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Volume 85, 1957-58
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Acknowledgments

I desire to acknowledge the material assistance rendered by Dr. Alex. W. Evans in determination of species, in supply of literature, and for specimens. Over 140 determinations, accompanied by notes on chemical reactions and lists of acids present have entailed much time and labour, for which I am indeed grateful. To Mr. T. Thomson I am also much indebted for permission to examine his father's lichen herbarium which contains duplicates of many plants determined by Sandstede, and also for permission to record the habitats of the Cladoniae present. Through the kindness and co-operation of Mr. C. M. Smith, the present Director, I have been privileged to examine the collections of New Zealand Cladoniae housed in the herbarium of the Botany Division of the D.S.I.R. Many of these had been determined by the late Dr. H. H. Allan, the former Director, who had an unrivalled knowledge of the lichen flora of this Dominion. For helpful criticism and for assistance in the preparation of the key I am much indebted to Dr. Jas. Murray, and for material assistance in securing the necessary literature my thanks are due both to Dr. Murray and to Mr. P. Havard-Williams, Librarian to the University of Otago.

Key to New Zealand Species of Cladonia
1. Podetia corticate or ecorticate, squamulose or esquamulose, often scyphiferous; commonly sorediose; inner cartilaginous layer seldom absent; walls imperforate or perforations few Sub-genus Eucladonia (2–61).
Podetia always corticate, esorediose, esquamulose, and ascyphous; inner wall without cartilaginous lining; podetial walls with numerous and striking perforations, except in some forms of Cladonia aggregata Sub-genus Clathrina (62–63).
2. Scyphi when present closed by a flat or concave membrane; axils never perforate or gaping; apothecia scarlet, pale, or brown Section Clausae (3–41).
Scyphi when present open, or partially closed by a perforate or annular membrane; axils gaping, perforate, or closed; apothecia never scarlet Section Perviae (42–61).
3. A. Lower surface of primary squamules cream, yellowish, or stramineous, sometimes white.
(a) Primary squamules medium to large, broad, persistent, bearing the spermagonia when present; podetia absent, or if present simple, short, occasionally scyphose. Apothecia pale Subsection Foliosae (4).
(b) Primary squamules small to medium; podetia longer; ± stramineous; apothecia pale Sub-section Ochroleucae (5).
B. Lower surface of primary squamules usually white, often tinged brown at base
(c) Apothecia always scarlet, or black by degeneration Sub-section Cocciferae (6–15).
(d) Apothecia light or dark brown, or blackish; podetia thick-walled, usually short; central canal narrow; usually ascyphous and fertile; rarely sorediose; usually grey or brown Sub-section Podostelides (16–22).
(e) Apothecia brown; podetia thin walled; central canal wide; short or long; simple or branched; with or without scyphi; frequently sterile; frequently sorediose Sub-section Thallostelides (23–41).
4. Primary squamules large, crowded, ± ascending, cream or white beneath; laciniae linear, often fringed with rhizines. K −, (KG) + yellow C. foliceae var. alcicornis.
5. Primary squamules 3–12 mm; podetia 6–40 mm, yellowish or straw-coloured; cortex basal or none; decorticate and farinose wholly, or above only; scyphose; scyphi regular or oblique, narrow or wide. K + f C. carneola.
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6. Primary squamules and podetia glaucescent or greenish grey; never yellowish and rarely scyphose Primary squamules and podetia tinged with yellow; usually scyphose Series Stramineo-flavidae (14–15).
7. Podetia K+,P+ 8.
Podetia K −, P − 10
8. Primary squamules elongate, glaucescent above; under surface with yellowish or brownish median bands margined with cream, large and intricately branched. Podetia 3–7 mm tall, corticate. Some times scyphose C. hyporxantha.
Primary squamules chalky white beneath, small, often darkening towards the base. Podetia ascyphous 9.
9. Podetia simple or sparingly branched at apex, 10–25 mm tall, slender; mainly decorticate; cartilaginous layer often exposed, whitish or brown, and translucent. Soredia, squamules, and coarser granules often present C. vulcanica.
Podetia generally rather robust, simple or sparsely branched, apices obtuse; often corticate at base and apex; soredia few or none; cartilaginous layer not exposed; esquamulose as a rule C. macilenta.
10. Podetia usually under 30 mm tall, white, simple, slender, densely powdery sorediose; mainly decorticate, squamules none or basal, apothecia single, large but rare C. bacillaris.
Podetia as in C. vulcantca; small patches of cortex often present, often decorticate and pellucid C. didyma.
Podetia 6–50 mm tall but rarely over 30 mm; mainly corticate or areolate-corticate in patches; surface rough, soredia none, or few and granular; squamules present or absent; simple or sparingly branched, apothecia numerous, small C. Floerkeana.
Podetia 10–35 mm, white, glaucous, or stramineous; simple or dichotomously branched; mainly decortirate, impellucid, and verrucose C. oceanica.
11. Scyphi regular, ± irregular, deformed, or absent; podetia commonly over 30 mm tall. K + (except C. deformis) 12
Scyphi regular; plants usually less than 30 mm tall, K − (except C. digitata) 15
12. Podetia usually strongly verrucose-isidiose near base. K +,P+ 13
Podetia not or not strongly verrucose near base 14
13. Podetia stout, mainly granulose-sorediose, sometimes squamulose, often branched near the apex. (KC) — C. subdigitata.
Podetia slender, squamose or squamulose but not sorediose; rarely branched; (KC) + C. metalepta.
14. Podetia scyphose, or escyphose and turgid; scyphi regular, deformed or absent; yellowish; esquamulose; farinose-sorediose wholly or upper part only. (KC) + lutescent C. deformis.
Podetia slender, 10–50 mm tall; white, glaucous, or ashy, granulose-sorediose; base often corticate or verrucose; scyphi narrow and often coronate or proliferous; K + yellow, (KC) + fuscous red, P + red C. flagelliformis
15. Podetia robust, large, scyphose, esorediose, verrucose, or areolate-verrucose above C. pleurota.
Podetia scyphose but smaller; corticate at base, sorediose above. K −, P − C. pleurota.
Podetia scyphose or ascyphous; corticate in lower part; farinose-sorediose above; scyphi simple or proliferate, narrow, margins ± incurved; K +, P + C. digitata
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16. Spermagonia when present mainly on primary thallus. Podetia usually short, terminated with apothecia wider than the podetia, and constricted at base Series Helopodium (17–21).
Spermagonia usually on the podetia; podetia usually taller; with or without apothecia; apothecia not conspicuously wider than the podetia Series Macropus (22).
(Note.—The only species of this series recorded from New Zealand is C. decorticata; which in any case seems inappropriately placed in Macropus. The record requires confirmation)
17. Podetia 12–15 mm tall, solid, branched above, central canal absent or basal only. Cortex ± verrucose C. solida.
Podetia arising from apex or margins of primary squamules; central canal present but narrow; often exposed 18.
18. Podetial walls ± channelled or fluted but rarely fissured; inner walls not exposed and not or sparingly lacerate 19
Podetial walls split, exposing inner wall, which is fibrose or lacerate. All podetial branches bear apothecia as a rule 20
19. Primary squamules 3–17 mm long. Podetia present or absent, 5–15 mm tall, not or sparingly branched, areolate-corticate, soredia and squamules rare. K + yellow then red, P — C. subcariosa.
Primary squamuies 1–4 mm. Podetia 3–10 mm, usually simple; cortex ± continuous or areolate, or scattered, often ± verrucose; sometimes sorediose K −, P + C. capitata.
20. Primary squamules medium to large, 5–20 mm; some podetia often sterile, usually squamulose; irregularly branched K +, P + (yellow) C. neozelandica.
Primary squamules 1–6 mm long; all podetial branches fertile; podetial squamules few or none 21.
21. Podetia simple or fastigiately branched, 3–12 mm tall, squamules few or none, corticate, cortex areolate verrucose; esorediose. K − or faintly + P + (red) C. enaptia.
Podetia usually branched, 5–30 mm tall, squamules basal or none, cortex ± continuous, areolate ± verrucose; cartilaginous layer often exposed, fissured and torn. K + (yellow) P + (pale yellow ± golden) C. cariosa.
22. Podetia ± granulose and squamose at base, squamulose above, often sorediose, decorticate areas chalky white; simple or branched; 9–40 mm tall; cartilaginous layer not much torn [C. decorticata.]
23. Cortex ± continuous or areolate. Podetia not sorediose, commonly scyphose
Cortex ± continuous, in patches, or basal only; areolate or verrucose; podetia always ± sorediose and largely decorticate 32.
24. Primary squamules 1–4 mm of variable shape, finely incised; podetia 4–50 mm tall, scyphose, tubaeform. or ascyphous; scyphi not wider than 3 mm: sterile apices blunt or subulate. K −, P + C. pityrea.
Primary squamules small, or medium to large; margins crenate, lobate, or digitately incised 25.
25. Scyphi 1–7 mm wide, regular and deep, or tubaeform, cavity always ± corticate' cortex smooth or verrucose; podetia often closely clustered; sometimes decorticate above and coarsely granular C. pyxidata.
Scyphi shallow and regular, or irregular, or absent 26
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26. Podetia ascyphous and slender, or scyphose and proliferous, corticate and esorediose; not blackening near base 27.
Scyphi cristate, irregular, or absent; cortex areolate, breaking up near the base into detached white flakes on dark, subtomentose under-layer 31.
27. Scyphose or ascyphose; scyphi large or small, regular. proliferating from cup-margins C. gracilis.
Scyphi shallow, proliferating from cup centres, or more rarely from margins or even podetial walls as well, ranks few on many, each rank scyphose 28.
28. K −, P + 29.
K +, P + 30.
29. Scyphi ± gradually expanded; margins subentire or dentate; apothecia usually sessile; cortex 20–30μ thick; ranks 3–7; primary squamules few, small and narrow C. verticillata.
Scyphi flaring more abruptly from slender base; margins thinner and more deeply incised; apothecia usually ± stipitate; cortex 10–20μ; ranks 3–7, primary squamules few and small C. calycantha.
Scyphi similar but short and more irregular, 5–15 mm tall, sometimes squamulose; ranks 1–3, primary squamules large, ascending, caespitose C. cervicornis.
30. Primary squamules small. Podetia repeatedly scyphose; ranks 3–7; K + (faint yellow) C Krempelhuberi.
Primary squamules large; ranks 1–2, rarely 3; K + (strong yellow) C subcervicornis.
(Note.—The last three species are sometimes listed as varieties of C. verticillata.)
31. Subcortical layer blackening near base and overlaid with white flecks of cortex.
(a) Primary squamules 3–12 mm long but usually rather small; cups usually irregular and often squamulose; proliferations central or marginal. Podetia 10–50 mm, K − or f, P + C. degenerans.
(b) Primary squamules large, crenate; basal areoles often bearing large squamules; podetia short; scyphi difform or cristate. K +, P + [C. lepidota.]
32. Scyphi regular and deep; verrucose or areolate near base. P + 33.
Scyphi small, irregular, obsolete, or absent. P + 35.
33. Podetia always scyphose, corticate or coarsely granular near base: ± decorticate and granular sorediose above; impellucid: cup cavitv granular or verrucose.
(a) K−, C −, P + C. chlorophaea.
(b) K −, C −, P − C. Grayi.
(c) K −. C +. P ±, (KC) + (purplish) C. cryptochlorophaea.
(d) K + (red), C + (red), P ±, (KC) + (purplish) C. cryptochlorophaea.
Podetia corticate to cup base, never verrucose; smooth and areolate; soredia farinose; primary squamules robust; K −, P + C. conista
Podetia mainly decorticate and densely farinose-sorediose; scyphi regular, slender, mouth narrow K − or f, P + 34.
34. Podetia short, scyphose, rather slender, under 20 mm tall, simple or proliferate; cartilaginous layer rarely well defined fimbriatic acid present C.fimbriata.
Podetia usually taller, slender, but firmer; scyphi regular, often corticate to half height; fimbriatic acid absent C. major.
35. Podetia mainly granular-sorediose; decorticate areas ± pellucid; scyphi rare; cups corticate within Car
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tilaginous layer well defined. Primary squamules small, slender, finely incised, evanescent. K − or + f. C. pityrea.
Soredia farinose; decorticate areas opaque or semipellucid 36
36. Lower part of podetia isidiose and sometimes squamulose also; 5–30 mm tall, scyphi present or absent, very narrow, shallow or deep; decorticate areas K + (pale yellow). Primary squamules broad, coarse, medium to large C. Borbonica.
Podetia white, simple, 5–10 mm tall, mainly ecorticate and farinose sorediate; apex blunt or almost scyphose; base with coarse granules or minute squamules but scarcely isidiose; primary squamules 1 mm or less. Apothecia rare but large or small C. cylindrica.
Lower part of podetia lacking isidia or large granules (except C. Balfouru) 37.
37. Podetia with continuous or areolate cortex almost to top, then sorediose; brown at base; 50–100 mm tall, cylindrical, subulate C. cornuta.
Podetia wholly or mainly decorticate 38
38. Podetia usually taller than 25 mm 39.
Podetia usually shorter than 25 mm 39
39. Scyphi rare, regular and repeatedly proliferous. Podetia more commonly simple or sparingly branched above, 30–65 mm tall, ascyphous; mainly decorticate and farinose-sorediose. P + C. cornutoradiata.
Scyphi narrow and shallow, abortive, or absent; podetia elongate, 25–90 mm tall; often areolate-corticate at base, granular-sorediose above, branched. P ± C. nemoxyna.
40. Podetia decorticate save at base, densely sorediose, isidiose, ascyphous, unbranched; translucent cartilaginous layer often exposed; 5–25 mm tall. C. Balfourii.
Podetia shortly corticate at base and apex, farinose-sorediate between, opaque 41
41. Corticate areas very short. Scyphi rare, small, narrow, or abortive; sorediose inside cups. Podetia usually simple, with truncate apices centrally depressed; 5–30 mm tall. Primary squamules rather large C. coniocraea.
Corticate areas longer, with patches of cortex in sore diose area between; scyphi when present corticate within cup; podetia 5–40 mm tall; usually branched; apothecia usually yellowish-brown C. ochrochlora.
42. Primary thallus squamulose, often persistent. Podetia white, green, glaucous, or brownish; not intricately branched; axils open or closed; scyphi when present never closed unless partially by an annular membrane Subsection Chasmarae (43–51)
Primary thallus squamulose, soon disappearing. Podetia yellowish, white, greenish or stramineous, usually corticate, scyphi and squamules rare; axils open or closed; plants much branched, dying at base Subsection Unciales (52–55).
Primary thallus crustaceous, evanescent. Podetia ecorticate, ascyphous and esquamulose, ± tomentose; densely and intricately branched, forming dense or open white, yellowish, or glaucous-green cushions Subsection Cladinae (56–61)
43. Primary squamules medium to large, broad. K +, P + Series Megaphyllae (44).
Primary squamules small, often narrow, evanescent Series Microphyllae (45–51).
44. Podetia 20–75 mm long, stout, branching, sometimes obsoletely scyphose; cortex ± areolate; esorediose; walls often perforate or fissured. P ±, C + C. turgida
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Podetia 10–15 mm long, rather slender, usually un-branched or cornute; scyphi present or absent; granulose-furfuraceous; C –. C. rigida.
45. Podetia smooth, cortex ± continuous; never sore diose 46.
Podetia sorediose, granulate, or ecorticate in patches 49.
46.K +, P + Podetia simple or shortly branched 47
K −, P ± Podetia rarely simple, branches long or short 48
47. Cortex continuous, smooth, branching by irregular dichotomies, axils open or closed; scyphi rare in New Zealand, opening gradually or abruptly. P + red C. carassensis.
Cortex of close or scattered areoles; podetia often turning blue-black near base; brownish or white above; often fissured; 15–40 mm tall; axils open. P + yellow C Aueri.
48. Axils, and scyphi when present, gaping and crispate-dentate, rarely squamulose; podetia 10–75 mm tall P C. crispata.
Axils open but neither gaping nor crispate; podetia 15–85 mm tall, usually squamulose; P + red C. furcata.
49. Podetia partly corticate, or decorticate and farinose-sorediose; often scyphose and proliferate, walls and apices often perforate; K −, P − [C. cenotea.]
Podetia esorediose, or granular sorediose 50
50. Podetia elongate, 25–80 mm, branches rather long and widespread; cortex ± continuous but broken; usually squamulose; often sorediose or minutely squamulose near apex. K −, P + G. scabriuscula.
Similar to G. scabriuscula but densely farinose-sorediate and without accompanying squamules. G. farinacea (Vain) Evans.
Podetia long or more often short, subcorticate, areolate or verrucose; squamulose; simple or irregularly branched; axils usually open 51
51. Podetia ecorticate or sparsely areolate-corticate, or cortex subcontmuous at base and squamulose; scyphi present or absent, often proliferate; primary squamules 1–7 mm long, often persisting, K −, P − G. squamosa.
Podetia similar but more granular or squamulose as a rule; cortex areolate or verrucose; K+, P + C. subsquamosa
52. Podetia simple or sparingly branched, usually crowded and erect; cortex subcontinuous; areoles greenish; axils closed, or open near the base C. capitellata.
Podetia much branched, but less complex than in the Cladinae, esquamulose; cortex smooth and glossy, (ecorticate in C. Boryi) 53.
53. Axils rarely perforate. Spermagonial jelly white 54.
Axils usually open; podetial walls often fissured;
spermagonial contents red 55
(Note.—The spermagonial jelly cannot be satisfactorily observed in either very young or in old spermagonia.)
54. Scyphi absent; branching dichotomous; cortex sub-continuous; axils closed; podetia yellowish stramineous, slender and smooth. P + (yellow) [G. medusina.]
Scyphi sometimes present, cristate. P — C. amaurocraea.
55. Podetia corticate, cortex ± continuous and areolate; neither scyphose nor squamulose; brittle when dry; axillary and internodal perforations conspicuous in older plants; KC− or f C. uncialis.
Podetia ecorticate; cartilaginous layer absent or reticulate; sometimes obsoletely scyphose; walls pitted or perforate; (KG) + C. Boryi.
56. Podetia robust; axis sympodial; branching polytom-ous; apical branchlets unilaterally deflexed Series Rangiferinae (57–58).
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Podetia less robust; axis sympodial near base only; branching polytomous, mainly trichotomous; branches subequal; ultimate branchlets straight or spreading, or deflexed in several directions Series Impexae. (59–60).
Podetia with branches dichotomous and subequal; ultimate branchlets straight and spreading Series Bicornutae. (61).
57. Ultimate branchlets deflexed in same direction 58
Ultimate branchlets divaricate or deflexed in several directions; P − 59
58. P + G. sylvatica.
P− G. mitis.
59. Sympodia obvious; axils open; ultimate branches forming a globose head; spermagonial contents red G. alpestris
Branch tips deflexed on all sides. Spermagonial jelly white 60
60. Branching ± sympodial near base, mainly trichotom-ous above; branches subequal, usually grey-green; old podetia ± pellucid C. impexa.
Sympodia more evident; branching polytomous; colour yellowish; axils open or closed C. leptoclada.
61. Branching mainly dichotomous; axils usually per forate, colour yellowish or whitish; K −, P + (yellow) [C. pycnoclada.]
(Note.—Santesson says C. pycnoclada is restricted to South America. The numerous records of f. flavida and f. exalbescens of this species from New Zealand require critical study in the light of recent research.)
62. Podetia coralloid, reticulate; white, grey, or rarely brown in New Zealand. C. retipora.
Podetia stramineous, brown, or nigricant
63. Perforations in podetial walls numerous, revealing black lining of interior walls; sterile apices obtuse C. Sullivanii.
Perforations many or few; interior walls never black; sterile apices subulate C. aggregata.
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