a little sunken, grading into canal and basal sculpture. In the type and some other species there is a progressive development of heavy axial knobs on periphery; in another series there is progressive obsolescence of axial sculpture, the later whorls having only spirals.

Type: Fusinus kaiparaensis Suter, 1917 (=morgani Suter, 1917) (Suter's good figures of this species—N.Z.G.S. Pal. Bull. No. 5; Pl. 3, F. 13, and Pl. 12, F. 2—well show the characteristic shell formation of the type).

Apart from Coluzea, Falsicolus will cover every New Zealand Tertiary species except corrugatus Marshall. It is surprising that true Colus is unrepresented in New Zealand (corrugatus and dictyotis Tate are not at all normal; several Australian groups will later be separated from true Colus, represented there by the Recent australis Q. & G. and novae-hollandiae Reeve), and just as surprising that Falsicolus seems to be unrepresented in Australia. Our earliest species, altus Marshall, is somewhat like the American Falsifusus forms, but already shows all the separative characters mentioned in the diagnosis, so that the derivation of the lineage in New Zealand is obscure.

Falsicolus obrutus n. sp. (Figs. 5, 6).

First few whorls, aperture, and canal missing, portions of other whorls worn off, but enough remains to charactertise the species. Whorls sharply medially keeled, the shoulder sloping at about 45 degrees, steeper below keel. Spirals dense and inconspicuous on shoulder (2-3 fine threads between coarser ones), a strong narrow cord on keel, three almost as strong between it and suture, and numerous similar ones on base; generally three fine spirals intercalated between all these; suture margined by a rather prominent swelling. Axials strong and distant, 7 per whorl, first their own width apart, then twice, and finally on body whorl thrice; prominent from suture to suture, jutting out at keel into sharp horizontally compressed points, regularly and rapidly dying away on base. A blunt subangulation emerges from suture line on base, but there is no second carina, and the axials are not more prominent there.

Height, 24 mm.; width, 14 mm. (incomplete shell).

Locality—Kakanui Tuffs, on the beach, below the limestone (Waiarekan), one specimen.

Holotype in Finlay collection.

This is probably the “Fusinus sp.” mentioned by Marwick (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 56, p. 308; 1926) as occurring in the Waiarekan tuffs at Lorne.

Falsicolus allani n. sp. (Fig. 3).

Generally similar to obrutus in type of sculpture, but relatively wider and with a less slender spire. Spiral sculpture same, main spirals below keel perhaps a little more crowded. Axials 7 per whorl, except on body whorl where there are 6, relatively much wider and heavier than in obrutus, 1½ times their width apart on upper whorls, twice at most on last whorl, considerably more expanded and horizontally projecting on keel, which is not median but distinctly nearer lower suture. Instead of a blunt subangulation a second (but much lower) carina emerges from suture on to base, on it the axials are

again raised into sharp tubercles, though much weaker than those on keel. Spire rather low for the genus, not nearly as long as canal.

Height, 50 mm.; of spire, 15 mm.; of canal, 24 mm.; width, 23 mm.

Locality—Wharekuri greensands (Ototaran?), one specimen, collected by Dr. R. S. Allan.

Holotype in Finlay collection.

This simulates kaiparaensis in strength and arrangement of keel nodules, but has a lower spire, longer canal, no prominent secondary cord below keel, a higher keel with a second carina on base, and finer spiral sculpture on base.

Falsicolus eoaffinis n. sp. (Fig. 11).

Very similar to solidus Suter, but a less massive shell with weaker sculpture. Shape of whorls and sub-keel and relative dimensions same as in solidus. 12-13 axials per whorl, as in solidus, but weaker and shorter (hardly half height of whorl instead of well over half), with U-shaper shallow interstices almost as wide as ribs (instead of V-shaped and much narrower than ribs). Spiral sculpture considerably weaker, though of same general arrangement; the three main cords on lower half of spire whorls and the numerous strong basal and canal cords of solidus being of little prominence; especially on the canal the spirals are thin threads, 4-6 times their width apart instead of heavy cords with narrower interstices. Pillar much less stout than in solidus; outer lip broken, but details of aperture probably as in excellens (described below).

Height, 47 mm.; of spire, 19 mm.; of canal, 15 mm.; width, 16 mm.

Locality—Clifden (band 6B) (Hutchinsonian).

Type in Finlay collection.

Falsicolus excellens n. sp. (Fig. 4).

Shell close to and evidently derived from eoaffinis. The early whorls are practically the same, but the angle of the spire is a little greater. The spirals on shoulder remain as in that species on all whorls; on canal they are somewhat heavier and closer, but on body whorl and below shoulder on spire whorls they are much stronger and more prominent, at first 3 and then 4 (the fourth at the suture) being very prominent on all whorls. On body whorl there are some 10 strong raised spiral cords, 3-4 times their width apart, with 4-7 interstitial threads, the median one more prominent, the others hair-like; the three spirals on periphery of body whorl are closer together, and the upmost and lowest undulate in opposite directions. On the early whorls the axials are narrower, sharper, and more distant (3 times their width apart), on antepenultimate whorl they are becoming slightly stouter and more rounded (twice width apart), while on penultimate whorl they are considerably wider (own width apart) and raised on periphery into stout squarish tubercles, about 13 on the whorl; about 10 on body whorl, where they are still stouter and more projecting; they are semi-cylindrical in shape and are really extremely short and stout axial ribs; below and above them the axials are practically absent, not reaching either suture. Growth lines dense and prominent but irregular, markedly antecurrent on shoulder, showing a Verconellid sinus on keel. Whorls tightly clasping, bluntly

but strongly keeled a trifle below middle, shoulder lightly concave, sutures inconspicuous, margined above. Aperture as in solidus, with same (but somewhat weaker) short internal crenulations. Spire higher than canal.

Height, 59 mm.; of spire, 23 mm.; of canal (minus tip), 19 mm.; width, 23 mm.

Locality—Clifden (band 6C) (Hutchinsonian), one almost perfect shell and a fragment.

Type in Finlay collection.

Falsicolus n. (?). (Fig. 12).

A fragment (lacking aperture and canal) was collected by Prof. Park at Clifden, and as far as I can make out from his notes, comes from band 6C. It does not agree exactly with either eoaffinis or excellens, though nearer to the former. It differs in its narrower shoulder, more quadrate whorl, much more regular main spirals (a numerous, equidistant, and perfectly even series of these covering body whorl except on shoulder, 1½ times own width apart, and with 3-4 regular hair threads in interstices) and extremely dense and regular reticulation caused by axial threads, finer even than the interstitial spirals. The main axials are narrower, longer, and less prominent than in either eoaffinis or excellens.

Height of spire, 15 mm.; width, 13 mm.

Locality—Clifden (band 6C?—possibly from slightly higher beds) (Hutchinsonian).

Although fragmentary, this form seems distinct from its congeners in these beds. On account of its condition and rather indeterminate horizon it is not given a name, but is figured and described here on account of its connecting relationship between excellens and waiauensis (see below); possibly it is the young of waiauensis and comes from the basal beds of band 7.

Falsicolus waiauensis n. sp. (Fig. 2).

[The section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting. See the image of the page for a more accurate rendering.]

Shell large and massive for the group, spire lost in both specimens. Shoulder concave, the periphery submedian, bluntly angled, thence slightly oblique. Spirals narrow and fine on shoulder, four strong cords on lower 2/3 of whorl, topmost on lower part of shoulder, second on peripheral angulation, third midway between this and the lowest, which is at suture. About 8 similar strong distant spirals on body whorl, 4-5 times their width apart, and some 15 slightly weaker but still prominent oblique cords on canal; interstices with 8 or more fine hair threads, the median one stronger. Axials rude and numerous, not very prominent, about 17-18 on body whorl (about 15 on penultimate), very similar to those of solidus in shape and spacing, less than own width apart, low and irregular on shoulder (which they undulate), strong down to suture and on body whorl down to lower subangulation, thence rapidly fading on to canal. Body whorl forms a considerable squarish bulge instead of a rather narrowly convex swelling as in eoaffinis and excellens. Canal seems rather short; pillar massive, exactly as in solidus; outer lip also same.

Height (of body whorl and canal), 49 mm.; width, 28 mm.

Locality—Clifden (band 7C) (Hutchinsonian).

Type in Finlay collection.