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Volume 75, 1945-46
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– 75 –

British Echinoderms.

A survey of the literature shows that there are some 61 British echinoderms about which we have sufficient information to be able to deduce with a fair degree of certainty the type of development which they follow. This is a larger proportion of the entire fauna than holds in other regions, and is attributable to the fact that most British species are found over a large part of the northern European seas, where most research work on the subject has been done. Taking first those species whose development is either known to be shortened, or which may be regarded as fairly certain to be so, we have the following list:—

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Holothuroidea. (Seven species.)
Mesothuria intestinalis Psolus phantapus
Bathyplotes natans Leptosynapta minuta
Cucumaria frondosa Labidoplax buski
Cuowmaria planci
Crinoidea. (Two species.)
Antedon bifida Antedon petasus
Asteroidea. (Twelve species.)
Ctenodiscus crispatus Solaster papposus
Psilaster andromeda Solaster endeca
Pontaster tenuispinus Henricia sanguinolente
Ceramaster granulatus Brisingella coronata
Hippasterias phrygiana Leptasterias mulleri
Asterina gibbosa Pedicellaster typious
Ophiuroidea. (Four species.)
Asteronyx loveni Ophiopus arcticus
Ophiomitrella clavigera Amphipholis squamata
Echinoidea. (Two species.)
Poriocidaris purpurata Neolampas rostellata
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Note.—The larvae of Amphiura, filiformis and of Ophiura affinis, although pelagic, lack the full development, and may be regarded as representing stages in the adoption of a shortened development, in addition to the four ophiuroids named above.

Taking now those species whose development is either known or believed to be of the indirect or pelagic type, we have the following:—

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Holothuroidea. (Three species.)
Stichopus tremulus Labidoplax digitata
Holothuria forskali
Note.—Only one Auricularian larva has been taken in British waters—that of L. digitata.
Crinoidea.
None.
Asteroidea. (Seven species.)
Astropecten irregularis Asterias rubens
Luidia sarsi Marthasterias glacialis
Porania pulvillus Pedicellaster sex-radiatus
Stichastrella rosea
Ophiuroidea. (Twelve species.)
Ophiothrix fragilis Ophiura texturata
Ophiocomina nigra Ophiura sarsi
Ophiactis balli Ophiura albida
Ophiopholis aculeata Ophiura carnea
Amphiura chiajei Ophiura affinis
Amphiura filiformis Ophiocten sericeum
Echinoidea. (Twelve species.)
Cidaris cidaris Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
Psammeohinus miliaris Echinocyamus pusillus
Echinus esoulentus Brisaster fragilis
Echinus acutus Spatangus purpureus
Paracentrotus lividus Echinocardium cordatum
Sphaerechinus granularis Brissopsis lyrifera