Mountain Hut on Table Hill it grows in small tufts in the stream close to the hut, where it was discovered by Miss Sheila Traill, a member of the party. Bryophytes on the rocky face of the Staircase Falls and subject to continual or to frequent immersion were Jamiesoniella sonderi, Lepidozia spinosissima, Jungermannia rotata, and a species of Riccardia as yet undetermined. Others in the spray zone were Rhizogonium mnioides, Lepidozia sp. nov., L. tenax, and Plagiochila fasciculata, and some Breutelia pendula. Plagiochila gigantea commonly grows on the rocky bed of the stream in positions where the base of the plant is normally submerged.

In many places the moss Sematophyllum tenuirostre occupies the flat tops of rocks liable to frequent immersion but normally above the water and in places receiving direct sunlight.

On rocks emergent from the water, but submerged in flood periods, the following mosses are common and widespread—Camptochaete gracilis, Eriopus cristatus, Pterygophyllum quadrifarium, Breutelia pendula, Hypnodendron arcuatum, Thuidium laeviusculum, Cyathophorum bulbosum and its variety minus. This is a common station also for the following hepatics—Lophocolea planiuscula, Megaceros giganteus, Monoclea forsteri, Plagiochila gigantea, P. stephensoniana, P. lyallii, and P. ramosissima.

Rocks in the stream-bed liable to rare immersion only have as a rule a selection of the following in addition to those enumerated above: Stereodon cupressiforme and its var. filiforme, Distichophyllum pulchellum, D. microphyllum, Eriodon cylindrotheca, Eurhynchium austrinum, Eriopus apiculatus, Dicranoloma billardieri, D. plurisetum, Acrocladium auriculatum, Hypopterygium setigerum, H. novaeseelandiae, Mniodendron comosum, Rhacopilum strumiferum, Rhizogonium mnioides, and Sciadocladus menziesii.

Hepatics include all those enumerated above, with the following as frequent additions—Chiloscyphus billardieri, Hymenophytum phyllanthus, H. leptodon, and H. flabellatum, Lepidozia tenax and several other species, Lepidolaena taylori, Riccardia eriocaula, Schistochila glaucescens, S. appendiculata, S. lehmanniana, Trichocolea lanata, T. tomentella, and Tylimanthus saccatus. The species of Hymenophytum were noted much more frequently in the areas of lowest rainfall and greatest duration of sunshine.

(b) Banks of forest streams. There are few of the above species which do not also grow on the banks of forest streams, but Eriopus cristatus abounds only in shady places, Pterygophyllum quadrifarium and Hypnodendron arcuatum are more common on banks than on stones, and the tiny but rare Fissidens dealbatus is unusually common in several restricted areas (e.g., Port William). Hymenophytum leptopodum is noted here more commonly than elsewhere, and Isotachis montana in areas exposed to bright light. Isotachis gigantea is common by subalpine streams on Table Hill.

(c) Forest floor. Normally the forest floor is populated by a cryptogamic carpet of filmy ferns, mosses, liverworts and lichens forming the lowest layer, tufted ferns like Blechnum discolor or

Leptopteris superba growing here and there through it, and a few creeping herbs growing amongst it (i.e., Enargea parviflora, Nertera depressa, Uncinia sp., etc.). The usual lichens are species of Nephroma and Sticta, and Sphaerophorus tener; and the filmy-ferns are as a rule Hymenophyllum demissum and H. bivalve. Of the liverworts the most conspicuous are the various species of Schistochila with their fronds of whitish- or yellowish-green, the darker-leaved Plagiochilas, and extensive mats of Chiloscyphus billardieri; whilst everywhere are to be seen extensive mats of Dicranoloma billardieri and Mniodendron comosum. Of the numerous other species that may be sought on the forest floor, Sphagnum antarcticum, Dicranoloma dicarpum, D. plurisetum are the only local mosses that are almost restricted to this substratum. The Sphagnum, with Hypnodendron arcuatum and Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae, frequent spots where water tends to lie after rain, while Acanthocladium extenuatum, Arocladium auriculatum, Dicranoloma integrifolium, D. pungentella and Thuidium furfurosum are frequenters of the drier forest margin or well-lighted places. Eurhynchium praelongum occurs at Half-moon Bay.

Other very common species are Dicranoloma menziesii and its variety rigidum with every possible intermediate form (doubtless hybrids), Leucobryum candidum, Leptotheca gaudichaudii, Lembophyllum clandestinum, Rhizogonium bifarium, and Orthodontium sulcatum, the last three in particular being very partial to humic soils, though more commonly noted elsewhere on logs or trees. Cyathophorum bulbosum, Thuidium furfurosum, T. laeviusculum, Stereodon cupressiforme, Rhacopilum strumiferum, and Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae are more commonly observed on stones and roots than on the actual earthen floor of the forest.

In the dampest stations the usual hepatics are various species of Schistochila (S. glaucescens and S. appendiculata are the commonest species in northern Stewart Island), Trichocolea lanata and T. tomentella, Tylimanthus saccatus, Riccardia pinguis (?), Chiloscyphus billardieri, C. decipiens, and a species of Bazzania. In somewhat drier stations some of the following hepatics are sure to be present: Bazzania adnexa, B. novae-hollandiae, Megaceros giganteus, Mastigobryum mooreanum, Lepidozia patentissima, L. concinna, L. pendulina, Hymenophytum phyllanthus, H. flabellata, and occasionally Chandonanthus squarrosus. The tendency for many of the above to develop a cushion form under wetter and duller conditions has already been referred to.

(d) Logs, prostrate tree-ferns, and tree stumps. The number of mosses or hepatics restricted to a single substratum in Stewart Island is not great; but, nevertheless, there are very many species both of hepatics and mosses which are not found at all or at most infrequently on logs or tree-stumps. The usual log-frequenting species will be found amongst the following: Lembophyllum clandestinum, Rhizogonium bifarium, R. distichum, R. novae-hollandiae, Rhynchostegium tenuifolium, Eurhynchium muriculatum, Sematophyllum amoenum, S. leucocytus, Tortella knightii, Rhacopilum strumiferum, Bryum truncorum, and Pterygophyllum dentatum. Others equally common on logs and on the ground include Cyathophorum bulbosum

and its variety minus, Dicranoloma menziesii, D. billardieri, D. platycaulon, Mniodendron comosum, Leptotheca gaudichaudii, Orthodontium sulcatum, Sciadocladus menziesii, Thuidium laeviusculum, Eriopus cristatus, and Ptychomnion aciculare. Occasional species include Stereodon cupressiforme, Hypopterygium concinnum, Weymouthia cochlearifolia and even Fissidens asplenioides.

Log-dwelling hepatics are very numerous, and some of the following are almost certain to be observed in any forest area: Riccardia marginata, R. aequitexta, R. cochleata, R. pinguis, R. eriocaulis, Acromastigum colensoanum, Bazzania adnexa, B. involuta, B. tayloriana, Plagiochila lyallii, P. conjugata, Hymenophytum phyllanthus, H. leptodon, H. flabellatum, Lepidozia bisetula, L. praenitens, L. tetradactyla, Lembidium tenax, Chiloscyphus billardieri, C. bidentatus, Lophocolea novae-zelandiae, Megaceros gigantea, Schistochila glaucescens, S. balfouriana, Tylimanthus saccatus, Porella amoena, Trichocolea lanata, and T. tomentella. Lepidozia albula is very common on logs in subalpine forest on Table Hill.

(e) Tree-ferns. The caudices of Hemitelia smithii and of Dicksonia squarrosa have their own special epiphytes, but in addition many other plants find frequent lodgment on this substratum. Here alone we find the ferns Trichomanes venosum or Hymenophyllum ferrugineum, or the moss Hymenodon piliferus. Here too is the most usual station for Rhizogonium pennatum and in Stewart Island for Schistochila ciliata, and S. unguicularis among the bryophytes, for Hymenophyllum rarum among the filmy-ferns, for Lycopodium billardieri among lycopods, and for Tmesipteris tannensis. Other epiphytes commonly listed by me were Dicranoloma menziesii and var. rigidum, Hypopterygium concinnum, Rhizogonium novae-hollandiae and the following hepaticae: Plagiochila lyallii, P. arbuscula, Hymenophytum phyllanthus, Metzgeria hamata, Lophocolea planiuscula, Riccardia alterniloba, and less commonly Schistochila nobilis (unusual station), S. balfouriana, and Lophocolea trialata.

(f) Bark of forest trees. A few mosses, like species of Ulota, are rarely found save on twigs and thin branches; others like Trachyloma planifolia or Hypopterygium concinnum are found most commonly on the lower portion of vertical lianes or thin-stemmed trees and shrubs, while Camptochaete arbuscula, Dicranoloma menziesii, Dicranum trichopodum, Leucobryum candidum, or Thuidium furfurosum when growing as epiphytes are usually restricted to the lower portion of the trunks of the larger trees. At a higher level we find such mosses as the various species of Macromitrium. Schlotheimia campbelliana, Cladomnion ericoides, Cyrtopus setosus, Weymouthia spp., Stereodon chrysogaster, Orthorrhynchium elegans, Isopterygium limatum, and Dicnemon calycinum, a moss which elsewhere in New Zealand is commonest on the upper limbs of forest trees. At corresponding levels on lianes and also on the sloping branches of Aristotelia serrata, Carpodetus serratus, Schefflera digitata, and other small trees from five to ten feet from the ground we may observe Calyptopogon mnioides, Neckera hymenodonta, Cryphaea tenella, Tetraphidopsis pusilla, and Bellia nervosa.