True Rissoina is unknown from the New Zealand Tertiary, apart from the record of chathamensis from Castlecliff. My R. perplexa (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 55, p. 489, Fig. 11, 1924), from Clifden, has a Rissoid aperture, and does not belong to the Rissoinidae. It may be transferred for the present to Haurakia, though it is improbably congeneric with hamiltoni, the genotype. Rissoina (?) obliquecostata Marshall and Murdoch (id., vol. 52, p. 128, Pl. 6, Fig. 1, 1920), from Hampden, may be associated with Aclis costellata Hutton near Zeradina Finlay; these two will later be separated from that group, but as I have no good specimens of either, I leave them there at present.

Nozeba mica n. sp.

Shell very minute, milk-white, shining. Apex planorbid, quite flattened, but the whorls convex and the sutures well marked; thence disproportionately increasing downwards. Four whorls altogether, the last occupying most of the shell, quite different in shape from the preceding whorl, which is very convex, while the last whorl has a straight steep slope below suture and then is lightly convex to the sloping base. Surface at first sight perfectly smooth, polished and shining, but a high power shows 4-5 distinct grooves on base round canal, and extremely minute spiral grooving above periphery, which seems to be smooth. Suture well marked, margined below. Aperture pyriform, completed across parietal wall, nowhere callused, basal lip well rounded, hardly effuse. Columella concave. A minute but distinct umbilical chink.

Height, 1.4 mm.; width, 0.8 mm.

Locality—25 fathoms, off Hen and Chicken Islands.

Type in Finlay collection.

The minute size is the chief distinguishing feature of this species. Otherwise it resembles coulthardi (Webster) in sculpture and

aperture, but has a lower spire, unthickened aperture at parietal wall, and much shallower basal notch. All the specimens are about the same size and show an adult aperture.

Socienna maoria n. sp. (Fig. 45).

Shell small, slender, elegantly clathrate. Embyro of two whorls, the first somewhat depressed, all but the tip ornamented with numerous close axial riblets, less than their own width apart. Adult whorls 7, slightly convex, sutures well cut in, finely margined above. Four spirals per whorl, the lower three always stronger, narrow and rather sharp ridges, 3-4 times their width apart, a fifth similar one emerges from suture on to base, forming a sharp undulation there, below which base is concave and smooth except for a faint spiral margining the basal notch fasciole. Spirals reticulated by similar axials (perhaps slightly weaker, about 17 per whorl, sloping slightly backwards, slightly wider apart than spirals so that the enclosed pits are a little oblong; intersections nodulous. Aperture open, oval-oblong, outer lip thin, practically no basal lip, almost the whole of the space being taken up by a very deep U-shaped notch in the concave base; pillar short, a little twisted and bent to left at its base, slightly excavated above.

Height, 4.5 mm.; width, 1.2 mm.

Locality—6 fathoms, Doubtless Bay.

Type in Finlay collection.

Very like the Tasmanian S. apicicostata May (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas. for 1919, p. 64, Pl. 16, Figs. 21, 21a), the genotype, but with an extra rib below suture and more convex whorls; the basal rib also is not smooth but noduled like the rest.

Seilarex exaltatus Powell, just described from 5-6 fathoms, Great Barrier Island (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 60, p. 538, Fig. 3, 1930) is a true Socienna, differing from maoria in having a four-whorled apex, and the central spiral keel more prominent than the others. The type of Seilarex is a very much larger shell with no axial sculpture, though the protoconch and aperture details indicate a relationship. I have a typical ancestral Seilarex n. sp. from Balcombe Bay (Australian Balcombian) and two new species of Socienna from Target Gully (New Zealand Awamoan), so the two lines have long been separated and should be nominally distinguished.

Zeacolpus mixtus n. sp. (Fig. 42).

Shell small, similar to pagodus (Reeve) in habit and painting, but less strongly keeled. The species of this group vary principally in the relative strength and development of the original four keels, if these are lettered. A, B, C, and D, from the top downwards, the sculpture of the various forms may be described as follows. In all the species C is the first to appear, often as the continuation of a keel on the protoconch, and is the strongest; D appears after the embryonic stage, and soon becomes nearly as strong as C; A and B appear a little later as weak threads, which may become strong on later whorls. In vittatus, C and D always remain a little stronger and wider apart than A and B, but none of the keels become prominent,

and the intercalation of subsidiary spirals, and the tendency to bulge a little at A gives the whorls a flattish, evenly sculptured appearance. In pagodus, C begins as a very strong keel and is always the most prominent, B eventually becoming the next most conspicuous, so that the whorls appear fairly sharply keeled at about the lower third, with a very slight bulge at the upper third. In fulminatus, A and C always remain the strongest, the latter rather more prominent; B and D are always inconspicuous, hardly stronger than the intercalated spirals, while a fairly strong cord develops at the lower suture and finally on the periphery of the base. In ahiparanus Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 58, p. 297, Pl. 34, Fig. 4, 1927), everything remains subordinate to C, which is everywhere much stronger even than in pagodus (and thus very reminiscent of the Tertiary albolapis Finlay), A, B, and D being hardly discernible from the subsidiary spirals; a strong keel finally emerges from suture on to periphery of last whorl. In mixtus n. sp., the early stages are as in vittatus (C and D subequal and fairly strong, A and B weak); on the lower half B, C, and D are subequal, C forming a weak carina on the whorls, and A is indistinguishable from the secondary spirals; there is no sub-sutural bulge, so that the whorls are much more convex than in vittatus, but not so sharply angled as in pagodus, the angle, too, being submedian. The last whorl tends to be flatter, with the keels weaker. Aperture and base almost as in vittatus, pagodus having a more oval opening.

Height, 22 mm.; width, 6 mm.

Locality—60 fathoms, off Poor Knights Islands.

Type in Finlay collection.

An obvious derivative of vittatus (Hutton) but though living together with it and fulminatus (Hutton) (both of which I have from 60 fathoms, Poor Knights), separable at sight, and constantly distinct. For comparison and ease of identification, figures are here presented also of vittatus (Hutton) (Fig. 39), from 60 fathoms off Poor Knights Islands; pagodus (Reeve) (Fig. 44), from 25 fathoms, off Hen and Chickens; and fulminatus (Hutton) (Fig. 36), from 60 fathoms, off Poor Knights Islands.

Zegalerus tumens n. sp.

Shell very close to the Pliocene Z. crater Finlay (=alta Hutton, preoccupied), but with more globose whorls. Crater is generally a not very high shell, with almost straight sides, the sutures inconspicuous. Tumens is very elevated, but the whorls are still strongly convex, and the sutures well marked. Surface worn, but shows traces of coarse pitting. No false umbilicus, only a callus pad. Septum shows faint concentric striation.

Height, 14 mm.; width, 27 mm.

Locality—Cape Maria van Diemen, four specimens.

Type in Finlay collection.

Z. crater has been reported by me as occurring at the Chathams. The two Recent specimens I have from there differ from tumens in the same points as do Pliocene topotypes, so that crater seems still to exist in a southern habitat, tumens being a northern geminate form.

Cochlis vafer n. sp.

Natica gualteriana of Australian authors.

Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 57, p. 560, 1927) has lately described a New Zealand shell from the north Cookian region as C. migratoria (see Figs. 34, 36), stating that it is identical with the Peronian gualteriana auct., which he shows is not really Recluz's species. I do not think, however, that the specific identity of the New Zealand and Australian shells can be upheld; apart from the unlikelihood of finding an animal so responsive to environment as a Naticoid unchanged on both sides of the Tasman Sea, comparison of actual specimens shows valid differences. Specimens from Shell Harbour, N.S.W. (whence Powell made his Australian identification) resemble migratoria very closely, but are slightly more vertically compressed in whorling, and the base is thus flatter. Especially is the nick between funicle and parietal callus much deeper, so that the umbilical furrow and notch in pillar form a full semicircle, instead of only a quarter to a third of a circle as in migratoria. The sutural furrows tend, on the earlier whorls at least, to be coarse and further apart. Colouring and size are the same in the two species.

Height, 15 mm.; width, 14 mm.

Locality—Shell Harbour, N.S.W.

Type in Finlay collection.

Nodiscala zelandica n. sp. (Fig. 35).

Shell small, axially costate and spirally punctured. Embryo worn, but apparently paucispiral and smooth. Whorls 7, convex, slightly excavated below suture, which is well marked, and somewhat margined below by a low band; the last whorl disproportionately bulging. About 18 axials per whorl, extending evenly across whorls, about twice their width apart, somewhat projecting at upper suture, continued down to fasciole on base, but weaker below periphery. Whole surface with extremely dense and weak spiral threads of irregular width, with linear interstices, stronger anteriorly; interstices everywhere thickly dotted with punctures. Same sculpture on base, which is regularly convex, no basal disc. Aperture obliquely oval, lips broad and quite flat, a narrow smooth and shining inner ring encased in a much broader spirally grooved and punctured outer band. A distinct but tiny fasciole marked by a slight swelling on base close to and sub-parallel with inner lip, a shallow umbilical groove between; this is shown at aperture by a slight thickening at meeting of basal and inner lips to form a tiny pad.

Height, 10 mm.; width, 3.7 mm.

Locality—75 fathoms, off North Cape.

Type in Finlay collection.

Accurate generic location of the Scalidae is very difficult in the absence of actual genotypes. Cossmann's treatment in the Ess. Pal. Comp., vol. 9, 1912 is not always dependable or lucid, and the multitude of generic names proposed (probably correctly) by the specialist de Boury makes elimination no easy task. Crassiscala de Boury type: Scalaria francisci Caillat, French Eocene) is treated

by Cossmann as a subgenus of Granuliscala of the same author, founded on the common Australian S. granulosa Q. and G. The present shell shows little resemblance to granulosa, but is very like Cossmann's figure of francisci; it certainly belongs to his subfamily Opaliinae, and the absence of the basal disc—a rare feature in other than typical Scalidae—is shown only by Crassiscala. Cossmann quotes Eocene, Oligocene, and Pliocene, but no Recent species.

On the other hand, Powell (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 60, p. 541, Fig. 10, 1930) has described as Pliciscala (Nodiscala) ahiparana a new species from 70 f. off Ahipara which is undoubtedly congeneric with the shell here described. His argument and generic location seem very reasonable, so I prefer to use Nodiscala until actual genotypes are available.

It is of course absurd to call all our species Epitonium or Scala; numerous groups are represented in New Zealand, and on the basis of Cossmann's figures and diagnoses I suggest the following locations for some of the species as a first step towards a more correct classification.

Epitonium tenuispiralis Marshall, 1919, Scalaria marginata Hutton, 1885, and possibly Epitonium (Clathroscala) cylindrellum Suter, 1917 may be transferred to Turriscala de Boury, 1890; type: Turbo torulosus Brocchi, Pliocene.

Scalaria nympha Hutton, 1885, to Funiscala de Boury, 1891; type: Scalaria speyeri Sacco, Oligocene.

Epitonium tricinctum Marshall, 1918, to Cirsotrema, near C. angulata Marwick, 1926.

Turbonilla awamoaensis Marshall and Murdoch, 1921 is not one of the Pyramidellidae, but belongs to Notacirsa Finlay. It is close to oamarutica, but has much finer spiral sculpture. I have a few specimens from Pukeuri, and one from Target Gully, but it is very much rarer than oamarutica.

Funiscala maxwelli n. sp. (Figs. 32, 33).

Shell small, of rather smooth appearance. Embyro of about 1½ whorls, smooth and shining. Subsequent whorls 7, with numerous weak axial ribs and extremely dense spiral grooves. Fifteen-sixteen axials per whorl, irregular and somewhat sinuous, sloping forward a little at upper suture, 2-2½ times their width apart, stopped by the basal disc. Extremely fine regular and dense spiral grooving over whole surface, also on and below basal disc, which is very stout and keel-like, though blunt; it emerges from suture and encloses a rather narrow concave area, just above it is a distinct concavity. Aperture sub-circular, slightly flattened basally by the area within the disc, with a narrow but blunt ring-like edge, outside of which is a moderately thick varix with the spirals running over it; no fasciole or pad at the junction of basal lip and pillar. A few other varices are irregularly distributed over the shell.

Height, 7.8 mm.; width, 2.7 mm.

Locality—50 fathoms, 10 miles E.N.E. of Otago Heads, dredged by Mr. Maxwell Young.

Type in Finlay collection.

This seems quite close to the Pliocene Scalaria nympha Hutton, 1885 (which I have not seen), and is probably its Recent representative. The Tertiary shell has more axials, has the basal disc visible on the spire whorls as a thread margining suture, and is apparently shorter.

Murdochella tertia n. sp.

Shell close to alacer Finlay in protoconch, closer to laevifoliata M. and S. in sculpture. Embyro of two whorls, all but the first half volution with prominent axial ribs, interstices a little wider, extending regularly from suture to suture, otherwise smooth, ending in a very prominent raised varix with a thin sharp edge. Whorls about 5, flatly convex, not keeled, sutures well cut in. All whorls with 3 spirals on the lower half, the uppermost very weak on upper whorls, twice their own width apart; on lower whorls there are traces of two extra equidistant spirals above these. Axial lamellae very fine and dense, exactly as in laevifoliata, but over-riding the spirals much more prominently. A strong extra spiral ridge arises from suture on base, as in laevifoliata, but stronger; below this smooth, but indications of 3 weak spirals as in laevifoliata. Aperture typical, outer lip much less crenulated than in the other two species.

Height, 4.2 mm.; width, 1.6 mm.

Locality—75 fathoms, North Cape.

Type in Finlay collection.

In its large strongly costate embryo this species resembles alacer, laevifoliata having a minute apex, finely and faintly costate. Alacer, however, has much coarser sculpture, especially on upper whorls. Both species have very much stronger spiral ridges and keeled whorls than tertia.

Murdochella superlata n. sp. (Fig. 31).

Shell small, distinctly clathrate, with an exaggerated basal keel, Embryo tiny (same size as in laevifoliata), last whorl with fine numerous axial riblets, ending in a prominent thin-edged varix. Adult whorls about 7½, narrow and very convex, with very deep sutures Two prominent spiral keels per whorl, with faint indications of a weak thread above, between, and below them; shoulder wide, convex, and practically smooth except for axials. Thirteen lamellar axials per whorl, many times their width apart, sinuous, antecurrent at suture above, crenulated by the spirals but not nodulous, the two enclosing a series of oblong pits. A tiny thread margins suture above; this runs out on base as a very sharp high and prominent ridge, cutting off the axials and enclosing a smooth concave space; at the junction of outer and basal lips it juts out as a prominent hollow point, curved to the right. Aperture subcircular, peristome incomplete, outer lip bordered by a thin widely fringed lamella, but no varix; pillar concave.

Height, 4.4 mm.; width, 1.3 mm.

Locality—75 fathoms, North Cape.

Type in Finlay collection.