with short beak, and the other—restricted to the Tertiary—larger shells with distinct canal. Neither of these exactly matches with Pyrene gemmulifera Hedley (the type of Retizafra) which is a minute Mitrithara-like shell from the Capricorn group, nor with the genotypes of any of the cancellate genera outlined by Iredale in Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 12, pt. 1, p. 33, 1916. The forms of both series seem to be sublittoral dwellers of southern development, and as no other austral group is suitable I provide names.

Macrozafra n. gen. Type: Clathurella subabnormis Suter.

Here would also be placed the only other Recent species included by Suter, Clathurella nodicincta Suter. But from the series available I would maintain Columbella saxatilis Murdoch as a third good form, very close to subabnormis but apparently distinct in its higher spire, stouter shell, and narrower and less flexuous axials; described from Takapuna, it would seem to be a northerly regional representative of the Lyall Bay subabnormis. Suter's poor figure in the “Manual” is quite different from his original illustration, and seems to have been taken from a northern shell; when the original figure is contrasted with Murdoch's picture of saxatilis (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, pl. 8, fig. 15, 1905) the differences are at once apparent.

There is a Tertiary ancestral (undescribed) species from the “Miocene,” but otherwise no fossil species of this group are known. M. nodicincta would seem to be very closely related to the Tasmanian and South Australian Pyrene calva Verco. The Australian early Tertiary Columbella balcombensis Pritchard (P.R.S. Vict., vol. 17, N.S., pt. 1, p. 324, 1904), though also nearly allied, represents a separable group.

Antizafra n. gen. Type: Columbella pisaniopsis Hutton.

The type, C. cancellaria Hutton, Anachis speighti Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 199, 1924), and two “Miocene” (undescribed) ancestors constitute this group in New Zealand, while Columbella plexa Hedley seems to be an Australian member.

Family Volutidae Gray. [P. 444]

Dr. Marwick has just recently published a revision of the “Tertiary and Recent Volutidae of New Zealand” (Trans. N.Z. Inst.,

vol. 56, pp. 259-303, 1926), in which 82 species are admitted to the New Zealand faunal lists, and the following groups proposed:—

• Notoplejona for Athleta necopinata Suter (p. 270).

• Mauia for Galeodes maoriana Suter (p. 271).

• Waihaoia for W. allani Marwick (p. 274).

• Teremelon for Scaphella tumidior Finlay (p. 279).

• Pachymelon for Waihaoia amoriaformis Marwick (p. 281).

• Spinomelon for Lapparia parki Suter (p. 283).

• Metamelon for Miomelon clifdenensis Finlay (p. 285).

Fulgoraria Schumacher is dismissed altogether from this region, and Alcithoe used instead as a full genus. The only other previously known genus utilized is Lyria Gray, which I admitted to the fauna by describing L. zelandica (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 470), and regarding which Marwick has remarked (p. 263), “The presence of an isolated but typical Lyria in Middle Tertiary (probably Oligocene) beds in New Zealand is rather surprising.” Eight Recent species are allowed; seven of these are placed in Alcithoe, viz., swainsoni Marwick (new name for elongata Swainson, preoccupied by Solander), larochei Marwick (a new species from off Opotiki in 30 fathoms), arabica (Mart.), jaculoides Powell (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 108, 1924), depressa Suter, gracilis (Swainson), and hedleyi M. & S., while the eighth, Watson's Cymbiola lutea, is referred to Waihaoia, subgenus Pachymelon, but it is so sundered in time-occurrence from the other members of the genus, and especially the subgenus, that close affinity is doubtful. The formation of the whorls and beak, and especially of the columellar plaits is very different from that seen in amoriaformis and its allies. Watson says of the pillar plaits, “four not strong, equal, concealed,.… very oblique teeth,” Pachymelon has 5–6 very strong, unequal, prominently visible, not very oblique plaits; Watson's figure 3b (Chall. Rep., vol. 15, pl. 15) shows the peculiar columella and general facies much better than his figure 3a, which Marwick has reproduced (l.c., Pl. 63, fig. 3). I accordingly propose Palomelon n. subgen. of Waihaoia for Watson's species alone, to mark its conchological and chronological separation from the other members of that group; it is possibly not closely allied to them at all. Waihaoia firma was inadvertently described without locality in Marwick's paper; he has now given this as “shell-bed, Target Gully, Oamaru” (N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 8, no. 5, p. 304, 1926).

To Marwick's census must be added the genus Microvoluta Angas, 1877 (vide antea) with its two Neozelanic species biconica M. & S. (Recent), and lincta Hutton (Pliocene); also the extraordinary genus Iredalina Finlay (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 17, p. 59, 1926), proposed for “A Volute without plaits,” I. mirabilis Finlay, described from the unique type trawled in 40 fathoms off Otago Heads. The Australian Ericusa sowerbyi (Kiener) has been reported by Miss Mestayer (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 1, p. 103, 1918) from the beach at Evans Bay, Wellington Harbour, but is, of course, no true member of our fauna.

Genus Ancilla Lamarck, 1799. [P. 450]

Ancilla, at the reference given by Suter, which is correct, is based upon the figures of Martin, “Conch., 2, p. 359, t. 65, fig. 722-724.”

These figures are recognized by Pfeiffer in the Krit. Register, 1840, p. 20 as:—fig. 722, A. candida Lamarck; figs. 723-4, Voluta ampla Gmel.=A. cinnamomea Lamk. No true Ancilla occurs in New Zealand, living or fossil; Baryspira Fischer, 1883 (Type: A. australis Sow.) is available for Neozelanic forms, but at least three groups can be determined, and as numerous additions have been made to the Tertiary list within recent years, these are here outlined. First, however, it may be noted that two Australian Tertiary species, papillata Tate and subgradata Tate, have been dismissed from the Neozelanic fauna by Marwick (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16. p. 322, 1924), an Australian species which had been confounded with the Neozelanic A. hebera Hutton being renamed A. tatei Marwick at the same time (l.c., p. 319).

Baryspira Fischer, 1883 (Man. de Conch., fasc. 6, p. 600) should be used generically for the Recent species australis and mucronata Sowerby, and the fossils spinigera and cincta Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 267, 1918), robusta Marwick (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 322, 1924), tirangiensis Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 324, 1926), and waikaiaensis Finlay (l.c., p. 251). Powell has recorded (N.Z. Journ. Sci. & Tech., vol. 6, p. 285, 1924) the occurrence of numerous living specimens of mucronata on a sandpit off Devonport, Auckland; the only instance of its having been found in the littoral zone.

Alocospira Cossmann, 1899 (Ess. de Pal. comp., livr. 3, p. 92) may be employed subgenerically for the Tertiary hebera Hutton (Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 6, 1873) and subhebera Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 323, 1926), and perhaps the Recent novaezelandiae Sowerby. Hebera is a variable form, but many specimens show the characteristic callus and spiral ridges of the Australian Tertiary papillata Tate, the genotype of Alocospira. Novaezelandiae is rather difficult to place, but Iredale, in treating of Australian Recent Ancillas (1924, p. 261), has included the smooth-spired forms in Alocospira; there seems to be much gradation in this character, and hebera is frequently smooth.

Pinguispira n. subgen., type: Ancilla (Baryspira) opima Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 200, 1924) is proposed to include the remaining species; the Recent forms depressa Sow. and crystallina Brookes (l.c., vol. 56, p. 589, 1926), and the Tertiary species (besides the type) lata Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 325, 1885) (which should not be merged in depressa as Suter has done), waikopiroensis Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 42, 1917), and morgani Allan (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 342, 1926). This group is very distinct in its squat and inflated shell, and short and heavily thickened pillar, notably excavated and twisted anteriorly.

All the New Zealand species have been mentioned in the above summary.

Family Marginellidae. [P. 456]

Probably a large number of these shells will turn up in dredgings later, as Tasmania has over sixty species already listed, while New Zealand shows only fifteen. The major groupings are in a state of chaos, and Suter is to be congratulated upon attempting a scheme

of separation, though the grouping of the New Zealand forms is as confused as in the Pyrenidae. Suter recognises a genus Cryptospira of Hinds, 1844, subordinating to it a subgenus Gibberula Swainson, 1840. This arrangement must be reversed, but probably neither genus is correctly used. The five Australian species are very doubtful inclusions.

Odhner has added Marginella coma n.sp. from 50 fathoms off Cape Maria van Diemen, and the status of this form must remain in doubt till relatives turn up; it may be distantly related to Peculator Iredale (1924, p. 269), but is certainly no true Marginella. The only other addition to the Recent fauna since the “Manual” was published is M. cairoma Brookes (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 154, 1924) from the north Cookian region. The Tertiary list, however, has been augmented considerably, and now stands as follows:—(group A), conica Harris (Cat. Tert. Moll. B.M., p. 88, 1897), whitecliffensis Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 324, 1926); (group B), harrisi Cossmann (Ess. de Pal. comp., livr. 3, p. 88, 1899; see nomenclatural note elsewhere in this volume), fraudulenta Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 42, 1917), aveniformis Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 230, 1919); (group C), dubia Hutton (Cat. Tert. Moll., p. 8, 1873; from Broken River, Lower beds; “Outline like M. kirki Marwick, but much larger and stronger, body whorl more inflated, and spire broader and lower”—Marwick, in litt.), hectori Kirk (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 14, p. 409, 1882), kirki Marwick (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 324, 1924), and marwicki Finlay (new name for brevespira Marwick, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 201, 1924, preoccupied; see elsewhere this volume).

Marwick has rejected the record of an Australian Tertiary species M. propinqua Tate from the New Zealand Tertiary (Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 324, 1924).

Family Turridae. [P. 468]

No comments on this family are offered here, as it is proposed to deal exhaustively with both the Recent and fossil forms in a revision now in preparation, and the many emendations necessary in Suter's arrangement will then be made. Attention may, however, be drawn to the following genera, lately created for New Zealand forms:—

• Liracraea Odhner (1924, p. 44), for Clathurella epentroma Murdoch.

• Rugobela Finlay (1924 c, p. 514), for Ptychatractus tenuiliratus Suter.

• Parasyrinx Finlay (1924 c, p. 514), for Pleurotoma alta Harris.

• Austrotoma Finlay (1924 c, p. 515), for Bathytoma excavata Suter.

• Phenatoma Finlay (1924 c, p. 515), for Pleurotoma novaezelandiae Reeve.

• Cryptomella Finlay (1924 c, p. 516), for Leucosyrinx transenna Suter.

• Comitas Finlay (1926, p. 251), for Surcula oamarutica Suter.

• Insolentia Finlay (1926, p. 252), for Surcula pareoraensis Suter.

• Zemacies Finlay (1926, p. 252), for Z. elatior Finlay.

• Speightia Finlay (1926, p. 252), for Euthriofusus spinosus Suter.

• Fenestrosyrinx Finlay (1926, p. 254), for Turris nexilis bicarinatus Suter.

• Stilla Finlay (1926, p. 254), for Mangilia flexicostata Suter.

• Vexithara Finlay (1926, p. 254), for Antimitra vexilliformis Marshall and Murdoch.

• Marshallena Finlay, 1927 (herein), for Belophos incertus Marshall.

Some specific name changes, mostly in connection with Tertiary fossils, have also been introduced by Finlay in two nomenclatural papers, (a) Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, pt. 2, pp. 103, 104, 1924; (b) elsewhere in this volume.

Hedley has recently completed his investigation of the Australian complex grouped under the name “Turridae,” and he has suggested that the family is polyphyletic, and the species of heterogeneous origin; one thing is certain, that the austral groups have practically nothing in common with the northern series classed under this family name.

To the Recent fauna have to be added Heterocithara mediocris Odhner (1924, p. 43), the first (and a correct) record of this genus from New Zealand; Guraleus tenebrosus Powell (Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 17, p. 37, 1926), which is closely allied to Drillia lyallensis Murdoch [P. 482]; and Mangilia huttoni E. A. Smith (Brit, Antarc, “Terra Nova” Exped., Zool., vol. 2, No. 4, p. 88, 1915), which Suter has nowhere mentioned.

Genus Terebra Lamarck, 1799. [P. 513]

This can be dismissed from the Neozelanic list, since, of the two species, T. flexicostata Suter (possibly a synonym of venosa, and not Neozelanic) is referable to the genus Acuminia Dall (Nautilus, vol. 21, p. 124, 1908), while the second may be an aberrant species of Pervicacia Iredale (1924, p. 262), or representative of a new group. Suter's subspecies crassicostata [P. 515] is not worth recognition; Lyall Bay forms do not differ from those found elsewhere. The Tertiary species are divisible into two groups; the first contains the smaller species, with blunt paucispiral embryo, related to tristis Desh., and comprises costata Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 315, 1885) (which, as I have noted elsewhere in this volume, is preoccupied, but seems to be inseparable from tristis, so may be dropped), benesulcata Bartrum (l.c., vol. 51, p. 99, 1919), omahuensis Marwick (l.c., vol. 56, p. 326, 1926), and numerous new species; for this assemblage Pervicacia may be used. The second group, which may at present be referred to Acuminia, consists of larger species with flatter whorls and a sharp polygyrate apex, and contains orycta Suter (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 45, p. 296, 1913), pareoraensis Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull, No. 5, p. 62, 1917), biplex Hutton (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 17, p. 327, 1885), sulcata Marshall (l.c., vol. 51, p. 232, 1919), possibly bicorona Hutton (l.c., vol. 17, p. 328, 1885; see also Marwick, Rep. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 16, p. 327, 1924), and also many undescribed forms. Marwick, at the reference just quoted, has rejected the Australian Tertiary T. catenifera Tate, reported by Suter, as not of Neozelanic occurrence.

Genus Conus Linné, 1758.

This has no Recent representative in New Zealand (except for the occasional occurrence of an exotic species in the North Cookian region, e.g., marmoreus L. has been recorded alive from Farewell Spit by Miss Mestayer, N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 1, p. 102, 1918), but the number of Tertiary species is now quite respectable. They are as follows:— armoricus and fusellinus Suter (N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5, p. 61, 1917), suteri Cossmann (= deperditus^* Suter), thorae Finlay (= convexus* Marshall), marshalli Finlay (= lyratus* Marshall), abruptus Marshall (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, p. 270, 1918), pseudoarmoricus M. and M. (l.c., vol. 52, p. 135, 1920), huttoni Tate (= ornatus* and trailli* Hutton), triangularis Finlay (l.c., vol. 55, p. 479, 1924), rivertonensis Finlay (l.c., vol. 56, p. 255, 1926), and tahuensis Allan (l.c., p. 344). The record of C. catus Hwass from “a well-digging 10 feet in depth, Chatham Islands” (Harris, Cat. Tert. Moll. B.M., p. 35, 1897) can surely be dismissed. The specimen may have come from “Chatham Island” in Polynesia.

Actaeon craticulatus Murdoch and Suter, 1906. [P. 518]

Hedley, when describing Acteon roseus (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 29, pt. 4, p. 536, April 12th, 1906) unwittingly gave a valid name to the New Zealand shell as well. He remarked that “There is a closely allied species from 110 fathoms off the Great Barrier Island, New Zealand, which my friends Messrs. R. Murdoch and H. Suter are about to describe as A. cratericulatus. The New Zealand shell differs by being much smaller, with sharper sculpture, the grooves being broader and deeper, and crossed by more distant and elevated threads.” This comparison, taken in conjunction with the excellent figure and full description of A. roseus Hedley, amounts to a good diagnosis, and as Murdoch and Suter's name was not published till June, 1906, it must be displaced by Actaeon cratericulatus Hedley. I select the specimen examined by Hedley, in the Australian Museum collection (fide T. Iredale), as holotype of the species.

No Recent representative has yet been found of our large Pliocene Actaeons, such as A. praestitus Finlay (= sulcatus Hutton, preoccupied; Proc. Mal. Soc., vol. 16, p. 105, 1924).

Genus Pupa Bolten, 1798. [P. 518]

There are several local names available for the local species, and it is unwise to employ one given to an Indo-Pacific shell. Therefore I reject Pupa affinis A. Ad. as inapplicable to Neozelanic shells, none of which show the peripheral groove emerging below the suture, or have the same outlines as Adams's shell. For the small Actaeon-like form common in northern deep-water dredgings, Hutton's Buccinulus albus is suitable; the type is lost, but there is only one small New Zealand, species, and sufficient data is given in Hutton's diagnosis and measurements to indicate that he described this; as the shell occurs all round the Hauraki Gulf and its precincts, and it is advisable to have a type specimen, I chose as neotype a specimen in the

Finlay collection, dredged in Hauraki Gulf in 25 fathoms. Suter's figure is too slender and has the base too regularly contracted.

Examination of type material in the Dominion Museum convinces me that Buccinulus kirki Hutton, 1873 is identical with and has priority over B. gracilis Kirk, 1882, but that B. huttoni Kirk, 1882 is possibly different. Too few specimens are available for a full investigation, but in the meantime I recommend that two large species be recognised under these names, and suggest that there may really be only one.

Genus Triploca Tate, 1894.

This has been added to the Tertiary fauna by Marshall and Murdoch (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 54, p. 128, 1923) with a new species T. waihaoensis, which is closely allied to the only other species of the genus, the Australian Tertiary T. ligata Tate.

Leucotina pura (A. Adams, 1855). [P. 521]

From study of the type in the British Museum, Hedley recognised that A. Adams' species was a Sydney shell, and the ascription to New Zealand consequently erroneous; the record should be eliminated.

Bullina scabra (Gmelin, 1791). [P. 522]

This name has already been changed by Iredale in his “Commentary,” but unfortunately still another change is necessary, as Voluta ziczac Muhlfeldt, 1878, had been anticipated by Schroeter, 1804, so that the name to be used now appears to be Bullinula lineata Gray, 1825 (information from T. Iredale). Authentic New Zealand specimens have been collected in late years by Powell at Mt. Maunganui and Great Barrier Island (see also Bucknill, 1924, p. 78).

Genus Ringicula Deshayes, 1838. [P. 523]

To R. uniplicata Hu