Series 1. Helopodium (Ach.) Vain.

Spermagonia on primary squamules, rarely on podetia. Podetia almost always fertile, never sorediose.

Cladonia capitata (Michx.)Spreng. K + f.(greenish yellow turning brown), P +.

Heath soils, grasslands, and decaying logs.

Atiamuri (K.W A.); Rotorua (K.W.A); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4610, 5023, 5032); Lake Kanieri (W.M. 4005).

var. abbreviata Vain. Mt. Cargill (W.M.6444).

Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. K +, C —, P + (red).

Heath soils and tussock grassland.

Mt. Cargill (J.S. T. 572; W.M. 3026); Flagstaff (W.M. 5350); New Zealand (J. D. Hooker 28: p. 297); Taieri Mouth(J.M. as W.M.6537); Hundalee (W. M.5611); Longwood Range (W.M. 4481a); Waitati (Hellbom).

f. minor Rabenh. New Zealand (Müll. Arg. 41, p. 24).

Cladonia subcariosa (Nyl.) Vain. K + (yellow then red),P + (yellow).

Allan (1) expresses the view that early records of C. cariosa and of C. subcariosa probably refer to C. neo-zelandica and C. enantia. The writer also finds difficulty in distinguishing C. cariosa and C. neo-zetandica, especially owing to the great variation in the shape and size of the primary squamules.

New Zealand (Vainio); Taupo(K.W.A. L.117 would appear to be this); Little Barrier Island (leg. J. N. Dingley, det W. M).

Cladonia enantia Nyl.K — (or f), C —, P +. Endemic.

Moist clay banks and soils, manuka heaths, in low bracken fern. Hellbom (31) says this hardly differs from C. cariosa.

Auckland (Knight); Waitakerei Hills (H. H. A); Greatford (H H.A.); Rangitikei (H.H.A.); Atiamuri (K.W.A.); Alexandra (leg. G. C. Martin); Saddle Hill (W.M 5102). (South Island records with reserve.)

Cladonia neozelandica Vain. K +, P +. Endemic.

In similar habitats to C. enantia. Not previously recorded from South Island. Scarcely differs from C. cariosa.