and Philonotis australis, though the last-named is not restricted to this station, being common on any area over or through which water is moving.

On Kelly's Hill two submerged species of Andreaea—A. aquatica and A. aquatilis—are met with, the former where the water is running, and the latter on rocks in the still waters of the tarns on the Saddle behind the Patrick Carroll Memorial Hut. A. nitida has been obtained by Brown near the source of the Waimakariri River.

No moss is more common on the flat surfaces of rocks in the stream-bed, or more beautiful, than the golden mats of Sematophyllum tenuirostre. Associated with it, the following are abundantly common: Rhacomitrium crispulum, Dicranoweisia antarctica, Andreaea subulata, and, in more restricted localities, Brachythecium salebrosum and B. plumosum. Hepatics are not generally numerous on midstream rocks, but in Avalanche Creek, at Arthur's Pass, the following were quite common: Balantiopsis convexiuscula, Schistochila kirkiana, and Metzgeria sp., as was Chiloscyphus sinuosus in Kelly's Creek, at Otira.

Streams flowing through forested areas often have Mnium rostratum and Atrichum muelleri sheltering in grit on the downstream side of rocks in the stream-bed; while on the rocks themselves Cyathophorum bulbosum and its variety minus, Hypopterygium-novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, and Hypnodendron arcuatum are probably the most commonly observed mosses.

Near or at their sources, streams often have no obvious channel, and the vegetation through which the water percolates rests on gritty soil rather than on rock. Here we find Sphagnum antarcticum, Bryum blandum, Drepanocladus brachiatus, and on Kelly's Hill D. fluitans. Blindia tenuifolia has twice been taken in streams originating in glaciers or snowfields. B. magellanica is likewise not uncommon on rocks near waterfalls in the beds of such streams, and a new (?) species of Blindia or Blindiopsis has been obtained in the bed of Avalanche Creek. It seems certain that Blindiopsis immersa would be obtained by Berggren in a similar habitat, if, indeed, this “new” moss be not an epharmone of that species.

C. Rocky Stream Banks.

I know of no moss which can be classified as obligate to this station, yet quite a number of mosses may most easily be observed here, and the moss florula of the stream bank is fairly constant in the Otira and Bealey areas according as each is well lighted or shaded, moist or dry.

(1) Damp Shady Banks.

This is the ideal home of the Bartramiaceae, of which the following representatives are present in all parts of the region: Bartramia papillata, B. norvegica, Breutelia pendula, B. elongata, Philonotis australis, P. tenuis, Conostomum australe, and at the higher altitudes C. pusillum. Philonotis scabrifolia is less common and is restricted apparently to the Canterbury side of the Pass. As might be expected, quite a considerable number of additional mosses find congenial conditions on these shady banks, especially such as normally grow in

heavily forested areas. The following are the more common species observed: Rhizogonium mnioides, Rhacocarpus australis, Distichophyllum amblyophyllum, D. microcarpum (much less commonly), Hypnum cupressiforme, Dendroligotrichum dendroides, Dicranoloma cylindropyxis, D. plurisetum, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, Hypnodendron marginatum, Polytrichadelphus magellanicus, Leptobryum pyriforme, Leptotheca gaudichaudii. The more commonly associated hepatics so far as my observations have gone appear to be Jamesoniella colorata, J. sonderi, Lepidozia pendulina, Chandonanthus squarrosus, Plagiochila circumdentata, and Bazzania involuta (?). Rather less common are Schistochila pinnatifida, S. ciliata, Balantiopsis rosea, Lepidozia ulothrix, Radula buccinifera. In really wet spots Lepidolaena menziesii and Chiloscyphus billardieri associated as a rule with Sphagnum antarcticum and Breutelia elongata, are characteristic species.

On still more deeply shaded banks within the forest itself Hypnodendraceous mosses are particularly well represented by Mniodendron comatum (M. comosum ?), Sciadocladus kerrii, Hypnodendron marginatum, and H. arcuatum. These, or some of them, with Sphagnum antarcticum, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, and Breutelia elongata form a very common bryophytic association to which the following hepatics also belong: Balantiopsis convexiuscula, Monoclea forsteri, Chiloscyphus billardieri, Hymenophytum flabellatum, and several others not listed.

In the Westland portion of the Park Hookeriaceous mosses show a preference for the banks of forest streams and are represented by Pterygophyllum quadrifarium, P. dentatum, Eriopus cristatus, and, doubtless, by E. flexicollis, which was collected by Berggren but not by the writer.

Hepatics in this station were not collected in the Otira Valley, but in the valley of the Bealey and its tributaries the following were amongst the commonest or most conspicuous: Plagiochila banksiana, Balantiopsis convexiuscula, Isotachis subtrifida, I. lyallii, I. spp., Chiloscyphus billardieri, C. tricanthus, Jamesoniella colorata, J. sonderi, Schistochila kirkiana, S. ciliata, Metzgeria sp., Lepidozia sp., and Radula buccinifera. Chandonanthus squarrosus, apparently indifferent to the type of substratum—tree, rock, or ground, occurs here, too.

(2) Damp, Well-lighted Stream Banks.

Well-lighted banks over which there is a more or less continuous water seepage are the usual stations for Bryum laevigatum and B. curvicollum and commonly of Breutelia tenuis, less commonly of Philonotis australis. Fissidens rigidulus is a common associate, as is Polytrichum commune, a cosmopolitan moss of rather catholic tastes. On rocks in the Bealey Basin kept perpetually moist by the spray from waterfalls hepatics are more numerous than mosses and are represented by Lepidolaena taylori, Schistochila kirkiana, Plagiochila banksiana, Chiloscyphus beckettiana, Jamesoniella colorata, Isotachis sp. The mosses are mainly Bartramiaceous species.

(3) Dry Rocky Stream Banks Exposed to Full Sunlight.

Mosses located on rocky stream banks fairly close to the water but normally wet only when rain is falling or has recently fallen include Rhacomitrium crispulum, Dicranoweisia antarctica, Conostomum australe, Rhacocarpus australis, Andreaea subulata, A. rupestris, A. acuminata, Polytrichum commune, P. juniperinum, Psilopilum australe, Ditrichum flexifolium, less commonly D. punctulatum, and Dicranum aucklandicum, and in rock crevices Amphidium cyathicarpum, or Cheilothela chilensis. All these occur in this station both east and west of the Pass itself.

(4) Dry Rocky Outcrops Exposed to Wind and Sun, but Not Close to Water.

Such localities occur well up the stream banks, beyond the influence of the stream on either the soil or the air, but perhaps more commonly as isolated outcrops of bare rocks on the mountain side such as are normally characterized by Exocarpus bidwillii, Leptospermum scoparium, Cyathodes empetrifolia, etc., and on Avalanche Peak by the fern Gleichenia cunninghamii. In such localities a number of strongly xerophytic mosses are usually associated with these plants, commonest of which are Rhacomitrium lanuginosum var. pruinosum, R. crispulum, Rhacocarpus australis, Campylopus introflexus, Dicranoloma robustum var. pungens, and Andreaea spp. Polytrichum juniperinum and Ditrichum flexifolium may or may not be present.

The usual associated lichens are Cladonia pycnoclada, C. retipora, C. aggregata, and C. pleurota. Hepatics on this substratum are few, being mainly Chandonanthus squarrosus and either Jamesoniella colorata or J. sonderi. I have no notes from any locality under this heading from the Western Botanical District or from elevations exceeding 3,500 ft. in the Eastern.

D. Alpine and Subalpine Rocks.

Under this term are included all rocks above the forest zone. These are the favoured substratum for the Grimmiacea and the Andreaeacea. The ubiquitous moss Rhacomitrium lanuginosum var. pruinosum, R. crispulum (in forms with and without hyaline hair-tips to the leaves), R. ptychophyllum commonest between 4,500 and 6,000 ft., and R. striatipilum, so identified by Mr. Sainsbury from material collected by me on Kelly's Hill, together with two species of Grimmia (G. apocarpa var. rivularis and G. sp.) and Coscinodon australis recently discovered here by Mr. Sainsbury, amply represent the first-named family, while most known New Zealand species of Andreaea occur in the Park and on this substratum also.

The Dicranaceae are likewise well represented, but particularly on Kelly's Hill, where the following have been gathered: Dicranoloma plurisetum, D. cylindropyxis, D. robustum var. pungens, D. robustum var. setosum, D. billardieri, and D. integrifolium; Braunfelsia obesifolia, Dicranum pumilum, Pseudodistichium brotherusii, P. buchanani, and Pleuridium arnoldii. The rare moss Ditrichum fragilicuspis (presumably) was obtained by me from rocks on Mount Cassidy at 4,500 ft. altitude.

Kelly's Hill mosses of other families include Distichophyllum pulchellum and Homalia auriculata as well as Conostomum australe, Breutelia elongata, Bartramia papillata, B. norvegica, and Rhacocarpus australis. It is of interest to observe that Braunfelsia rarely occurs save in association with Breutelia elongata and the hepatics Lepidolaena menziesii and Chiloscyphus billardieri, and it was in this association that Distichophyllum pulchellum and Homalia auriculata were noted. Pleuridium arnoldii occurs on rocks covered with a veneer of soil, but more commonly on freshly-exposed soil with no underlying rock. It was noted for the first time by me both on Avalanche Peak and in the Temple Basin.

Andreaea micro-vaginata was sought for unsuccessfully, but A. subulata is common, which supports a supposition that the former may possibly be no more than a depauperated plant of the latter with a poorly-developed nerve. A. australis occurs on Mount Cassidy, and A. nitida at the source of the Waimakariri on Mount Rolleston.

In all parts of the Park, but especially east of Arthur's Pass, Dicranoweisia antarctica is abundant on alpine rocks. Indeed, at 6,000 ft. it, with Rhacomitrium ptychophyllum, R. lanuginosum var. pruinosum, and Andreaea rupestris, constitutes the usual rock association. Hepatics are not common at the higher altitudes, though Plagiochila banksiana was obtained at over 5,000 ft. on Avalanche Peak in the shelter of large rocks loosely piled together. Chandonanthus squarrosus and Herberta alpina grow here also.

E. Banks of Rock-and-Clay.

(1) Dry Rock-and-Clay Banks.

This term is here applied to all banks, cuttings, and vertical rock surfaces in areas clear of forest over which water is not seeping more or less continuously, and which therefore are subject to periods of desiccation of long or short duration during fine weather. Indeed, most of the observations were made on the twenty miles of highway that traverse the Park from Waimakariri to the Taramakau River. This substratum is not essentially different from that described in section C.4, save that it is never subject to the extremes of heat or drought experienced in the former case, while rotten rock and clay is much more prevalent.

The more usual mosses on this substratum (in the Otira Gorge for instance) are Rhacocarpus australis, Campylopus torquatus, Thuidium furfurosum, Rhacomitrium crispulum, R. lanuginosum var. pruinosum, Dicranoweisia antarctica, and Conostomum australe, with Amphidium cyathicarpum and Bryum kiamae (?) in the rock crevices.

The following are also common, though rather less so than those listed above: Hypnum cupressiforme, H. chrysogaster, Bartramia papillata, B. norvegica, Rhizogonium mnioides, Andreaea subulata, A. rupestris, Polytrichum commune, P. juniperinum, Polytrichadelphus magellanicus, Ditrichum flexifolium, D. punctulatum, Breutelia elongata, Psilopilum australe, and Leptotheca gaudichaudii.

Still less common and in several cases possibly confined to the Bealey Basin are Catagonium politum, Dicranum aucklandicum,

Philonotis scabrifolia, Pleuridium arnoldii, Webera cruda, Brachymenium preissianum, and the rare Campylopodium lineare. East of Arthur's Pass township, near the “49” mile peg, Tortula rubra occurs in some quantity and, more rarely, Tortella calycina. No systematic collecting was undertaken of the associated hepatics.

(2) Wet Rock-and-Clay Banks.

This term is here applied to roadside banks over which the seepage of moisture or the presence of shallow forest streams prevents periodic desiccation from occurring. Much the commonest mosses in such places are Breutelia pendula and Philonotis tenuis, but almost all the Bartramiaceous mosses may be found. Where the bank is shaded Breutelia elongata and Sphagnum antarcticum are not infrequent. Associated hepatics include Monoclea forsteri in stream courses, Marchantia sp., Plagiochila deltoidea, P. banksiana, Schistochila ciliata, S. tuloides, Jamesoniella sonderi, and species of Lepidozia, Metzgeria, Isotachis, and Chiloscyphus.

E. Rocks of the Forest Floor.

The rocks scattered over the forest floor are covered with a copious growth of cryptogamic vegetation comprising mosses, liver-worts, ferns, and lichens. The following mosses, present throughout the Park area, are most abundant in the Western Botanical District:

Rhacopilum strumiferum, R. robustum, Echinodium hispidum, Camptochaete gracilis (including a very robust variety), C. ramulosa, Cyathophorum bulbosum and the var. minus, Thuidium sparsum, T. laeviusculum, T. furfurosum, and Dicranoloma menziesii. Rather less common and by no means restricted to this substratum are Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, Acanthocladium extenuatum, and Acrocladium auriculatum. Homalia falcifolia is local, and like both its congeners confined to the northern half of the Park. It grows also on tree-bases.

The following, also present throughout the area, are more abundant and conspicuous on the stony floor of the Beech forests than in Westland: Dicranoloma cylindropyxis, D. robustum var. pungens, and D. leucolomoides; Rhizogonium mnioides, Thuidium furfurosum, and in the better lighted places Brachythecium rutabulum. Everywhere the moss Ptychomnion aciculare may be found, and in places (e.g. The Birches, near the Pass) it may become the dominant moss not only on the stones but on the ground and trees equally. Lembophyllum clandestinum is not common, but when found it usually grows on rocks and logs in the forest.

The associated lichens are mainly species of Sticta. Common species of the beech forest floor are S. coronata, S. sinuosa, and S. cinereo-glauca, to which may be added the following in the forests of the northern area: S. dissimilis, S. filix, S. menziesii, S. fragillima, and, commonest of all, S. fossulata. The associated hepatics were not collected in Westland, but in the Canterbury half of the Park the following were listed:

Chandonanthus squarrosus, Bazzania adnexa, B. involuta (?), Chiloscyphus billardieri, C. sinuosus, Lepidolaena menziesii, Schistochila pinnatifolia, Cuspidatula monodon, Plagiochila circinalis, P. deltoidea, P. circumdentata, Diplophyllum domesticum, Balantiopsis convexiuscula, Lepidozia sp., Jamesoniella colorata, and Riccardia sp.

G. Earthen Floor of the Forest.

(1) Beech Forest.

Many of the mosses named in the previous section are also to be met with on the earthern forest floor. Indeed, it is doubtful whether any of them is wholly restricted to a rock substratum. Together with all the moss species named in the previous section excepting Camptochaete gracilis and Homalia falcifolia, and the Lembophyllum, the following are to be met with in the wetter spots: Sphagnum antarcticum, Breutelia elongata, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, and Hypnodendron arcuatum, and in the drier areas Leptotheca gaudichaudii, Bryum truncorum, Tayloria octoblepharis, and, rarely, Leucobryum candidum. The Tayloria I have found covering many square yards at a spot on the forest margin where night-soil had been regularly buried, and again on a rotting sack on the bank of the Bealey River. Plagiothecium denticulatum I have gathered only once in the beech forest near to the Pass itself. Distichophyllum amblyophyllum is very common on forest litter.

(2) Subtropical Rain-forest.

Mitchell (1935) distinguishes three types of forest in the northern half of the district, the first characterized by Libocedrus bidwillii, Podocarpus hallii, Dracophyllum traversii, etc.; the second by the dominance of Southern Rata (Metrosideros lucida); and the third by the abundance of Rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), Kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa), and Red Beech (Nothofagus fusca). In reality, the first two are only to be distinguished by the local dominance of one or other tree, the forest being otherwise fairly homogeneous, and the moss flora practically identical. The upper Libocedrus forest, on the other hand, has a distinct florula in the mosses as in the trees and shrubs. The dividing line lies just beyond the 2,000 ft. level.

The forest floor of the Westland area has a totally distinct aspect from that of the beech forest, due mainly to the much higher percentage of liverworts, lichens, and ferns; the more numerous moss species, and the greater dominance of certain species which, though present in the southern area, are nowhere physiognomic. The same is true of the epiphytic moss flora.

Mosses showing a preference for the earthen forest floor as distinct from the stony floor include Breutelia elongata, Sphagnum antarcticum, Dicranoloma cylindropyxis, Distichophyllum amblyophyllum, Leptotheca gaudichaudii, Leucobryum candidum, Mniodendron comatum, Hypnodendron marginatum, H. arcuatum, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae var. nudicaule, and near the forest margin Brachythecium rutabulum, Campylium relaxum, Fissidens oblongifolius, Homalia pulchella, Zygodon menziesii, and Dawsonia superba, the last four noted in Westland only.

The upland forest in the Otira Basin is mainly characterized by the abundance of Dendroligotrichum dendroides, which grows in colonies of great extent. With it the commonest associate is Dicranoloma plurisetum. Others noted were D. platycaulon, Ptychomnion aciculare, Leucobryum candidum, Acanthocladium extenuatum, Rhizogonium mnioides, and Bartramia norvegica. The hepatic Isotachis lyallii seems to be as common here as at the Bealey, but Chandonanthus squarrosus is definitely less common in the areas examined. Neither liverworts nor lichens were listed from this substratum.

H. Epiphytic Mosses.

Practically all the epiphytic cryptogams of the beech forest reappear in the forests of the Westland portion of the Park; but not all the Westland species are met with on trees to the south of the Pass.

(1) Species Equally Common in Bealey and Otira Basins.

Dicnemon calycinum, D. semicryptum, Dicranoloma cylindropyxis, D. robustum, Dicranum trichopodum, Holomitrium perichaetiale, Leptostomum inclinans, Lepyrodon lagurus, Macromitrium erosulum, M. gracile, M. longipes, M. weymouthii, Orthotrichum beckettii, Ulota lutea, U. lateciliata, U. breviseta (?), and Zygodon intermedius.

Of these, much the most abundant and physiognomic are Leptostomum inclinans, Lepyrodon lagurus, Macromitrium longipes, and Zygodon intermedius on the tree trunks and Dicemon semicryptum on branches.

The hepatics in this category are numerous and include Chandonanthus squarrosus, Lepicolea scolopendra, Plagiochila deltoidea, and Bazzania involuta. Sticta dissimulata and S. latifroms are lichens under this heading.

(2) Species Commonest in the Bealey Basin.

Tortula bealeyensis, T. rubra, Sauloma tenella, and Lepyrodon australis are more frequently seen in the Bealey than in the Otira Valley, if, indeed, the first three occur there at all. Neckera laevigata and Orthotrichum graphiomitrium have been found only in the Bealey Basin and most commonly on lacebark (Hoheria glabrata). Hepatics which are either more common on the Canterbury side of the Pass or were not found at all on the Westland side include the following: Plagiochila annotina, P. radiculosa, P. circinalis, P. fuscella, Radula physoloba, Mylia australis, Frullania falcata, F. kirkii, F. falciloba, and Chandonanthus squarrosus. Frullania kirkii is everywhere abundant on beech trees fully exposed to light and is almost invariably associated with the lichen Parmelia sulcata, and frequently with P. lugubris, P. weindorferi, and P. reticulata.

Lichens epiphytic on forest trees within the forest include Sticta colensoi, S. variabilis, Sphaerophorus australis and the rarer S. coralloides (?). In bleak, exposed stations Sticta coronata occurs very commonly. Above 3,500 ft. Usnea contexta and U. pellucida drape the upper branches of the beech trees, but my notes do not

reveal whether the same species of Usnea are found in Westland. U. arida occurs on exposed beech trunks, but is neither physiognomic nor conspicuous.

(3) Species Commonest in the Otira Basin.

Otira mosses rare or absent in the Bealey Basin include Bellia nervosa, Cladomnion ericoides, Cryptopodium bartramioides, Mesotus celatus, Lembophyllum clandestinum, Orthotrichum tasmanicum, Schlotheimia brownii, Weymouthia cochlearifolia and its var. billardieri, W. mollis, and Homalia falcata (more commonly rupestral). Hymenodon piliferus and Calomnion laetum, restricted to the stems of tree-ferns, are of necessity restricted to Westland, as tree-ferns, on which alone it grows, do not occur in the beech forest. Associated hepatics other than those listed in section 1 include (on Kelly's Hill) Lepidozia pendulina, Jamesoniella kirkii, Plagiochita circumdentata, and Porella elegantula (?). Porella stangeri is only locally common (e.g., summit of Otira Gorge).

Epiphytic lichens of the genus Sticta are numerous—S. sub-caperata, S. internectens, S. dissimilis, S. menziesii, S. fragillima, S. filix, S. fossulata, S. latifrons, and S. dissimulata. The velvety lichen (Coenogonium implexum) was observed on the trunks of trees on the forest margin at Otira.

(4) Epiphytic on Hoheria.

A very specialized association occurs on the lacebark (Hoheria glabrata) wherever it occurs in the Arthur Pass National Park (e.g., shingle slides, river terraces, slips) and rather more rarely on Aristotelia racemosa, A. fruticosa, and Coprosma propinqua. Mosses rarely missing are Calyptopogon mnioides, Orthotrichum beckettii, and Neckera hymenodonta, and with these are associated several of the following: Neckera laevigata, Ulota lutea, Sauloma tenella, Leptostomum inclinans, Macromitrium weymouthii, M. longipes, M. pusilla, and Orthotrichum graphiomitrium.

A very similar association occurs commonly in the North Island in which Calyptopogon mnioides is associated with an Orthotrichum (O. tasmanicum), one or both species of Neckera, Cryphaea tenella, and in some areas Dichelodontium nitidum. Neither of these last two genera, however, is known to be represented in the Park. Incidentally, it may be observed that whereas in the North Island Calyptopogon is a shy fruiter, in the National Park it fruits copiously.

To sum up, it may be remarked that the epiphytic bryophyte flora is varied and extensive and is associated with a conspicuous lichen flora comprising mainly species of Sticta and Sphaerophorus within the forest, and of Parmelia in open places, more particularly on Nothofagus cliffortioides. Many species are restricted or almost restricted in the Park to the Otira Basin, where alone several other species have been noted. Cushion-forming epiphytic mosses are abundantly represented by Leptostomum inclinans, Lepyrodon lagurus, and Zygodon intermedius, and at the higher altitudes by Lepyrodon australis. Macromitrium longipes and the two species of Dienemon are plentiful and very commonly in association. On