commonest of all is Dicranoloma billardieri. In general the cushions are more or less composite. The moss D. menziesii in areas further north frequently forms balls, 2–4 inches in diameter and wholly detached from any substratum. Indeed, the initial point of attachment becomes central and cannot be seen from the outside at all. How these moss balls originate is difficult to determine, but they possibly form brackets on tree trunks which on becoming detached continue to thrive and take a spherical form. Such brackets have frequently been observed by me in the case both of D. menziesii and Isopterygium limatum.

In many areas fully 50% of the forest floor is carpeted with bryophytes, hepatics exceeding mosses in number of species and of individuals. The most conspicuous hepatics in areas where mound formation is rare or absent are the numerous species of Schistochila, most of them with white, cream, or yellow branches, of which the commonest species are S. appendiculata, S. glaucescens, S. ciliata, and S. nobilis. The usual species of Plagiochila found on the forest floor in this region are P. ramosissima, P. lyallii, and in local areas P. sinclairii. Several undetermined species of Riccardia and a number of species of Lepidozia though perhaps commoner on logs, are common also on the earthen floor. Such include L. ulothrix (= L. albula of Part I), L. kirkii, and locally L. pulcherrima.

A number of additional hepatics belong to the forest floor, but occur only in well-lighted stations such as on the forest margin or on bush tracks. Such include Acromastigum anisostomum, Anastrophyllum schismoides, Balantiopsis aequiloba, B. rosea, B. tumida, Isotachis montana, Isotachis lyallii, and Lepicolea ochroleuca.

Chiloscyphus billardieri and in lesser amount C. coalitus are also to be noted both on logs and on the forest floor. Lembidium nutans, L. tenax, and the new species L. insulanum are likewise found equally on earth and on logs and even on rocks over which water is flowing.

The commonest mosses are Dicranoloma billardieri, D. integrifolium?, D. platycaulon, and D. menziesii, Mniodendron comosum, Leucobryum candidum, and in wetter areas Pterygophyllum quadrifarium, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae, Sciadocladus menziesii, Tayloria purpurascens, and Hypnodendron arcuatum.

Acanthocladium extenuatum, Acrocladium auriculatum, Thuidium spp., Hypopterygium setigerum, all common in the north, are either rare or absent in the south. Attention has already been drawn to the presence on the forest floor of not a few mosses normally epiphytic.

(c) Stumps and Logs

Almost all the bryophytes of the forest floor are to be found on logs and stumps, as well as many plants normally epiphytic. On the other hand, many bryophytes rarely found either on the ground or on tree-trunks are to be found on these logs, and not infrequently on horizontal branches as well. Typical hepatics of this station include Balantiopsis tumida, Bazzania adnexa, B. reflexistipula, B. tayloriana, Chiloscyphus billardieri, C. allodontus, Cuspidatula monodon, Goebeliella cornigera, Lepidozia kirkii, L. praenitens, Lophocolea lenta,

Plagiochila conjugata, P. pleurota, P. lyallii, P. ramosissima, Radula uvifera, Riccardia alterniloba, R. eriocaulis, Schistochila balfouriana, S. ciliata, and S. glaucescens. The rare Dendroceros allisonii and Metzgeria violacea also belong here.

Amongst the mosses Dicranoloma billardieri stands first in abundance, but very common associates are Stereodon chrysogaster, Hypopterygium novae-seelandiae, Rhizogonium spp., Pterygophyllum spp., Ptychomnion aciculare, Mniodendron comosum, Sematophyllum amoenum. Much less common in the southern forests than in the north are Eurhynchium muriculatum, Lembophyllum clandestinum, Leptotheca gaudichaudii, Rhacopilum strumiferum, Rhynchostegium tenuifolium, Sciadocladus menziesii, and Thuidium furfurosum.

(d) Tree-ferns

Epiphytes on the caudices of tree-ferns (mainly Dicksonia squarrosa) are usually very different from those near Half-moon Bay in the north. Thus Polyphlebium venosum is quite uncommon at Pegasus and Sphaerocionium ferrugineum, so abundant north of Paterson's Inlet, was nowhere seen by me in the south. Mecodium rarum and Tmesipteris tannenis are also seen much more rarely. Mosses of this substratum at Pegasus include Calomnion laetum and Rhizogonium pennatum var. aristatum, neither of them anything like so common in the north. Other mosses noted included Cyathophorum bulbosum var. minus, Dicranoloma menziesii, and its variety rigidum, likewise Goniobryum subbasilare.

Hepatics included some not found elsewhere in Stewart Island. e.g. Lepidozia roseana, L. lindenbergii, Telaranea bisetula, and Zoopsis argentea. The more common hepatic epiphytes of tree-fern caudices comprise Bazzania monilinerve, B. reflexistipula, B. taylorianum, Chiloscyphus echinellus, Hymenophytum phyllanthus, Lembidium tenax, Plagiochila deltoidea, Schistochila appendiculata, and S. ciliata. More than one species of Metzgeria is common on this substratum.

(e) Bark of Forest Trees

Epiphytic bryophytes in the southern forests include many not seen in the north and omit others which are there common. Of mosses not observed in the north of the island, Sauloma tenella and a species of Orthotrichum new to New Zealand and possibly to science, found on rimu on Rosa Island in Pegasus Harbour may be mentioned. Epiphytic hepatics seldom seen elsewhere on Stewart Island include Chiloscyphus circumdentata (a new species), several species of Frullania (F. aterrima on rimu, F. setchellii on yellow pine, F. subdeplanata on Fuchsia excorticata, and F. rostellata on a forest log), Marsupidium epiphytum, Metzgeria nitida, Lepicolea ochroleuca (more common on logs and on the earthen forest floor), two species of Lophocolea (L. notophylla and L. subporosa), and the recently discovered Plagiochila simpsonii herein described. On horizontal branches the rare hepatics Diplophyllum densifolium and Lepidozia pulcherrima were obtained, the latter more usually on the ground.

In the Pegasus forests the commonest epiphytic mosses are Leptostomum inclinans, Holomitrium perichaetiale, Macromitrium erosulum, M. gracilie vars. proboscideum and retusum, M. longirostre, Dicnemon calycinum, Schlotheimia campbelliana, and Stereodon chrysogaster,