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Volume 79, 1951
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Carpus and Manus (Text-fig. 6)

In addition to the usual Anuran phalangeal formula of 2,2,3,3, a small phalangeal element can be found distal to the metacarpal of the prepollex. The free adult carpal elements number eight, but the number and position of fusions taking place during development is not completely known. The naming of the adult carpal elements in Text-fig. 6 is therefore incomplete and provisional.

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Text-Fig. 6—Forelimb and Carpus of L. hochstetteri
h, humerus; i + u, intermedium + centrate; m, medialla;
mpp, metacarpal of prepollex; ru, radio-ulna

Leiopelma agrees in number of carpal elements and the possession of a phalangeal remnant on the prepollex with Bombina bombina (Ridewood and Howes, 1888). Ascaphus, according to Gregory, Miner and Noble (1923) has seven free carpal elements. X-ray photographs of Ascaphus, however, seem to indicate the possession of eight free

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Fig. 1—Photograph of disarticulated adult vertebral column, ventral view.
Fig. 2—Generalised diagram of the spinal nerves and vertebrae.
nbr, N. brachialis; nsc, N. ischiadicus (sciatic nerve); spl, N. spinalis 1 (N. suboccipitalis); sp2, N. spinalis 2 (N. hypoglossus); sp3, N. spinalis 13 (N. coccygeus).

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Fig. 1—Atlas vertebra, anterior view. Fig. 2—Atlas vertebra, posterior view. Fig. 3—Two trunk vertebrae, lateral view. Fig. 4—Fifth and sixth presacral vertebrae, dorsal view. Fig. 5—Fifth presacral vertebra anterior view. Fig. 6—Abnormal sacrum, dorsal view. The sacral diapophyses are attached to the ninth vertebra and the small tenth vertebra is postsacral. Fig. 7—Normal sacrum, ventral view. Fig. 8—Anterior of urostyle, lateral view. Fig. 9—Left half of sacral vertebra, anterior view. The magnifications vary.
az5, prezygapophysis of fifth vertebra; c, cartilage; fna, fused neural arches; f13, foramen for 13th spinal nerve; ive, intervertebral cartilage; pz, postzygapophysis; pz6, postzygapophysis of sixth vertebra; sd, sacral diapophysis; v9, ninth presacral vertebra.

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bony elements and it is possible that the carpus of this genus would repay further investigation. No indication of a phalanx on the prepollex has yet been found in Ascaphus. If Ascaphus really has eight free carpal elements, it joins Leiopelma and Bombina in the possession of a more primitive carpal pattern than is presented by any other Anuran.

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