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Volume 68, 1938-39
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Food-Group II.—Molluscs.

In table II, showing the fishes found to have been feeding on three or more species of molluscs, and in the supplementary lists, it is to be understood that octopus and squid, which are important foods of many fishes, are each treated as a single species.

Table II.—Fishes preying on three or more species of molluscs.
Predators Prey
octopus squid Maorimactra ordinaria Zethalia zelandica Zenatia acinaces Myllitella vivens Nucula nitidula Turbonilla zealandiae Tawera spissa Micrelenchus tenebrosus huttoni Calliostoma punctulatum Chlamys celator Rhyssoplax aerea Inschnochiton maorianus Others Total
smooth-hound X X X X 4
skate X X X 3
elephant fish X X X X X X Note (a) 15
red cod X X X X X X Note (b) 8
brill X X X 3
sand flounder X X X X X X X Chione stutchburyi, Gari lineolata 9
g. b. flounder X X X Amphidesma subtriangulatum 4
common sole X X Paphirus largillierti, Xymene plebeius 4
lemon sole X X X 3
warehou X X X X Note (c) 8
snapper X X Gari stangeri 3
tarakihi X X X 3
moki X X X Note (d) 12
trumpeter X X Mytilus maorianus, M. canaliculus 4
scarlet p. fish X X X X Acanthochiton zelandicus 5
spotty X Note (e) 5
girdled p. fish X X Note (f) 7
banded p. fish X X X Note (g) 6
blue cod X X X X X Note (h) 9
ling X X X 3
pigfish X Antisolarium egenum Cantharidella tessellata 3
red gurnard X X X X X X Maoricolpus roseus 7
  • (a) Also Antisolarium epenum, Notolepton sanguinea, Gari stangeri, Soletellina nitida, Macoma gaimardi, Solemya parkinsoni, Paphies australis, Notosetia sp., Zediloma corrosa.

  • (b) Zediloma arida, Maoricolpus roseus.

  • (c) Melagraphia aethiops, Xymene plebeius, Lepsithais lacunosa, Cominista glandiformis.

  • (d) Notosetia sp., Paphirus largillierti, Dardanula limbata, Subonoba foveauxiana, Paricoplax crocina, Rhyssoplax canaliculata, Amaurochiton glacus, Haliotis iris, Atalacmea fragilis.

  • (e) Zediloma arida, Dardanula limbata, D. olivacea, also the brachiopod Terebratula inconspicua.

  • (f) Chlamya zelandiae, Chione stutchburyi, Amphidesma subtriangulatum, Tugali elegans, Paricoplax crocina.

  • (g) Haliotis virginea, Buccinulum mutabile, Cellana ornata.

  • (h) Mytilus maorianus, M. canaliculus, Paradione multistriata, Cantharidella tessellata.

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In addition to the seven species in the above table which had fed on cephalopods and other molluscs, the following had fed on both octopus and squid but not on shelled molluscs: seven-gilled shark, porbeagle shark, spined dogfish, conger eel, whiptail bream, groper, bass groper, horse mackerel, yellowtail, Maori chief, barracouta, and (southern) kingfish. The only other species found to have eaten two species of molluscs were seahorse (Micrelenchus dilatatus, Melaraphe cincta), and greenbone (Micrelenchus tenebrosus huttoni, Melagraphiaaethiops).

Finally, the following are known to have eaten one species only:

Predator. Prey.
turbot Micrelenchus tenebrosus huttoni
mullet Tawera spissa
stargazer Zethalia zelandica
catfish Amphidesma subtriangulatum
black cod Mytilus maorianus
rockfish Sypharochiton pellisserpentis
suckerfish Zediloma corrosa
silver-warehou squid

Analysis of Food-group II.—It is not implied that these lists are complete; confirmed mollusc-eaters such as elephant fish and moki undoubtedly consume many molluscs other than those recorded, and the stomachs of these and other species contained quantities of fragmentary material too broken and corroded for satisfactory identification. As it is, 45 species of fishes were found to have eaten molluscs; half of the species had devoured three or more food-species, a third (15) had eaten two species and the rest (8) had eaten one only. The elephant fish heads the list with 15 species. Moki, which comes next with 12 species, appears to swallow much grit and shelled organisms from rocky ledges, including for example remains of chitons, so that the list is incomplete for this species. Sand flounders and blue cod each with 9 species, and red cod with 8 species are closely followed by warehou, red gurnard and girdled parrot-fish.

Reconsideration of the lists in terms of the food-organisms shows that squid and octopus are easily the most frequently mentioned; they are however groups larger than single species. No less than 20 species of fish feed on both, of which 7 feed on shelled molluscs also. The remaining 13 are mostly large roving fishes which prey on other fishes, and for ecological purposes it would clearly be appropriate to group the nektonic cephalopods with fishes instead of with molluscs as sources of food.

Of the shelled molluscs, Zethalia zelandica is eaten by 12 species, including benthic and roving species in about equal ratio. Great quantities are commonly eaten by pigfish and others. Similarly, Maorimactra ordinaria, the favourite food of elephant fish, is eaten by 10 species, including rovers such as warehou, tarakihi, and red gurnard, which therefore feed at times on the sea floor.