Tararuas, No. 6672, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; Stewart Is., coll. Dr. Cockayne. The type was collected at Dusky Sound by Menzies, but was overlooked by Sir William Hooker. However, Gottsche picked out one stem from amongst C. billardieri which Hooker sent him, and described it in the Synopsis Hepaticarum. The Handbook also records it from the Tararuas, coll. Colenso.

Chiloscyphus cymbaliferus (Hook. f. et Tayl.) G. L. et N.

Jungermannia cymbalifera Hook., Crypt. Ant.; p. 39; Tayl., Fl. Ant., p. 151, 1847. Chiloscyphus cymbaliferus G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 711. Mitt., Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 518, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 253; Rod., Tas. Bry., vol. II, p. 54. C. dicyclophorus Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 63, 1888.

Plants pale green to yellowish brown, interwoven in flattish cushions or spread out on creeping wood. Stems 2 ½–4 cm., flexuose when in a tangled clump, straight when creeping on wood. Leaves ca. 0 8 mm., densely imbricate or less so according to habit, shortly oblong or sub-orbicular, opposite, convex, dorsal margin serrate or serrulate, not quite connate at the bases, ventral margin entire, with a saccate lobe midway along the margin, lobe ca. 0.35 mm. long by 0.3 mm. broad, with a faintly toothed mouth. Stipules imbricate, narrowly reniform, each end produced into a saccate lobe, similar to that on the ventral margin, with mouth toothed; top margin with 2–3 faint teeth, 1.3 mm. broad, including lobes. Cells variable in size, distinct rounded, with large trigones, slightly larger at the base of the leaf. “Perianth lateral, ovate-oblong, tumid below, compressed below the plaited-toothed mouth.” From this description of the perianth, taken from the Handbook, it would appear to resemble that of C. decipiens G.

When moistened, the saccate lobes become inflated, and give the plant “the appearance of a very complicated structure.” Apart from the lobes, the species most resembles C. decipiens G., and has the typical areolation of this group. In the Flora Antarctica Dr. Taylor remarks: “The broad stipules reaching nearly across the back of the stem are as regular and as close along the whole plant as the scales of a snake.”

This unique plant was discovered on roots of old trees in the Auckland Islands by Sir Joseph Hooker, and has more recently been found in both the North and South Islands. It is in Colenso's collection under the name of C. dicyclophorus, from low wet woods, Dannevirke, the only North Island specimen which I have seen.

South Island localities are, Maruia Springs Nelson, coll. J. H. McMahon; vicinity of Haast Pass, coll. M. P. Matthews; Lead Hills, near Rainham, Nelson, 3500–4000ft coll. G. Simpson and S. Thomson.

Rodway records it as common on mountains in Tasmania.

Chiloscyphus supinus Tayl.

C. supinus Tayl., Lond. Journ. of Bot., 1846; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 708 (Supp); Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel., II, p. 142; Handb. N.Z. Fl., II, p. 515; St., Spec. Hep., III, p. 237. C. kirkii St. in Hedw., p. 323, 1893; Spec. Hep., III, p. 237.

Plants much intermingled, often covering large areas on shady banks, sides of drains, etc., yellow green when fresh, much paler when dry. Stems creeping, 2–4 cm., somewhat branched. Leaves

ovate, ca. 1–2 mm., imbricate, opposite, margins usually entire, sometimes recurved towards the apex, dorsal sloping or sub-curved, ventral straight or a little undulate, entire or with one or two isolated teeth, apex usually entire and obtuse, rarely acute, or obscurely bi- or tridentate. Stipules broadly reniform, divided into segments longly spinose and often compound, the middle sinus the deepest, spines mostly curved; shortly connate with the leaves. Cells rounded-hexagonal, ca. 30–40 μ, basal larger, trigones small. Invol. leaves ciliate. Perianth often hidden under the leaves, mouth laciniateciliate. Seldom fruiting. ♂ plants with spicate androecia.

This species appears to be confined to the North Island, but a form which seems to be intermediate between C. supinus and C. polycladus, is from Bay of Little Coves, Marlborough, coll. L. L. Cull. The stipules of this plant are smaller than those of C. supinus with simpler segments, and yet the base is too deep to be typical of C. polycladus. The habit is that of C. supinus, and perhaps on the whole it could be referred here. Both the Flora Novae Zelandiae and the Handbook comment on the similarity of these two species in size and appearance, and the usually straight ventral margin, at right angles to the stem, which is common to both.

Although the descriptions in the Flora Novae Zelandiae and the Handbook are sufficiently clear to indicate what plant they refer to, Stephani states that two species are involved in the original description of C. supinus, which is therefore “hinfällig,” i.e., does not hold; but he does not give any details, nor is his own description very satisfactory. Moreover, he creates another new species, C. kirkii, from Tauranga, which is really only a common robust form of C. supinus.

Common on damp banks or hillsides, at any rate in the Wairoa and Mahia districts; a rather small form covering in places banks of L. Waikare-iti, 3000ft. The only other plants I have seen are from Warkworth, North Auckland, coll. L. B. Moore, comm. K. W. Allison, and from Keri-Keri, Bay of Islands, coll. V. W. Lindauer. The type is from Bay of Islands coll. Dr. Sinclair. The Handbook also records it from the Ruahines, coll. Colenso.

Chiloscyphus ammophilus Col.

Col. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 59, 1888; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 253; Journ. Linn. Soc., p. 273, 1892. C. insulus Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 60, 1888.

Plants pale to dull green, or dingy brown, in interwoven mats. Stems 2 ½–5 cm., creeping, simple or forked, straight or flexuous, with tufts of rhizoids at intervals along the ventral surface, sometimes very long. Leaves ca. 1–1.33 mm. long, usually ca. 1 mm. wide, broadly ovate to triangular-ovate, with dorsal margins slightly decurrent and connate, entire or with one or two teeth near the apex; apex variable, apiculate, acute, but mostly obtuse, widely connate with the stipules with which they form a loop, which may be closed or open. Stipules contiguous or slightly imbricate, reniform, concave, dentate-ciliate, or more usually dentate, the teeth sometimes quite small, the two median ones usually the biggest. Cells round to oval, sometimes with thick walls, ca. 20–45 μ, larger at the base, Trigones very noticeable. Perianth deeply three-lobed, lobes lacerate-toothed.

Invol. leaves shortly and unevenly bifid, margins irregularly toothed.

Invol. stipules larger than the cauline, shortly bifid, somewhat toothed.

The plant varies according to its habitat. A Ruapehu specimen, on rock, is small and pale yellow green, and could be easily mistaken for C. supinus, till one examines the stipules. Colenso's type. No. a1308, is dark green, and of a softer texture, leaves from a very broad base; while more or less aquatic specimens from the Tararuas, are dingy with crumpled leaves, which are flabby and fragile when moistened.

In the Marlborough specimen, there are stems with five or six pairs of small bidentate leaves at the apex. These may be immature ♂ bracts, but they do not seem to be saccate, nor can I detect any antheridia.

The species certainly has affinities with C. billardieri, and it may possibly be Rodway's forma integrifolia of that plant. In New Zealand, however, it seems better to keep it a separate species.

I have it from Keri-Keri and Bay of Islands, coll. V. W. Lindauer; fruiting plants from Marborough, coll. J. H. McMahon; Bay of Many Coves, Marlborough, coll. L. L. Cull; near Ohakune Mountain Hut on earth, and on rock, Maungaturuturn Valley, Mt. Ruapehu, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury; Otupae, Taihape, coil. E. A. Hodgson; water course, west of Kime Hut, ca. 4200 ft. No. 7684 P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; water course on Nth face of Mt. Hector, ca. 3000 ft., Nos. 7414 and 7403, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov; also in Colenso's collection, from sandy spots on Mt. Tongariro, coll. H. Hill.

Chiloscyphus compactus Col.

Col. in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. XXI, p. 63. Leioscyphus irregularis St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, 1922.

Plants dioicous, often sterile, pale green, inclined to go brown when dry, in thick mats, fruiting plants densely compacted. Stems to about 4 cm., thickly interwoven, with tufts of rhizoids at intervals, sometimes branched. Leaves alternate, shortly and broadly ovate, or subrotund; ventral margin arched; apices most irregular, obtuse or truncate, retuse, emarginate, or bi-lobed. Stipules bifid with a broad sinus, segments setaceous from a broad base, each with a smaller lateral segment; connate on one side only with the leaf. Cells rounded, ca. 20–30 μ, with trigones. Perianth terminal or lateral, inflated, mouth more or less compressed, sinuous, sub-entire, toothed or laciniate-toothed, lobes and teeth incurved. Invol. leaves larger than the cauline, sinuous, sub-entire, stipules bifid. Androecia either spicate or intercalary.

In the Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. XXIX, 1892, Stephani reduces Colenso's C. compactus to C. coalitus Nees. It is quite a different plant, however, and as there must have been some mistake in the duplicate, I have not included C. coalitus in the synonymy.

C. compactus is a remarkable plant, having perianths both terminal and lateral, and androecia both spicate and intercalary. On local plants lamellae are sometimes present on the perianth, which may be winged.

Stephani's Leioscyphus irregularis is this plant, and his drawing of the irregular leaf apices, is very characteristic. He described a

sterile plant, collected by J. Meiklejohn, and it is significant that he placed it in Leioscyphus (Mylia), as it certainly has affinities with this genus. However, I have retained it in Chiloscyphus, where Colenso placed it. Colenso's type is also a sterile plant, collected near Taupo, No. a1301.

I have also placed here a lax plant with crumpled leaves, from a tarn on Mt. Hikurangi, ca. 4500 ft., No. 25001, P. R. B. Herb., coll. V. D. Zotov. With this exception, my plants are all from scrub and grassland, on the ground, Central and East North Island. Stephani does not state where Meiklejohn's plant was collected.

Chiloscyphus beckettianus Steph.

St., Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 235.

Plants dioicous, often sterile, yellow-green to brown tufted or matted. Stems to 3 cm., flexuous, sub-erect or procumbent, simple to much branched. Leaves 1–1.5 mm., imbricate, opposite or nearly so, ovate-lingulate, asymmetrical, often conniving at right angles to the stem, entire, dorsal oblique, ventral often with an undulation at the base, forming a rounded sinus with the connate stipule. Stipules sub-quadrate, short, 2–3 times as broad as the stem, 4–6 toothed, the middle teeth sometimes longer than the rest, and from a broader base; broadly connate with the leaves. Cells ca. 30 μ, trigones minute. Androecia intercalary. Perianth obovate, lateral or terminal, inflated at the base, mouth sub-compressed, with numerous long, incurved laciniae; a toothed dorsal wing is sometimes present, but this does not appear to be constant, though one or two basal lamellae parallel to the wing are usually present. Invol. leaves large, more or less oval, margins recurved in places, and somewhat undulate. Invol. stipules connate with leaves, bifid to about one-third the length.

Chiloscyphus compactus Col. is the only plant with which this species is likely to be confused. It is similar in appearance, and both plants have terminal as well as lateral perianths, and intercalary androecia, though no short spicate ♂ branches have been observed on C. beckettianus. C. compactus, however, has more variable apices, and the stipules taller and connate on one side only; cells smaller, rounder and with large trigones, while the perianth mouth is much more incised. These two plants with their terminal and lateral perianths, sub-compressed, their large involucral leaves, and entire cauline leaves, may be a connecting link between Chiloscyphus and Mylia (Leioscyphus). Indeed, it is very probable that C. beckettianus, with its connate stipules, actually belongs to the latter genus.

C. normalis has longer and larger leaves which are not connivent. I think that Stephani's Lophocolea piliflora almost certainly belongs here, the terminal perianth probably confusing him as to genus.

Appears to be more of an upland bush than a grasslands plant. A creeping plant from Bank's Peninsula, coll. H. M. Hodgson, is very similar to C. supinus, from the dorsal aspect. Other localities are, Mt. Arthur, Nelson, two gatherings, coll. G. O. K. Sainsbury; Marlborough, coll. J. H. McMahon; near Huka Falls, Taupo, coll. A. L. Hodgson; Tauherenikau, Wairarapa, coll. V. D. Zotov; Waikaremoana, coll. E. A. Hodgson; also from an unnamed locality comm. Dr. Allan; and two specimens in Herb. Colenso.

Chiloscyphus conistipulus Steph.

St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, p. 304.

Planta dioica, magna, gracillima flaccida, rufescens, aetate brunnea vel viridis, dense depresso-caespitans, corticola. Caulis ad 6 c.m. longus, simplex, interdum breviter remote que pinnatus. Folia caulina conferta, recte patula, parum concava, in plano ovato-trigona, summetrica (1 4 mm. longa, basi 1.3 mm. lata), apice obtusa intergerrima. Cellulae superae 18 × 18 μ, basales 18 × 27 μ, parietibus validis, trigonis nullis. Amphigastria caulina parva, caule paule parum latiora, late obcuneata, vel subquadrata, foliis utrinque breviter coalita, apice leviter emarginata, bispinosa, spinis longis hamatim conniventibus, sub apice utrinque unidentata. Folia floralia (in flore sterili) ovata (1.35 mm. longa, 0.76 mm. lata) irregularita denseque dentata et spinosa; solutus, marginibus grosse laceratis. Amphigastrium florale ovato-ellipticum, foliis floralibus parum minus, profunde bifidum, laciniis linearibus, superne paucidentatis, inferne longissime setaceis. Androecia desunt.

Hab. Nova Zealandia (Meiklejohn legit.).

I have not seen anything answering to this interesting description, but what must have been a duplicate of the type was a specimen of C. conistipulus det. Stephani, leg. Meiklejohn ex. Herb. Lillie, in a list of bryophytes offered for exchange by the British Bryological Society, about 12 years ago, which I tried to recover, but was unsuccessful. Stephani's drawing in his Icones, is of a plant from Herb. Lillie, No. 217, leg. Meiklejohn.

I understand that Meiklejohn collected near Lake Wakatipu.

Chiloscyphus normalis (Steph.) Hodgson comb. nov.

Lophocolca normalis St., Spec. Hep., vol. VI, p. 285.

Plants dioicous, medium to robust, pale brown when dry, vivid green when fresh. Stems to ca. 6 cm., widely creeping in thick or loose mats, branched. Leaves from 1–2.5 mm., sub-opposite, contiguous or slightly imbricate, apex rounded-truncate, entire or rarely with one to two small teeth; dorsal margins somewhat decurrent, bases free, often recurved or slightly revolute (when dry), especially towards the apex. Stipules narrowly connate with the leaves, twice as wide as the stem, short, with a wide and shallow sinus, segments diverging, slender, with one to two lateral teeth. Cells oval, rounded, or quadrate, apical ca. 30 μ, basal ca. 45 μ. When dry they appear smaller, with thick, brown walls. Perianths lateral, often in pairs, each on a very short, stout branch, beset with rhizoids at the base, mouth coarsely toothed. I do not find the involucral leaves to be entire, as Stephani says, but small and lacerate, membranous, in two pairs, the lower pair the smaller. ♂ stems, with short spicate androecia.

Can be distinguished from C. oblongifolius Tayl., by the more rigid texture of the leaves and their rounded, usually entire apices, also by the shorter stipules of different shape.

It is strange that Stephani should have called this plant a Lophocolea, as it has a definite chiloscyphoid look about it, apart from the fact that the perianths are lateral and described by him as “cupulate.” I feel sure we have the right plant, especially as Dr. Herzog

confirmed our identification. It is generally accepted that the subject matter of the sixth volume of Species Hepaticarum is not always entirely reliable. Stephani's type was from Herb. Lillie, No. 226, coll. Meiklejohn, the locality not stated.

Known localities are, near Fox Glacier, coll. Mrs. Knight; Stewart Island, coll. Mrs. J. D. Smith; Lake Rotoiti, South Island, coll. Mrs. I. Haskell; watershed of Kaituna Creek, Nelson, coll. Messrs. Simpson and Thomson; Wilton's Bush, Wellington, coll. R. Mason; Taupo district, coll. K. W. Allison; Waikaremoana, coll. E. A. Hodgson. Till recently, the only fruiting specimens I had seen were from a damp, shady creek bank, near Atiamuri, coll. K. W. Allison, but freshly gathered plants abundantly fruiting, have been sent by Miss Thomson of Half Moon Bay, Stewart Island, dated September, 1942.

Chiloscyphus polycladus (Tayl.) Mitt.

Lophocolea polyclada Tayl., Lond. Journ of Bot., 1846; Raoul, Choix, 1846; G. L. et N., Syn. Hep., p. 697 (Suppl.). Chiloscyphus polycladus Mitt., Fl. Nov. Zel. II, p. 142, 1855; Handb. N.Z. Fl. II, p. 516, 1867; St. Spec. Hep., vol. III, p. 237.

Plants dioicous, thickly interwoven, procumbent, pale green when fresh, pale straw to dull brown and glistening in the dry state, usually sterile, of a soft appearance. Stem creeping, from 2–7 cm., simple or branched, with tufts of long rhizoids, mainly at the base of the stipules, sometimes blackish. Leaves ca. 1.5 mm., on well grown plants, ovate-lingulate, spaced, contiguous or slightly imbricate, variable in size, may be smaller and bifid on branches, very obtuse from a wide base, dorsal margin sub-curved, ventral straight. Stipules 2–6 fid, usually with five or six laciniae, when they are narrowly connate with the leaves on both sides, one side somewhat lower than the other; bifid stipules with or without a long lateral tooth, may be longly connate, or even free, on one side; laciniae setaceous, often ending in as many as eight single cells. Cells hexagonal, ca. 30–40 μ, larger at base; trigones very minute. Androecia on short spicate branches. Perianth cylindrical, 2.5 mm. long, by 1–2 mm. broad, deeply three-lobed, mouth coarsely and irregularly toothed, ridges present on the basal portion; on one perianth a toothed scale-like leaf was attached to a ventral ridge. Invol. leaves broken and hard to discern, stipule narrow, oblong, shortly bifid. Perianths described, were from short, branched plants, with small stipules, on soil on rock in small stream near Mohaka River, Run 38.

Both the Flora Novae Zelandiae, and the Handbook speak of the ventral margin being toothed towards the base, but I have not yet found any trace of these, nor are there any on the fragment which I have seen from Mitten's Herbarium. The ends of very long segments of the stipule might have been mistaken for teeth on the ventral margin.

Luxuriant plants with long stems and well developed stipules, growing in wettish places, are usually sterile.

This species differs from C. supinus in the softer leaves, not co closely imbricate, and a little wider. The stipules, too, are a different shape.