species. Talbot also found that Radulum mirabile Berk. & Br. was based on this species.

Additional species of Lopharia are Stereum papyrinum Mont. and S. umbrino-alutaceum Wakef., as has been ascertained by examination of type collections in Kew herbarium, the former from Cuba, the latter from New Caledonia.

1. Lopharia cinerascens (Schweinitz) nov. comb. Text-fig. 1.

• Thelephora cinerascens Schw., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 4, 167, 1832.

• Hymenochaete cinerascens (Schw.) Lev., Ann. Sci. Nat., III, 5, 152, 1846.

• Corticium aschistum Berk. & Curt., Proc. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci., 4., 123, 1858.

• Stereum moricola Berk., Grev., 1, 162, 1873.

• S. dissitum Berk., Grev., 1, 164, 1873.

• Radulum mirabile Berk. & Br., Journ. Linn. Soc., 14, 61, 1873.

• Corticium ephebrium Berk. & Curt., Grev., 4 178, 1873.

• Peniophora berkeleyi Cke., Grev., 8, 20, 1879.

• P. dissita (Berk.) Cke., Grev., 8, 150, 1880.

• Stereum neglectum Peck, N.Y. State Museum. Rept. 33, 22. 1880.

• Lopharia lirellosa Kalch. & MacOwan, Grev., 10, 58, 1881.

• Peniophora neglecta Peck., N.Y. State Museum. Rept. 40, 76, 1887.

• P. cinerascens (Schw.) Sacc., Syll. Fung., 6, 646, 1888.

• P. moricola (Berk.) Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 25, 141, 1889.

• P. schweinitzii Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 25, 145, 189.

• P. ephebria (Berk. & Curt.) Mass., Journ. Linn. Soc., 25, 151, 1889.

• Stereum cinerascens (Schw.) Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 27, 179, 1890.

• Thwaitesiella mirabilis (Berk. & Br.) Mass., Grev. 21, 3, 1892.

• Lopharia mirabilis (Berk. & Br.) Pat., Bull, Soc. Myc. Fr., 11, 14, 1895.

• Peniophora occidentalis Ell. & Ev., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 24, 277, 1897.

• Loydella cinerascens (Schw.) Bres., in Lloyd's Myc. Notes, No. 6, 51, 1901.

• L. occidentalis (Ell. & Ev.) H. & L., Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien., 116, 791, 1907.

• Stereum purpurascens Lloyd, Letter 53, 15, 1914.

  .

• S. turgidum Lloyd, Letter 63, 15, 1916.

• S. caperatum Lloyd, Myc. Notes, No. 40, 549, 1916.

• S. subporiferum Berk., in Herb. Kew.

Hymenophore annual or biennial, coriaceous, adnate, widely effused with reflexed margins, or resupinate, at first small and orbicular, finally forming irregular areas 7-12 × 1-4 cm; pilei narrowly applanate, often reduced to mere upturned margins, or wanting; surface straw colour or pallid ochre, clothed with appressed hairs often imbricately arranged, or radiately sulcate; hymenial surface cream to pallid ochre, sometimes buff, velutinate, at length deeply areolately creviced, or finely tuberculate; margin (when resupinate) thinning out, fibrillose, adnate, concolorous. Context cream, isabelline or bay brown, 0.2-1 mm thick (excluding the abhymenial hairs), with a colour zone between the basal layer and pileus hairs, basal layer well developed, occupying the greater part of the context, of parallel or intertwined hyphae densely arranged, tinted towards the base, intermediate layer of vertical hyphae closely compacted and enclosing lacunae each containing a cystidium; skeletal hyphae 4-5μ diameter, lumen capillary, hyaline, naked, sparingly branched, aseptate; generative hyphae 2.5-4μ diameter, walls 0.2μ thick, hyaline, branched, septate, without clamp connexions. Hymenial layer to 70μ deep, a close palisade of basidia paraphyses and cystidia. Basidia subclavate, 40-64 × 8-12μ, 4-spored; sterigmata slender, arcuate, to 8μ long. Paraphyses subclavate, similar to but smaller than the basidia. Cystidia arising from the intermediate layer, projecting to 90μ, narrowly conical, with short, stout, often tinted pedicels, 80-180 × 16-26μ, coarsely crystal coated throughout. Spores elliptical with rounded ends, 9-14 × 7-9μ, walls smooth, hyaline, 0.5μ thick.

Type Locality:. Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Distribution: North and South America. West Indies, Africa, Ceylon, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand.

Habitat: Effused on bark or decorticated dead wood.

Albizzia lophantha Benth. Auckland. Oratia, August, 1948, D. W. McKenzie.

Beilschmiedia tarairi (A. Cunn.) Benth. & Hook. f. Auckland. Parahaki, Whangarei, 200ft, May, 1948, J. M. Dingley.

Beilschmiedia tawa (A. Cunn.) Hook. f & Benth. Auckland. Claudelands Reserve, Hamilton, 200ft, October, 1946, G. H. C. Lake Rotoehu, 1,200ft, May, 1952, G. H. C. Wellington Lake Papaetonga, 50ft, August, 1954, G. H. C.

Citrus aurantifolia Swingle. Auckland. Henderson, May, 1949, M. H. Dye.

Coprosma repens Hook. f. Auckland. South West Island. Three Kings, January, 1950, G. T. S. Baylis.

Coriaria ruscifolia L. Auckland. Little Barrier Island, November, 1947, J. M. Dingley.

Corynocarpus laevigata Forst. Auckland. Piha, July, 1947, J. M. Dingley. Glen Esk Valley, Piha, May, 1949, J. M. Dingley.

Dysoxylum spectabile (Forst. f.) Hook. f Auckland. Little Barrier Island, November, 1947, J. M. Dingley. Orakei Bush, September, 1948, D. W. McKenzie. Huia, July, 1953, J. M. Dingley.

Edwardsia microphylla (Hook. f.) Salisb. Auckland Purewa Bush May, 1949, D. W. McKenzie.

Edwardsia tetraptera (Forst. f.) Oliver Auckland. Boulder Bay, Rangitoto Island, April, 1949, J. M. Dingley.

Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh. Canterbury. Governor's Bush, Hermitage, 2,500ft, February, 1947, G. T. S. Baylis.

Hoheria populnea A. Cunn. Auckland. University College Grounds, April, 1949, J. M. Dingley. Piha, August, 1953, J. M. Dingley.

Melicyts ramiflorus Forst. Auckland. Te Moehau, Coromandel Peninsula, 500ft, January. 1947, J. M. Dingley. Little Barrier Island, November, 1947, J. M. Dingley.

Myoporum laetum Forst. Auckland. Northcote, 100ft, May, 1949, Mrs. E. E. Chamberlain.

Pinus radiata Don. Auckland. Mt. Maunganui, coast, October, 1950, M. Hodgkins.

Pittosporum crassifolium A. Cunn. Auckland. Piha, October, 1949, J. M. Dingley.

Plagianthus betulinus A. Cunn. Wellington. Kitchener Park, Feilding. 100ft. January, 1954, G. H. C.

Suttonia australis A. Rich. Auckland. Purewa Bush. August, 1948, D. W. McKenzie.

From L. vinosa the species may be separated by the dimitic hyphal system skeletal hyphae with walls so thickened that the lumen is usually capillary, different arrangement of the context, large cystidia with short and stout pedicels, larger basidia and spores Cystidia may be arranged in one irregular row in the hymenial layer, or more commonly in several obscure zones within tissues of the hymenial and intermediate layers. They vary appreciably in shape and size, shape and length of the stout pedicels and size of the crystals Some of the basal cystidia may be naked or bear only a few scattered crystals.

In some features the microstructure simulates species of both Stereum and Peniophora. The intermediate layer is sometimes wanting in thin specimens, the hymenium arising directly from upturned hyphae of the basal layer, as in Stereum; in thick forms, however, this layer is present and arranged as in most species of Peniophora. Skeletal hyphae are scantily developed in the intermediate layer, but form the bulk of the basal layer and extend to produce the abhymenial hairs of the pileus surface.

The species bears a long list of synonyms, though its specific name has seldom been in doubt. Usually placed under Peniophora, because of the presence of cystidia, or Stereum on account of the pileate fructifications, it has been employed as the type of Thwaitesiella Mass., Lloydella Bres., and, as has been shown by Talbot (Bothalia, 6, 339-346, 1954) Lopharia Kalch. & MacOwan and Radulum mirabile Berk. & Br. Lloyd admitted that his Stereum purpurascens was merely a coloured form; and Talbot (l.c.) showed that S. caperatum Lloyd and S. turgidum Lloyd were likewise synonyms. S. subporiferum Berk., the type of which came from the Chatham Islands, ex “Travers, No. 7” is also based on the species.

2. Lopharia vinosa (Berkeley) nov. comb. Text-fig. 2.

• Thelephora vinosa Berk., Lond. Jour. Bot., 4, 60, 1845.

• T. crassa Lev. in Gaud. Voy. Bonite. Bot., 1, 190, 1846.

• Stereum umbrinum Berk. & Curt. Grev., 1. 164, 1873, non Fr. 1851.

• Corticium murinum Thuem., ex Berk. & Br., Jour. Linn. Soc., 14. 70. 1875.

• Hymenochaete crassa (Lev.) Berk., ex Cke., Grev., 8, 148, 1880.

• H. umbrina Berk. & Curt. ex Cke., Grev., 8, 148, 1880.

• H (Veluticeps) vinosa (Berk) Cke., Grev, 8, 149, 1880.

• H. multispinulosa Peck., Bot. Gaz., 7, 54, 1882.

• H. scabriseta Cke., in Rav. Fungi. Am., 717, 1882.

• H. purpurea Cke. & Morg., Grev., 11., 107, 1883.

• Peniophora intermedia Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 25, 143, 1889.

• P. vinosa (Berk) Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 25, 145, 1889.

• Hymenochaete Kalchbrenneri Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc, 27, 116, 1890.

• Coniophora murinum (Berk. & Br.) Mass., Jour. Linn. Soc., 27, 116, 1890.

• Hymenochaete agathicola Henn., in Engl. Bot. Jahrb, 18, 24, 1894.

• Lloydella scabriseta (Cke.) H. & L., Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien. 115. 1580, 1906.

• Kncif [ unclear: ] ia purpurca (Cke. & Morg.) Bres., Ann. Myc., 1. 101. 1903.

Hymenophore annual, pileate, membranous, adnate, effused-reflexed, often resupinate, at first developing as small orbicular colonies merging to form linear areas which may extend to 40 cm × 1-4 cm; pilei laterally extended and narrowly applanate, sometimes imbricate, surface grey to fawn, hirsute, hairs radiately arranged and imbricated, sometimes concentrically zoned; hymenial surface ranging in colour from cream, through buff or ochre, to dark umber, often violaceous, heliotrope, or tinted purple, at first even or finely tuberculate, becoming deeply areolately creviced, tending then to lift at margins of crevices; margin (when resupinate) thinning out, fibrillose, adnate, concolorous. Context dingy white, 0.2-1 mm thick, without a coloured zone beneath the abhymenial hairs, basal layer narrow, of mainly parallel hyphae, intermediate layer of hyphae ascending obliquely, loosely arranged and mixed with long cystidial pedicels; generative hyphae 4-6μ diameter, walls 0.5-1μ thick, hyaline, naked, branched, freely but irregularly septate, without clamp connexions. Hymenial layer to 60μ deep, a loose palisade of basidia, paraphyses and cystidia. Basidia subclavate, 20-24 × 5-6μ, 4-spored; sterigmata slender, erect, to 6μ long. Paraphyses subclavate or cylindrical, shorter and narrower than the basidia. Cystidia

borne on long slender pedicels arising from the intermediate and basal layers, extending to the hymenial layer where projecting to 35μ, and scattered through the context, narrowly fusiform with acute apices, tinted fuscous, 40-190 × 8-16μ, coated with hyaline or tinted crystals which may cover the modified body, or be confined to the apical region, occasionally coated in part with brown mucilaginous granules; pedicels of unusual length, to 600μ long, 5-7μ diameter, aseptate, walls 1-2μ thick, some lightly tinted in the upper regions Spores elliptical, 5-7 × 2.5-3μ, apiculate, walls smooth, hyaline, 0.2μ thick.

Type Locality: Swan River, Western Australia.

Distribution: North and South America, Africa, Western Europe, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand.

Habitat: Effused on dead bark and decorticated wood.

Agathis australis Salisb. Auckland. Waipoua Kauri Forest, April, 1947, J. M. Dingley. Upper Piha Valley, June, 1947, J. M. Dingley. Stony Creek, Henderson, April, 1948, J. M. Dingley. Cascade Kauri Park, Waitakeres, 900ft, September, 1948, P. M. Ambler.

Albizzia lophantha Benth. Auckland. Oratia, August, 1948, D. W. McKenzie.

Beilschmiedia tawa (A. Cunn.) Hook. f. & Benth. Wellington. Weraroa, September, 1919, G. H. C.

Carpodetus serratus Forst. Auckland. Moumoukai Valley, Hunua Range, October, 1946, J. M. Dingley.

Coprosma robusta Raoul. Auckland. Moumoukai Valley, Hunua Range, October, 1946, J. M. Dingley.

Coriaria arborea Linds. Auckland. Waiomo Valley, Thames, August, 1954, S. D. Baker.

Cytisus scoparius Link. Auckland. Waitetoko, Taupo, January, 1954, S. D. Baker.

Eucalyptus globulus Lab. Auckland. Campbell's Bay, January, 1951, Mrs. E. E. Chamberlain. Wellington. Waverley. 400ft, December, 1946, Mrs. E. E. Chamberlain.

Freycinetia banksii A. Cunn. Auckland. Kauaeranga Valley, Thames, August, 1954, S. D. Baker.

Hakea acicularis R. Br Auckland Swanson, Waitakeres, 600ft, November, 1945, J. M. Dingley.

Hedycarya arborea Forst. Auckland. Te Mochau. Coromandel Peninsula, January, 1947, J. M. Dingley.

Knightia excelsa R. Br. Auckland. Claudelands Reserve, Hamilton, November, 1946, G. H. C.

Anawhata Road, Waitakeres, 1,000ft, July, 1948, J. M. Dingley. Upper Piha Valley, 800ft, August, 1949, J. M. Dingley.

Leptospermum scoparium Forst. Auckland. Little Barrier Island, November, 1947, J. M. Dingley. Huia, 200ft, January, 1954, E. E. Chamberlain. Te Moehau, Coromandel Peninsula, October, 1954, J. M. Dingley.

Melicytus ramiflorus Forst. Auckland. Alfriston, September, 1947, J. M. Dingley.

Meryta sinclairii (Hook. f.) Seem. Auckland. Mt. Eden, 350ft, March, 1950, G. H. C.

Myoporum laetum Forst. Wellington. Carter's Bush, Carterton, 150ft, December, 1952, G. H. C.

Nothofagus cliffortioides (Hook. f.) Oerst Auckland. Waitetoko, Taupo. January, 1954, S. D. Baker, Wellington, Ohakune, 2,000ft, December. 1953, J. M. Dingley.

Nothofagus truncata (Col.) Ckn. Auckland. Little Barrier Island, 1,200ft, Novemeber. 1947. J. M. Dingley.

Nothopanax arboreum (Forst. f.) Seem. Auckland. Mt. Tongariro, 2,300ft, December. 1930, G. H. C. Cascade Kauri Park. Waitakeres, 600ft, September, 1948, J. M. Dingley. Anawhata Road, Waitakeres, 1,000ft, September, 1949, J. M. Dingley. Taranaki, Mt. Egmont, 3,500ft. February, 1952, G. H. C.

Oxylobium callistachys Bentn., Auckland. Campbell's Bay, 150ft, November, 1946, Mrs. E. E. Chamberlain.

Pinus radiata Don. Wellington. Weraroa, 50ft, August, 1919, G. H. C.

Pittosporum tenuifolium Banks & Sol. Auckland. Sprague's Hill, Henderson, September, 1946, M. Carter. Ruatewhenua, Waitakeres, 900ft, August, 1949. J. M. Dingley. Whitianga Road, Coromandel Peninsula, October, 1954, J. M. Dingley.

Prunus persica Sieb. & Zucc. Auckland. Mangere, June, 1950, K. P. Lamb.

Pyrus malus L. Auckland. Oratia, April, 1953, D. W. McKenzie.

Rhopalostylis sapida (Sol.) Wendl. & Drude. Auckland Stony Creek, Henderson, April, 1948, J. M. Dingley.

Salix fragilis L. Auckland. Waikareutu, 400ft, October, 1946, E. E. Chamberlain.

Suttonia salicina (Hew.) Hook. f. Auckland. Anawhata Road, Waitakeres, 1,000ft, August, 1948, J. M. Dingley.

Vitex lucens Kirk. Auckland. Cornwallis, January, 1953, J. D. Atkinson.

Weinmannia racemosa L.f. Auckland. Mamaku Forest, 1,800ft, December, 1953, G. H. C. Westland. Lake Mapouriki, 300ft, November, 1946, J. M. Dingley. Rimu, November, 1954, J. M. Dingley.

Weinmannia sylvicola Sol. Auckland. Waipoua Kauri Forest, September, 1949, J. M. Dingley.

The species varies appreciably in the degree of pileus formation, thickness of context, surface colour, size and abundance of cystidia, length of their pedicels, and coarseness of crystals Most collections are resupinate or exhibit broad resupinate fructifications with narrow reflexed margins; in some, pilei are freely developed and often imbricately arranged. The context may vary in thickness and in old specimens, as the type, may exhibit several vaguely defined zones of cystidia and context hyphae. Colour of mature specimens may be some shade of brown, umber predominating, or as frequently violaceous, heliotrope, or purple, Australian and New Zealand collections being rich in brightly coloured specimens. At first white, colour rapidly changes to some shade of brown, or violaceous shades may appear as soon as colour changes begin. Purplish specimens are liable to confusion only with Stereum purpureum (which also exhibits similar pileus features), but may be separated by the presence of cystidia and absence of vesicles.

Resupinate forms may be separated from species of Peniophora by the cystidia. These are narrowly fusiform, developed at the apices of unusually long pedicels which, being aseptate, simulate skeletal hyphae though the species is, in reality, monomitic. Cystidia are coloured some shade of brown, and occasionally the crystals also are tinted. Crystals may be abundant or scanty, coarse or fine, and may coat cystidia completely, be confined to their apical regions, or appear