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Subsection Thallostelides Vainio.
Under surface of primary squamules white, sometimes tinged brown near the base, squamules usually small to medium. Podetia white, olive, brownish or glaucescent; commonly scyphose, often sterile and then subulate, cornute, or blunt with centrally depressed tips Apothecia brown.Spermagonia usually on the podetia or scyphi.
Cladonia Balfourii Cromb. K —, C —, P +.
Mainly on sandy or humous soils, or on soil overlying rock.
Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 825, 829); Greenhills (W.M. 4323); New Zealand (Knight).
f.chlorophaeoides (Vain.) Evans.New Zealand (Knight, Travers) (58, Vol 2, p. 337).
This is a scyphose form resembling a small C. chlorophaea.
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. K —, C —, P +.
On earth, logs, and dead tussock bases. Early records may sometimes refer to some of the species now segregated from C. fimbriata.
North Island (Colenso, Lindsay); South Island (Raoul); Lamb Hill (J.S.T. 293); Veterburn (J.S.T. 340), Black Head (J.S.T. 387); Mihiwaka (J.S.T. 672, 914, W.M 531, 541); Maungatua (J.S T. 1837); East Taieri (W.L.L.); Stewart Island (L.Cockayne); Whare Flat* (W.M 4407); Kuriwao (W.M. 5125); Roxburgh (W.M.4705), Nelson* (W.M.3041, 5026); Waihopai Valley* (W.M. 3009); Hundalee* (W. M.3052).
var.chondroidea Vain.North Island (Colenso);Waiheki Island (H.H.A.); Tiritea (H. H. A).
Probably synonymous with C. Balfourii f.chlorophaeoides (16, p. 304).
f. subprolifera Vain. Waikaremoana (J. Jablonszky).
f.chlorophaeoides Vain. Banks Peninsula (Raoul, Travers). Probably also a synonym of C. Balfourii f. chlorophaeoides.
f.radiata (Schreb.)Coem North Island (Colenso, Jolliffe).
f.subradiata Vain.Banks Peninsula (Raoul)
Cladonia major (Vain.) Zopf. K —, P +.
Grasslands, open ground, decaying logs.
Maussgatua (J. S. T.). Otakou Bush (J.S T. 612); Goat Island (J.S. T.1057); Mt.Pisgah (J.S. T.1487. 1492); Flagstaff (J.S T. 1720); Kakanui Mts.(J.S. T.1437); Leith Valley (J. S. T. 1746)
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Cladonia cornutoradiata (Coem.) Sandst. K —, P +.
On peaty, clay and heath soils; and on decaying logs. Very abundant.
New Zealand (Krempelhuber (32) p. 447); Jolliffe, Milne, Haast, Leighton.
Waitakerei Hills (H.H.A.); Taupo (K.W.A.); Fortrose (J.S.T. 1645); Otakou Bush (J.S.T 579); Tautuku (J.S.T. 1665); Maungatua (J.S.T. 1829); Cascade Creek (W. M.4417); Greenhills (W.M. 4329); Awarua (W.M. 4529).
f. albissima Sandst.Verterburn (J.S T. 336).
f. tortuosa Del. Boyd's Bush, North Taieri (J.S.T.).
f. subulata (L.)Sandst Much the commonest form in New Zealand.
Feilding (H.H.A.); Wellington Botanic Gardens* (W. M.2815); Verterburn (J S.T. 337); Awarua* (W.M. 4523); Greenhills* (W.M. 1757, 1768); Kaiteriteri (W.M. 3054); Kuriwao* (W.M. 2130); Maungatua (W.M 949); Mihiwaka* (W.M. 830); Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 4401); Saddle Hill (leg. Miss D. L. Martin; W.M. 5112).
f. furcellata Sandst. Te Aroha(62) Zahlbruckner; Kuriwao (W.M. 5345); Awarua (W.M. 4441); Trotter's Gorge (W.M. 4801).
f. capreolata (Flk.) Flot. Mt.Cargill (W.M. 4379)?
f.radiata (Schreb.) Coem. Greenhills (W.M. 4312, 4326).
f. repititoprolifera Sandst. Greenhills* (W.M.* 1751, 1760, 538); Awarua (W. M.4448).
Cladonia nemoxyna (Ach.) Nyl. K—, P ±, usually —.
Allan (1, p. 338) observes that previous records probably belong for the most part to C. subnemoxyna, but it would appear this species has never been adequately published.
New Zealand (Knight in Herb. Arn.); Wairau Valley* (W.M. 3046, 5039); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4548).
Cladonia subnemoxyna Sandst.K—, P +.
Recorded by Sandstede in Zahlbruckner (62) but without diagnosis. Taupo (K.W.A.).
Cladonia coniocraea (Flk.) Sandst. K — (or dingy brown), P +.
On earth, or more commonly on logs and in moss. Tiritea (G. Chamberlain).
f. stenoscypha (Stuckenb) Sandst. Boyd's Bush, N. Taieri (J.S.T. 469); Green Island Bush (J.S.T. 422); Saddle Hill (W.M. 5132).
f. ceratodes (Flk.) Dalla Torre et Sarnth. Boyd's Bush (J.S.T. 496); Otakou (J.S.T 614); Pirongia Mt. recorded Zahlbruckner (62); Onamalutu (W.M. 4039a); Ohakune (J.E. Attwood).
f. truncata (Flk.) Dalla Torre et Sarnth. Saddle Hill (W.M. 5122).
Cladonia ochrochlora Flk. K — or faintly +, C —, P +.
On old wood or on mossy rocks in shady places. Very similar to C. coniocraea but somewhat larger, with larger corticate areas at base and apex and inside the scyphus.
Greymouth (Helms in Nylander 46, p. 17.)
f. flexuosa (Flk.) Sandst. Palmerston North (62).
f. phyllostrota Flk. Palmerston North (Zahlbruckner 62); Tophouse (W.M. 4056?).Waikaremoana (J. Jablonszky).
Cladonia Borbonica (Del) Nyl. K + f, P +.
On earth, logs and rocks.
New Zealand (Travers in Paris Museum Herbarium); Knight in Krempelhuber (32 p. 447); Waitakerei Dam (H.H.A.); Anawhata (H.H.A.); National Park (H.H.A.); Otakou Bush (J.S.T. 500); Mt. Cargill (J.S.T. 573); Bluff (J.S.T. 834); Flagstaff (J.S.T. 1722); Mt. Cargill (W.M. 4427, 5030); Riverton Rocks.
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(W.M. 4703); Tophouse (W.M. 4029); Greenhills (W.M. 5029); Westport (W.M. 2161a).
Cladonia cylindrica (Evans) Evans. K —, P +.
(Synonym = C. Borbonica f. cylindrica Evans; see Evans (11)).
Ohakune (T.W.A.) on rotten logs; Otakou Bush (J.S.T. 588); Sandy Point (W.M. 6535).
Cladonia pityrea (Flk.) Vainio. K—, C —, P +.
A polymorphous species of earth, rocks, decaying wood, peat, and moss.
Stuart Mts. (W. Thomson); Flagstaff (J.S.T. 1115, 1387); Mt. Cargill (W.M. 4428); Otago (Hector); Greymouth (Helms); New Zealand (Müller J.).
f. phyllophora (Mudd.) Vain. Lee Stream (J.S.T. 220).
f. scyphifera (Del.) Vain. Fortrose (J.S.T. 1647).
f. sorediosa Vain. Feilding (H.H.A.).
f. cladomorpha Flk. Greenhills (W.M. 4338).
f. subacuta Vain. Green Island Bush (J.S.T. 434); Mihiwaka (J.S.T. 652); Riverton (J.S.T. 775); Catlins (W.M. 835).
f. subareolata Vain. Waiheki Island (H.H.A.); Taupo (K.W.A.); Mihiwaka (J.S.T. 641); Goat Island (J.S T. 1059).
Cladonia cornuta (L.) Schaer. Younger parts K + f; KC +; P +.
On earth, tussock grassland, bogs in upland areas.
New Zealand (Travers) in Herb. Paris Museum; Mercury Bay (Jolliffe); Mt. Pisgah (J.S.T 1482); Mt. Cargill (J.S.T. 574); Flagstaff (J.S.T. 1386). Manapouri (W.M. 4484).
f. phyllotoca (Flk.) Vain. Te Aroha, 2,500ft (62).
f. cylindrica Schaer. Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 826); Manapouri* (W.M. 4484); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4510,* 4551).
f. scyphosa Schaer. Kuriwao* (W.M. 2173).
Cladonia chlorophaea (Flk.) Spreng. K —, P +.
Similar to C. pyxidata but sorediose. The following three species are segregates based on the presence in each of differing “lichen substances”.
Greymouth (Helms, in 46, p. 17); New Zealand (Travers); Abbot's Hill (J S. T. 920); Bluff (W. M.4076).
f. simplex (Hoffm.) Arn Maungatua* (W.M. 924, 948), Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 828).
Bluff* (W.M. 4076).
f. prolifera (Wall.) Arn. Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 828a); Awarua* (W.M. 4532); Maungatua* (W.M. 950).
f. costata (Flk.) Arn. Flagstaff (J.S.T. 1701); Greymouth (W. McKay).
f. carpophora (Flk.) Anders. Takaka Hill* (W.M. 1207).
Claaonia cryptochlorophaea Asahina. K —, P +.
On earth, logs, or rocks.
Arthur's Pass* (W. M.524).
Cladonia Grayi Merrill. K—, P— (rarely + f.)
On earth, logs and rocks. Contains grayanic acid.
Flagstaff (J. S. T. 1724); Verterburn (J. S. T. 345, 346); Pohangina R. (H.H A).
f. squamulosa Sandst. Near Lake Taupo (K.W.A.).
Cladonia merochlorophaea Asahina. K—, KC +, P +.
Only distinguished from C. chlorophaea by presence of merochlorophaeic acid.
Greenhills* (W.M. 1751. 1764); Dillon's Hill* (W.M. 3011); Mt. Cargill* (W. M.827); Lake Kanieri* (W.M. 4006).
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Cladonia conista (Ach.) Robbins f. simplex Robbins. K —, P +, H +.
This is another segregate from C. chorophaea distinguished by the presence of “substance H” of undetermined constitution; but is also morphologically distinct. Mt. Cargill* (W.M. 4414); New Zealand (Nylander in Lichenes Exotici 1892, p. 17).
Cladonia degenerans (Flk.) Spreng. K — (almost), P +.
On earth, rock and tree bases.
New Zealand (Colenso, Krempelhuber (29) p. 447, Nylander (36) p. 18); Saddle Hill (W.L.L.).
f. euphorea (Ach.) Flk. East Taieri (W.L.L. (31) p. 533).
f. aplotea Ach. East Taieri (W.L.L. (31) p. 533).
f. phyllophora (Ehrh.) Flot. Lee Stream (J.S.T. 219).
f. erratica Lindsay Saddle Hill on limestone (W.L.L.).
Cladonia lepidota Nyl. K +, C—, KC +, P +.
On barren soil in shade of tall manuka heath. Dunedin (W. Nylander). East Taieri and Saddle Hill (W.L.L.) as a form of C. degenerans.
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. K—, C —, P +.
On open ground, on banks, and on thin soils overlying rock.
Whare Flat (J.S.T. 136); Hindon (J.S.T. 248); Saddle Hill (W.L.L.); Dunedin (Travers); North Island (Colenso); South Island (Lyall).
f. neglecta (Flk.) Mass. Dunedin (Nylander 46, p. 17); New Zealand (Travers in Paris Museum).
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd. K ± (yellow turning brown), P +.
On earth in grass or moss, in manuka heath, on rotting logs, peat, and tussock bases.
New Zealand (Colenso, Knight); South Island (D'Urville).
var. dilitata (Hoffm.) Vainio. New Zealand (Knight); Arthurs Pass* (W.M. 8); Awarua (J.S.T.).
f. dilacerata (Flk.) Vainio. *Cascade Creek (W.M. 4522).
var. chordalis (Flk.) Schaer. New Zealand (Travers); Palmerston North (H.H.A.); Riverton (J.S.T. 782); Kaiteriteri (W.M. *3020, *3021, 4161); Wairau Valley (W.M. 4134, 4160); Tophouse (4055); Lake Manapouri (W.M. 4504); Cascade Creek (W.M. *4384, 4434, 4484); Taupo (K.W.A.; L. 210 det. W.M.).
var. Campbelliana Vainio. (?) Peel Forest (H.H.A.). Determined as C. pityrea by Du Rietz.; Campbell Island (H. Sandstede); New Zealand (H.S. 52, p. 64).
var. gracillima Norrl. Taupo, Rangitoto, Ruakura, and Stewart Island (Zahlbruckner (48); Chelsea (H.A.A.); Mt. Matthews (A. D. Beddie); Atiamuri (K.W.A.)*; Lake Manapouri (W. M. 4483); Taieri Mouth (W.M. 2570a)*; Greenhills (W.M. 1750); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4303, 4704).
var. elongata (Jacq.) Flk. Mt. Pisgah (J.S.T.); Kuriwao (W.M. 2168); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4510).
[f. ecmocyna (Nyl.) Vain.] (K +). New Zealand (Colenso); record requires confirmation.
[Cladonia subchordalis Evans]. K—, P —.
See Notes by Evans (18, pp. 133–135). Atiamuri (K.W.A.)?
Cladonia calycantha Del. K—, C —, P +.
Manuka heaths and clay soils. Scarcely distinguishable from C. verticillata.
Palmerston North (H.H.A.): Ohakune (J. E. Attwood); Goat Island (J.S.T. 1060): Wairoa (G. O. K. Sainsbury); Ruakura (H.H.A.); Saddle Hill (W. M.5104).
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f. foliolosa Vain. Tokomairiro Mouth (J.S.T. 2297); Saddle Hill (W.M. 5105, 5113); Manapouri* (W.M. 4990).
Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. K—, C—, P +.
A common species on all types of substratum.
North Island (J.D.H); Moehau (L. Cranwell); Flagstaff (J.S.T. 2049); Mt. Cargill (J.S T. 576. W.M. 4412); Glenledi (J.S.T. 452); Whare Flat (J.S.T. 499); Greenhills* (W.M. 1752); Horse Range (W.M. 4812); Saddle Hill (D. L. Martin); Cascade Creek (W. M. 5340). Ohakune (J. E. Attwood); Ruakura (H.H.A.).
var. evoluta Th. Fr. Kuriwao* (W.M. 2143, 2151, 2830); Mt. Cargill (W.M. 4377); Greenhills (W.M. 4344); Cascade Creek (W.M. 5342); Flagstaff (W.M. 4135).
f. apoticta (Ach.) Vain. Cascade Creek (W. M.4714). Mt Cargill (W.M. 4438); Dillon's Hill (W.M. 4367).
f. phyllophora Flk. Mt. Cargill (J. S. T. 576, W.M. 4350, 4446); Greenhills (W. M.4313, 4335); Cascade Creek (W.M. 4549a); Ruapehu (J. Jablonszky).
Cladonia cervicornis Schaer. K—, P +
New Zealand (J.D.H., W. L.L.), Porters Pass (Hellbom); Awarua (W.M. 4459, 4460); Kaiteriteri (W. M. 3048); Leith Saddle (W.M. 4396); Rai Valley (W.M. 5344); Cascade Creek (W.M 4719).
Cladonia subcervicornis Vain. K +, P +.
Kaikorai Hill (J.S.T. 897); Longwood Range (W.M. 4465); Kuriwao (W.M. 4120); Tophouse (W.M 7410); Lake Wanaka (W. M. 6551).
Cladonia Krempelhuberi Vain. K +, P +.
Manuka heath soils. Occurs elsewhere in Japan and in California.
Anawhata (H.H.A); New Zealand (Knight) in Herb. Arn.; Krempelhuber (32). Taupo in scrubland (K.W.A.). (See Sandstede 52, p. 70).
[Cladonia subgracilis Sandst]. No Latin diagnosis, but recorded by Sandstede as a spec. nov. from New Zealand. The type has since been destroyed (18).