Studies on Australian and New Zealand Diatoms
II.—Normally Epontic and Benthic Genera

By L. H. Crosby and E. J. Ferguson Wood

If this method did not clear the frustules, the sedimented diatoms were placed in an evaporating dish with 10 volumes of concentrated sulphuric acid, heated for one to two hours in a fume chamber, and, while the mix was still hot, small crystals of sodium nitrate were added until the black mass became colourless or pale yellow. The cooled sample was poured into an excess of distilled water and washed free from acid as above. The sample was then mounted on cover glasses, which were dried by heat and mounted with an appropriate medium (hyrax, styrax, and Canada balsam have been used).

Strewn mounts were usually made, as single specimens are too difficult to find for rapid microscopy.

Photographs were taken of diatoms which gave sufficient contrast, a Zeiss photomicrographic apparatus being used. The film was Ilford “Micro-neg” or Kodak “Microfile”, the paper Kodak Grade 5.

The Diatom Species
Sub-Order Araphidineae
Family Fragilariaceae
Genus Fragilaria Lyngbye 1819

Cells rectangular in girdle view, elliptical in valve view, in band-like chains. Valves flat, without raphe or septa, bilaterally symmetrical, with a row of puncta running perpendicular to apical axis and a narrow, clear field along apical axis of valve.

Key to the Species of Fragilaria

Valves elliptic lanceolate	F. oceanica
Valves constricted	F. constricta
Valves narrow, lanceolate	F. striatula

136 Fragilaria oceanica Cl. (Pl. 2, Fig. 1.)

Cleve 1873b, 22, 4, 25.

Gran 1905, 114, 54.

Cells rectangular in girdle view, forming a double cube, and arranged in band-like, spiral chains, elliptic-lanceolate in valve view; frustules striate only at margin, otherwise smooth, chromatophores 2, on either side of cell nucleus. Breadth 10–35μ.

Distribution. Australia: C. Moreton to Eden; New Zealand waters and sub-Antarctic.

137 Fragilaria constricta Ehr. (Pl. 2, Fig. 2.)

Ehr 1843b, 127, 1, 1, 21; 3, 6, 10.

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 50, 362.

Cells in ribbon-like or zig-zag chains, frustule in valve view constricted in the middle, drawn out or rostrate ends; pseudoraphe narrow; striae fine, parallel, slightly radial towards poles Length 30–50μ.

Distribution Fresh waters, Lake Dobson, Tasmania. Recorded from Australia by Ralfs (1861).

138. Fragilaria striatula Lyngbye (Pl. 1, Fig. 1.)

Lyngb. 1819, 183, 63.

Hend. 1937, 331.

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 367 a-c.

Cells in chains, seldom solitary; valves narrowly lanceolate, apices somewhat attenuate; narrow, median pseudoraphe; valve surface delicately striate, striae parallel to transverse axis; girdle zone plicate. Dimensions 30 × 5μ.

Distribution. Common in New Zealand waters and in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters south of New Zealand.

Also recorded are:

• F. capucina Desm. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 776). Australia.

• F. diophthalma Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand. = F. capucina Desm.

• F. pinnata Ehr.? (Opephora pinnata (Jan. & Rab.) Petit) (Petit, 1877, Lvall Bay).

Genus Fragilariopsis Hust.

Hust. in A.S. 1913.

Hend. 1937.

This genus differs from Fragilaria by having no median hyaline area or pseudoraphe, and the markings are interrupted, consisting of transverse lines of puncta alternating with hyaline ridges.

139. Fragilariopsis antarctica (Castr.) Hust. (Pl. 2, Fig. 3a, b.)

Hust. in A.S. 1913, 299, 9–14.

Fragilaria antarctica, Castr. 1886, 56, 25, 12.

Cells usually in chains, sometimes single; chains straight and ribbon-like; valves flat or slightly convex, elliptic-lanceolate, apices rounded; valve margin strong, connected by stout transverse ribs, separated by two parallel rows of puncta; girdle zone narrow, simple. 6–15 × 20–80μ.

Distribution. Antarctic, extending into sub-Antarctic water south of New Zealand.

Genus Thalassiothrix Cl. and Grun. 1880

Cells rod-shaped, straight or slightly curved, single or united into stellate or zig-zag colonies by mucilage pads; valves linear, without raphe, poles similar or slightly dissimilar; chromatophores small, numerous.

Key to the Species of Thalassiothrix

1.	Cells in zig-zag colonies	T. nitzschiodes.
	Cells in stellate colonies	T. nitzschioides.
	Cells not in colonies
2	Cells sigmoid.	T. antarctica.
	Cells not sigmoid	T. longissima.

140. Thalassiothrix nitzschioides Grun. (Pl. 1 Fig. 2..)

Grun. in van H. 1880–1885, 43, 7.

Gran and Angst 1931, 496, 83.

Synedra nitzschioides Grun. 1862, 403, 5, 18.

T. curvata Castr. 1886, 55, 14, 6.

T. frauenfeldu Cl. 1894, 6.

Cells straight or slightly curved, forming irregularly star-shaped or zig-zag colonies; valves linear or slightly lanceolate, poles similar. Length, 10–80μ.

Distribution. Australia: Cape York to Eden; Gordon; Swan River, Rottnest, Timor Sea. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf.

141. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grun. (Pl. 1, Fig. 3.)

Grun. in Cl & Grun. 1880, 109.

Cupp 1943, 184, 135.

Cells in stellate colonies, united near one pole of adjacent cells; valves narrow, linear, tapering slightly towards one end. Differs from T. nitzschioides in having dissimilar ends, and in the more stellate chains. Length, 60–80μ.

We agree with Cleve-Euler (1953a) pp. 74–75 that these differences do not warrant the transfer of T. nitzschioides to another genus (Thalassionema of Hustedt).

Distribution. Australia: North and east Australia, in plankton. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf.

142. Thalassiothrix longissima Cl. and Grun. (Pl. 1, Fig. 4.)

Cl. and Grun. 1880, 108.

Gran. and Angst 1931, 496, 82.

Synedra thalassiothrix Cl. 1873b, 22, 4, 24.

Cells thread-like, solitary; valves very long (3–4 mm), slightly curved, poles dissimilar; chromatophores very small, numerous.

Distribution. Australia: Darwin to Eden. New Zealand waters from 30° S. to 65° S. in Antarctic. Dominant at times south of New Zealand.

143. Thalassiothrix antarctica Karsten (Pl. 1, Fig. 5.)

Karst. 1906, 173, 30.

Hend. 1937, 335.

Cells very long and thin, often sigmoid; valves with parallel sides and rounded apices; striations on valve margins very fine; chromatophores numerous. Length, 1–3 mm.

Distribution. Together with T. longissima and Synedra pelagica in Antarctic waters south of New Zealand.

Genus Asterionella Hassal 1850 ex W. Sm. 1886

Cells drumstick- or hammer-shaped, forming stellate or spiral colonies connected by larger ends of cells.

144. Asterionella japonica Cl. (Pl. 1, Fig. 6.)

Cl. in Cl. and Muller 1882, 307.

Gran and Angst 1931, 497, 84.

A. glacialis Castr. 1886, 50, 14, 1.

A. spatulifera Cl. 1897b, 101.

Cells spatulate, inner part three-cornered in girdle view, outer part hair-like; valves with mucilage pad at broad end; poles very dissimilar; chromatophores large, 2 per cell. Length, 50–80μ.

Distribution. Australia: Sandy Cape to Maria Island. Dominant at times, especially in estuaries.

145. Asterionella kariana Grun. (Pl. 1, Fig. 7.)

Grun. in Cl. and Gr. 1880.

Gran and Angst 1931, 497, 85.

Cells in wide spiral chains, in girdle view broad to base, constricted, then swollen, tapering to end; chromatophores several; Length, 60μ.

Distribution. New Zealand Milford: Sound.

Genus Plagiogramma Grev. 1859

Frustules quadrangular, free or in chains; valves costate, costae central, sometimes also terminal or absent; striae transverse; central space and ends usually hyaline.

Key to the Species of Plagiogramma

1	Pseudoraphe deep	P. vanheurckii.
	Pseudoraphe not deep
2.	Costae present	P. staurophorum.
	Costae absent	P. decussatum.

146. Plagiogramma vanheurckii Grun. (Pl. 2. Fig. 4.)

Grun. in Cl. and Grun. 1880, 119, 145.

Boden 1950, 405, 85.

Cells rectangular in girdle view but constricted near valve margins, lanceolate in valve view; single deep pseudoseptum at valve centre. Striae longitudinal and transapical. Size, 40 × 5μ.

Distribution. Cultured from phytoplankton tow off Port Hacking. Summer.

147. Plagiogramma staurophorum (Greg.) Heiberg (Pl. 2, Fig. 5.)

Heib. 1863, 55.

Boyer 1927(a), 178.

Denticella staurophora Greg. 1857, 21, 496.

P. gregorianum Grev. 1859, 7, 208.

Frustules quadrangular, free or in twos and threes; valves lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, hyaline median space extending to margin, bounded by two costate lines slightly concave towards apices of valve; pseudoraphe narrow, indistinct; striae in transverse or slightly radiate lines of puncta; ends of valves hyaline. Length, 40μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking, Heron Island.

148. Plagiogramma decussatum Greville (Pl. 2, Fig. 6.)

Grev. 1866, 14, 1.

Boyer 1927, 181.

Valves oblong-elliptic; pseudoraphe not eviden; terminal costae absent, striae somewhat radiate.

Distribution. Port Hacking, Heron Island.

The following species of Plagiogramma have been recorded by previous authors:—

• P. atomus Grev., 1863c (Grev., 1863, 36, 1, 9). Woodlark Island (type loc.).

• P. constricticum Grev. 1863c var.? nancoorense Grun. (Gr. & St., 1887, 73). Oamaru. (Type loc., New Caledonia.)

• P. costatum Grev. 1863c. (Grev., 1863c, 35, 1, 5–6.) New Caledonia.

• P. neogradense Pant., 1886. (Gr. & St., 1887, 73.) Oamaru.

• P. pulchellum Grev., 1859. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• P. pygmaeum Grev., 1859. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• P. robertsianum Grev., 1863 (A. S., 1893, 209, 33.) Port Stephens (type loc.), Thursday Island.

• P. rutilarioides Cl., 1881 (Cl., 1881, 18.). Australia.

• P. spectabile Grev., 1863c (Grev., 1863c, 35, 1, 7.) New Caledonia.

• P. tenuistriatum Cl., 1881? (A.S., 1893, 209, 33). Thursday Island.

• P. tesselatum Grev., 1859. (Gr. & St., 1887, 73.) Oamaru.

• P validum Grev., 1859. (Petit, 1877.) Campbell Island.

Genus Synedra Ehr., 1830

Cells stipitate, single or adnate in small clusters, becoming free, or rarely not stipitate, in bundles; frustules elongate in valve view, linear or linear lanceolate; longitudinal median line well defined, pseudoraphe distinct; raphe absent; surface striate, punctate; plastids vary; pyrenoids may be present.

Key to the Species of Synedra

1.	Frustules very long and narrow, one end spatulate	S. pelagica..
	Frustules less than 800μ
2.	Frustules undulate	S. undulata.
	Frustules not undulate
3.	Frustules more or less sigmoid in valve view	S. closteroides.
	Frustules curved	S. gaillonii.
	Frustules linear
	Frustules broadly linear	S. superba.
4.	Frustules with swollen, rounded apices	S. splendens.
	Apices rounded but not swollen	S. frauenfeldii.
	Apices cuneate
5.	Central area slightly inflated	S. fulgens.
	Central area linear	S. ulna.

149. Synedra pelagica Hendey, 1937 (Pl. 2, Fig. 7.)

Hend, 1937, 335.

S. spathulata Schimper in Karst 1905, 124, 17, 11.

non S. spathulata O'Meara 1875, 310, 28, 34.

Cells very long and narrow, often matted together in dense masses. Valves slightly inflated at centre and ends but not abruptly so; valve surface faintly striate, particularly at ends; chromatophores numerous Length, 800–1,500 × 5–9μ.

Distribution. Antarctic. South of New Zealand. Also recorded by Karsten, Hart and Hendey from Antarctic waters.

150. Synedra frauenfeldii Grun. (Pl. 2, Fig. 8.)

Grun 1863, vii, 26.

Cells stipitate; frustule in valve view linear-oblong with rounded extremities, in girdle view, with slightly raised centre and broadly rounded ends; surface transversely striate, with a clear axial area. Length, 100 to 500μ. This could be a variety of S. ulna, which shows great variation.

Distribution. Estuarine, occasionally marine. Epontic on Zostera, algae, and marine fouling test plates; not common in plankton hauls; Australia. Moreton Bay to Port Phillip.

Island, Conjola, Port Hacking, Botany Bay. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf, Lyall Bay (Petit 1877).

157. Synedra superba Kütz. (Pl. 2, Fig. 15.)

Kütz. 1844, 69.

Cl. & Grun. 1880, 108.

Boyer 1927(a), 209.

Valves broadly linear, slightly contracted towards the rounded ends; striae marked, transverse, punctate, traversed by three longitudinal lines. Length, 300μ.

Distribution. Australia: Lake Conjola. New Zealand: Lyall Bay (Petit 1877).

The following species of Synedra have been recorded by previous authors:—

• S. acuta Ehr., 1839. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 788.) Australia = S. ulna.

• S. crystallina (Agh.) Kütz., 1844. (Hardy, 1910.) Kew, Victoria.

• S. dissipata Kütz., 1844. (is Nitzschia dissipata (Kütz.) Grun. in Cl. & Grun., 1880). (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861). Australia.

• S. pulchella (Ralfs) Kütz., 1944. (Hardy, 1910.) Kew, Victoria.

• S. salina W. Sm., 1853. (Petit, 1877, 31.) Lyall Bay. = S. ulna.

Genus Grammatophora Ehr., 1839

Cells adnate or in zig-zag chains, usually free; frustules quadrangular, with rounded corners, divided by two nearly straight or sinuate, perforate septa; valves with straight, convex, or sinuous sides Pseudoraphe present; surface with transverse, punctate striae; chromatophores granular or in bands; pyrenoids may be present.

Key to the Species of Grammatophora

1.	Septa straight
	Septa undulate	G. serpentina
2.	Septa with knobbed ends
	Ends of septa not knobbed	G. marina.
3.	Septa h-shaped at margin	G. oceanica.
	Septa slightly sigmoid at margin.	G. macilenta.

158. Grammatophora marina (Lyngb) Kütz (Pl. 2, Fig. 16.)

Kütz. 1844, 17, 24.

W. Sm. 1856, ii, 42, 42, 314.

Boyer 1927 (a), 156.

Diatoma marinum Lyngb. 1819, 180, 62.

Cells forming a zig-zag chain or solitary; frustules in girdle view quadrangular, with rounded ends; in valve view, linear or linear elliptic; internal septa straight, with a semicircular curve near ends; valve surface striate. Length, 50–70μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic; marine; free or epontic on algae, sea-grasses, rocks, fouling test plates, etc., planktonic. Australia: Moreton Bay, Port Stevens, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie, Eden; Port Phillip, as epontic form; planktonic in Port Hacking. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour; Campbell Island; Lyall Bay and Foveaux Strait (Petit, 1877).

159. Grammatophora serpentina Ehr (Pl; 2,.Fig. 17.)

Ehr. 1844, 203.

Kutz. 1844, 129, 29, 82.

W Sm. 1856, 42, 43, 315.

Hend 1951, 38

G. pusilla Grev., 1863c, 181, 4, 15.

Cells united to form zig-zag chains, or solitary; frustule in girdle view quadrangular, in valve view linear-elliptic; septa robust, strongly undulate, hooked at ends, valve surface faintly striate. Length, 20–50μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; marine; epontic on algae. Australia: Port Phillip, Eden; Curtis Island by Grev., 1863c as G. pusilla. New Zealand: Campbell Island and Lyall Bay (Petit 1877).

160. Grammatophora oceanica Ehr. var. subtilissima (Pl. 2, Fig. 18.)

de Toni, 1894, 755.

Grammatophora subtilissima Bail. in Bail. 1854, 15.

G. subtilissima Bail. in Pritch. 1861.

Hend. 1951, 38, 12, 8–10.

Cells in zig-zag chains; frustules in girdle view linear-oblong; septa in girdle view appear h-shaped near margin, later straight, with knobbed ends; valve striae, very difficult to see. Length, 50–80μ.

Distribution. Estuarine neritic; marine. Usually planktonic. Australia: Port Hacking, Port Jackson, Sussex Inlet. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour: Oamaru (Gr. and St., 1886).

161. Grammatophora macilenta W. Sm. (Pl. 2, Fig. 19.)

W. Sm. 1856, 43, 41, 382.

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 12, 307.

Cells solitary or in zig-zag chains; rectangular in girdle view, lanceolate in valve view with slightly swollen central portion; septa straight, slightly sigmoid near margin, knobbed. Width, 35–40μ.

Distribution. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour.

The following species of Grammatophora have previously been recorded from this region:—

• G. angulosa Ehr., 1839. (Petit, 1877, 33.) Lyall Bay.

• G. arcuata Ehr., 1854 (Petit, 1877, 34.) Lyall Bay.

• G. arnottii Grun in v H., 1885. (Boyer, 1927.) New Zealand (type loc.).

• G. gibberula Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877, 33.) Lyall Bay.

• G. longissima Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877, 34) Lyall Bay.

• G. undulosa Ehr., 1839. (Petit, 1877, 34.) Lyall Bay.

Genus Rhabdonema Kütz., 1844

Cells in ribbon-like chains, shortly stipitate. Frustules quadrangular, composed of numerous septate compartments, in valve view elliptical or linear-lanceolate; septa with one or more foramina; pseudoraphe present; costae transverse in valve and girdle views; puncta usually present.

162. Rhabdonema adriaticum Kütz. (Pl. 1, Fig. 20a, b, c.)

Kütz. 1844, 126, 18, 7.

Boyer 1927(a), 150.

Hend. 1937, 339; 1951, 39.

Cells in ribbon-like chains, shortly stipitate; frustules oblong to square, abruptly rounded: multiseptate, septa with three foramina in valve view; surface in valve view with marked transverse striae and hyaline areas at each end; in girdle view, costate, costae united by cross ribs. Length, 40–60μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, epontic, occurred on ship fouling test plates. Australia: Moreton Bay, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Corner Inlet, Port Phillip. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour, Campbell Island and Lyall Bay (Petit 1877).

The following additional species of Rhabdonema are recorded:—

• R. arcuatum (Lyngb.) Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877, 34.) Campbell Island.

• R. crozieri (Ehr.?) Fricke in A. S., 1900, 220 (= R. ehrenbergi Fr.?) (Petit, 1877, 35). Lyall Bay. = R. arcuatum.

• R. hamuliferum Kitt. in Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877, 35.) Lyall Bay on coralline algae.

• R. minutum Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877, 34.) Campbell Island.

Genus Diatomella Grev. 1855

Frustules quadrangular, divided longitudinally by two septa each with a central and two terminal lacunae; valves oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate, slightly swollen in middle, ends rounded; differs from Grammatophora in having straight septa, and from Tabellaria in having perforate septa.

163. Diatomella balfouriana Grev. (Pl. 2. Fig. 21.)

Grev. 1855, 259.

Boyer 1927(a), 153.

Valve finely striate, punctate. Length, 40μ.

Distribution. Auckland Harbour: Disiphonia australis v. seelandica Ehr., 1869, recorded from New Zealand, is probably Diatomella balfouriana, though Ehrenberg's diagram is not clear.

Genus Terpsinoe Ehr., 1843

Cells free or in chains; frustules elliptical or quadrangular, constricted or crenate; septate, septa prominent in girdle view, either straight or curved at ends.

164. Terpsinoe musica Ehr. (Pl. 2, Fig. 22.)

Ehr. 1843,3, 4, 1, 7, 30.

Kütz. 1844, 128, 30, 72, 29, 94.

Boyer 1927(a), 144.

Rhabdonema musica (Ehr.) A. S. 1875.

Cells in ribbon-like chains, stipitate; frustules oblong in girdle view, with four septa resembling notes of music; in valve view with crenate margin and globose ends. Length, 60μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; brackish to marine; collected from a fouling test plate from Dunwich, Moreton Bay.

Terpsinoe americana (Bail.) Ralfs in Pritch., 1861. (Gr. & St., 1887, 77; A. S., 1893, 9, 10). Oamaru.

Genus Licmophora Ag., 1827 em. Roper, 1863

Cells flabellate, in clusters of two or more, on short or long stipes; frustules in girdle view cuneate, with apical corners slightly rounded, intercalary bands present; septa are more or less superficial and appear as lines penetrating from broad end of cell; valve view cuneate-lanceolate, pseudoraphe present; plastids granular or as plates.

Key to the Genus Licmophora

1.	Valves with linear basal portion	L. gracilis.
	Basal portion of valve not linear
2.	Septa difficult to see	L. grandis v. divisa.
	Septa obvious as lines in girdle view
3.	Valves short, with broad, rounded base	L. abbreviata.
	Valves narrow, lanceolate-cuneate, slightly inflated at base	L. flabellata.

165. Licmophora flabellata (Carmichael) Ag. (Pl. 2, Fig. 23a, b.)

Ag. 1830–1832, 41.

Boyer 1927(a), 165.

Hendey, 1951, 39, 16, 1, 2, 12.

Echinella flabellata Carm, 1826 Mss. ex Roper, 1863.

Cells stipitate, arranged in flabellate manner from stipes which are frequently branched, up to 20 cells per stipe; frustule in valve view cuneate-lanceolate to clavate, faintly striate, base slightly swollen; in girdle view cuneate with numerous septa penetrating from upper part of cell; chromatophores give a double-banded effect. Length, 70–120μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic; marine. Epontic, frequently but adventitiously planktonic. Very common, usually attached to algae, sea grasses, rocks, etc., and common on fouling test plates and in fish stomachs, frequently collected in estuarine and coastal phytoplankton samples. Australia: Heron Island, Moreton Bay, Clarence River, Port Stephens, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Port Hacking, Jervis Bay, Eden, Port Phillip. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour.

166. Licmophora abbreviata Ag. (Pl. 2, Fig. 24.)

Ag. 1830–1832, 42.

Cleve-Euler, 1953, 17.

L. lyngbyei (Kütz.) Grun. 1867, 35.

Lebour 1930, 203, 165.

Hend. 1937, 337. 1951, 40.

Podosphenia lyngbyei Kütz. 1844, 121.

Cells stipitate, flabellate, when planktonic often solitary; frustules clavate in valve view, cuneate in girdle view with hardly rounded ends; septa visible as lines in girdle view; pseudoraphe very narrow but distinct; marginal striae in girdle view transverse. Length, 50–70μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic, marine; epontic on algae, Zostera, rock, fouling test plates, in fish stomachs and planktonic; common. Australia: Moreton Bay, Port Stephens, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Eden. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour.

167. Licmophora grandis (Kütz.) Grun. var. divisa (Pl. 3, Fig. 25.)

Rhipidophora grandis Kütz. 1844, 122, 9, 8.

Licmophora divisa Kütz. 1844, 123, 11, 5.

Cells stipitate, usually solitary or in pairs; frustules in girdle view cuneate, in valve view clavate; septa difficult to define. Length 50–70μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, marine; epontic; from algal and seagrass washings. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie; not common.

168. Licmophora gracilis (Ehr.) Grun. (Pl. 3 (a), Fig. 26a & b.)

Grun. 1867, 6, 34.

Boyer, 1927, 167.

Podosphenia gracilis Ehr. 1838, 17.

Frustules cuneate in valve view, narrow, septa not very deep; in valve view, clavate or obovate, linear towards base; pseudoraphe distinct. Length, 40–60μ.

Distribution. Lake Conjola.

Also Licmophora tincta (Ag.) Grun., 1867 (Podospheina) (Petit, 1877). Lyall Bay.

Genus Climacosphenia Ehr., 1841

Cells usually two or three, flabellate on short or long stipes; frustule in valve view clavate, in girdle view cuneate with intercalary bands, and two septa with numerous round foramina giving the cells a characteristic appearance in valve view; valve surface with fine transverse striae; chromatophores granular, numerous.

169. Climacosphenia moniligera Ehr. (Pl. 3 Fig. 27.a—d.)

Ehr. 1843, 411, 11, 6.

Kütz. 1844, 123, 29, 80.

Cells on very short stipes, frustules in girdle view cuneate, in valve view clavate; septa two with large foramina at apex, diminishing towards base; very fine moniliform striae. Length, from 187μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic; marine. Algal washings and plankton tows: on fouling test plates. Australia: Port Hacking and other eastern estuaries and offshore on continental shelf. New Zealand: Lyall Bay, (Petit 1877).

Also C. australis Kütz., 1844. Type loc. Australia on Polysiphonia and other algae. Referred to by Ralfs, 1861; may = C. moniligera.

Genus Striatella Ag., 1832

171. Striatella interrupta (Ehr.) Heiberg (Pl. 3, Fig. 29.)

Heib. 1863, 202 (73), 5, 15.

Boyer 1916, 38, 8, 24.

Cleve-Euler, 1952a, 8, 297.

Tessella interrupta Ehr. 1838, 202.

Cells usually in ribbons, stipitate; frustules in girdle view quadrangular, with rounded corners, in valve view linear elliptic with distinct pseudoraphe; septa in girdle view apparently interrupted in pervalvar axis; plastids granular. Length, 30–40μ.

Distribution. Brackish water form, epiphytic, rarely planktonic. Australia: Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Lake Illawarra, Lake Conjola, Lake Tuross.

Sub-order Raphidioidineae
Family Eunotiaceae
Genus Eunotia Ehr., 1837

Cells usually in ribbons, stipitate; frustules in girdle view quadrangular, with rounded transverse; pseudoraphe absent, narrow or indistinct; chromatophores one per cell.

Key to Species of Eunotia

1.	Dorsal side of valve biarcuate		2.
	Dorsal side of valve crenate		4.
	Dorsal side of valve straight or slightly arcuate	E. gracilis.
2.	Ends inflated dorsally	E. sarekensis.
	Ends not inflated		3.
3.	Ventral side straight or nearly so	E. bidentula.
	Ventral side concave	E. pectinalis var. undulata.
4.	Valve elongate		5.
	Valve not elongate		6
5.	Valve with slight median swelling in ventral side	E. pectinalis var. ventralis.
	No ventral swelling	E. pectinalis var. undulata.
6.	Striae branched	E. diadema.
	Striae unbranched	E. crista galli.

172. Eunotia diadema Ehr. (Pl. 3, Fig. 30.)

Ehr. 1838, 193, 22.

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 125, 464.

Cells not elongate; valves crenate on dorsal, concave on ventral margin; striae coarse, often branched. Length, 25–40μ.

Distribution. Australia: Lake Dobson, Tasmania; fresh water.

173. Eunotia crista galli Cl. (Pl. 3, Fig. 31.)

Cl. 1891, 57.

Hust. in A. S. 1933, 382.

Cells not elongate; valves crenate on dorsal, concave on ventral margin; striae coarse, unbranched Length 40–50μ.

Distribution. Lake Dobson, Tasmania; fresh water.

174. Eunotia bidentula W. Sm. (Pl. 2, Fig. 32.)

W. Sm. 1856, 83.

Boyer 1927, 223.

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 128, 69.

Cells not elongate; valves straight or almost so on ventral, biarcuate on dorsal margin; apices rounded, somewhat produced; striae moderately marked, unbranched. Length, 40–50μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Tasmania.

175. Eunotia pectinalis (Dillwyn) Rab.

Rab. 1864, 73.

Boyer 1927(a), 218.

Himantidium pectinale Kütz.

Conferva pectinalis Dillw., 1809.

Cells may be elongate, if so linear, slightly arcuate; striae light to moderately marked, punctate; ends not inflated.

var. undulata Ralfs in v H. 1885. (Pl. 3, Fig. 33a.)

van. H. 1885, 33, 17.

Boyer 1927(a), 218.

Hust. in A. S. 1924, 289.

Himantidium undulatum W. Sm. 1856, 33, 281.

Valves with dorsal margin biarcuate to crenate, and if crenate elongate, ends rounded; ventral margin concave, without median swelling. Length, 40 to 150μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Tasmania.

var. ventralis (Ehr.) Hust. (Pl. 3, Fig. 33b.)

Hust. in A.S. 1911, 271, 9–12.

E. ventralis Ehr. 1843, 6–126.

Valves with dorsal margin evenly or unevenly convex and ventral margin with median swelling; striae not well marked. Length, 100–150μ.

Distribution. In brackish water. Australia: Port Hacking.

176. Eunotia sarekensis Cleve-Euler (Pl. 3, Fig. 34.)

Cleve-Euler 1953a, 117, 454.

Cells small, relatively broad; valves with concave ventral biarcuate dorsal margin, ends blunt, swollen ventrally; striae coarse, branched towards ventral margin. Length, 20–40μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Tasmania.

177. Eunotia gracilis (Ehr.) Rab. (Pl. 3, Fig. 35.)

Rab. 1864, 1, 72.

Boyer 1927(a), 217.

Himantidium gracilis Ehr. 1843a, 129.

Valves slightly arcuate, narrow, sides parallel, apices slightly capitate, striae fine, lineate. Length up to 150μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson.

The following additional Eunotias have been recorded:—

• E. amphioxys (is Hantzschia amphioxys q. v.).

• E. arcus (Himantidium) Ehr., 1838. Ehr., 1869. New Zealand.

• E. cistula (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand. (Epithemia ?)

• E. depressa (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand. (= E. pectinalis).

• E. dianae (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand (is Hantzschia amphioxys v. elongata).

• E. diodon Ehr., 1838. (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand.

• E. formica Ehr., 1854. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861). Australia.

• E. (Eunotiogramma?) lunaris (Ehr.) Grun. in vH., 1885. (Gr. & St., 1887, 77.) Oamaru.

• E. monodon Ehr., 1838. (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand.

• E. praerupta Ehr., 1841. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• E. rostrata (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand. (Nomen nudum.)

In addition, Ehrenberg (1869) has recorded from New Zealand two genera, Heterocampa and Ophidocampa, which appear to be identical with Eunotia eruca, differing in the number of crenations along the valves; E. eruca is also reported from New Zealand in A. S., 1913, 290, 8, and from Melbourne (Brightw., 1859, 179, 9 1, 1a).

Sub-order Monoraphidineae
Family Achnanthaceae
Genus Achnanthes Bory, 1822

Cells stipitate or free, single or in fasciae, arranged in palisade formation, stipe often long and curved; frustules in valve view linear-elliptic, often constricted in the middle; in girdle view arcuate; raphe present on lower valve, pseudoraphe on upper.

Key to the Species of Achnanthes

Puncta in 2 rows between costae	A. longipes.
Single row of puncta between costae	A. brevipes.

178. Achnanthes longipes Ag. (Pl. 3, Fig. 36a—c.)

Ag. 1824, 1.

Hend. 1951, 42, 1, 1–9, 2, 1–12, 3, 1–12, 16, 6, 7, 18, 2–5.

Cells solitary or more usually in ribbons, attached by a very strong and at times long, usually curved stipe; frustules in valve view linear-elliptic, often constricted in the middle.

Genus Cocconeis Ehr., 1838, em. Grun., 1868

Hacking; recorded by Østrup, 1910, in A. S., 192, 36; 189, 21 (as C. paniformis Brun.) and from Lyall Bay, Foveaux Strait, and Campbell Island (Petit 1877).

The following species of Cocconeis have been recorded previously:—

• C. adriatica Kütz. (Petit, 1877, 12.) Lyall Bay (= C. scutellum v. major Grun.)

• C. australicum A. S. (A. S, 1876, 10, 34–35.) Australia.

• C. australis Petit (Petit, 1877, 11). Lyall Bay.

• C. barbadensis Grev., 1857. (Gr. & St., 1886, 322.) Oamaru.

• C. caelata Arnott, 1868. (Petit, 1877, 12; A.S., 1893, 193, 53.) Lyall Bay, New New Zealand (= Diploneis campylodiscus Grun.)

• C. costata Greg., 1855 (Gr. & St., fig. in A. S., 1894, 189, 8 = C. britannica Naeg. in Kütz. 1849 fide Hust. 1933, 333.) Oamaru.

• C. crux Ehr. (Petit, 1877, 11.) Lyall Bay (= C. interrupta Greg.)

• C. cyclophora Grun. (A.S., 1893, 197, 20, 28). S. Australia, Oamaru.

• C. decipiens? Cl., 1873. (Petit, 1877, 11.) Campbell Island.

• C. dirupta Greg., 1857. (Petit, 1877, 11.) Lyall Bay.

• var.? (as C. hospes) (A.S., 1893, 198, 4–6.) Australia.

• C. distans Greg., 1857. (Petit, 1877, 13.) Lyall Bay.

• C. hospes A. S., 1893 v. C. dirupta var.

• C. illustris A. S. (A. S., 1893, 192, 32.) Port Lincoln. (? = Mastogloia horvathiana qv).

• C. lineata Ehr.=C. placentula v. lineata. (Ehr., 1869; Petit, 1877, 11.) Lyall Bay.

• C. major Grev., 1857. (Petit, 1877, 12.) Lyall Bay, Campbell Island.

• C. marginata Kütz. (prob. = C. scutellum var.) Petit, 1877). Lyall Bay.

• C. maxima (Grun.) Perag. (A. S., 1894, 191, 44–46.) Oamaru.

• C. mediterranea Kütz., 1844 = C. scutellum (Petit, 1877). Lyall Bay.

• C. naviculoides Grev., 1857. (Gr. & St., 1887, 72.) Oamaru.

• C. nodulifer Gr. & St., 1887 is Rhaphoneis nodulifera.

• C. notata Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• C. pacifica Grun, in v H., 1880–1885. (Petit, 1877, 12.) Lyall Bay (= C. costata v. pacifica (Grun.) Cl.)

• C. pediculus Ehr., 1838. (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand.

• C. pellucida Grun. in Rab., 1862. (Petit, 1877, 11; A. S., 1894, 191, 48.) Lyall Bay, Campbell Island; Oamaru.

• C. placentula v. euglypta Ehr., 1838. (Østrup, 1910.) Australia.

• v. lineata (Ehr.) (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand.

• C. pseudo-marginata Greg. 1857 non Rab. v. intermedia Petit. (Petit, 1877, 12: Gr. & St., 1886, 322.) Lyall Bay, Oamaru (= C. britannica Naeg.)

• C. punctata Ehr. = (C. placentula Ehr., 1838). Ralfs in Pritch., 1861 Australia.

• C. wrightii O'Meara. (Petit, 1877, 12.) Lyall Bay.

Sub-Order Biraphidineae
Family Naviculaceae
Genus Navicula Bory 1894

Cells solitary or colonial in mucous sheaths; frustules in valve view linear-elliptic or oblong, with rounded, capitate or rostrate ends; raphe present on each valve; axial and central areas usually distinct; striae parallel or radiate, finely or coarsely punctate, lineate or apparently smooth; plastids vary; pyrenoids usually absent.

Key to the Species of Navicula

1.	Frustules in valve view elliptical		2.
	Frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate		5.
	Frustules in valve view lanceolate		10.
	Frustules in valve view rhombic-lanceolate	N. cuspidata.
2.	Two hyaline lateral areas constricted at central area		3.
	Axial area narrow, linear, central area rounded to stellate	N. clementis.
	Axial area narrow, with dilated central area	N. tuscula.

Genus Frustulia Ag. 1824

Cells free or in mucous sheaths; valves linear-elliptic to rhombic-lanceolate; median line between two siliceous ribs; central and terminal nodules more or less elongated.

200. Frustulia rhomboides (Ehr.) de Toni (Pl. 6, Fig. 58a, b.)

de Toni, 1891, 2, 277.

Navicula rhomboides Ehr., 1843, 3, 15.

Valves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse; central and terminal nodules short; striae transverse, punctate, puncta in longitudinal rows. Length, 70–140μ.

Distribution. Freshwater; Lake Conjola, Lake Dobson, Nepean River. Previously recorded from Australia (Pritchard 1861, 903, and Østrup 1910, 33). New Zealand: Dunedin.

Also Frustulia lanceolata (Agh.) Kütz., 1844. (Østrup, 1910, 80.) Australia.

Genus Neidium Pfitzer 1871

Valves linear, linear-lanceolate or elliptical, with obtuse, acute, produced, sub-rostrate or sub-capitate ends; striae usually oblique, finely punctate, crossed by one or more blank lines on each side; axial area usually narrow or indistinct; median line with central pores in opposite directions; terminal fissures appearing trifurcate.

Key to Species of Neidium

1.	Ends rostrate or protracted	N. affine.
	Ends cuneate	N. amphigomphus.
	Ends not rostrate, rounded		2.
2.	Valves linear	N. bisulcatum.
	Valves linear-elliptic	N. iridis.

201. Neidium bisulcatum (Lagerstet) Cleve (Pl. 5, Fig. 59.)

Cl., 1894, 26, 68.

Boyer, 1927b, 323.

Navicula bisulcata Lager., 1873, 1, 31.

Valves linear with rounded ends; central area dilated transversely. Length, 55μ.

Distribution. Fresh-brackish water. Australia: Lake Conjola.

202. Neidium affine (Ehr.) Pfitzer (Pl. 5, Fig. 60a.)

Pfitz., 1871, 2, 39.

Boyer, 1916, 83, Navicula affine Ehr., 1843, 129.

Cells in valve view linear with protracted, sub-rostrate or capitate ends; striae oblique in middle, convergent at ends. Length very variable.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson, Tasmania; recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910); New Zealand (Ehr., 1869, Lyall Bay; Petit, 1877).

var amphirhynchus (Ehr.) Cl. (Pl. 5, Fig. 60b.)

Cl., 1894, 26, 68.

Hohn, 1951, 77.

N. amphirhynchus Ehr., 1843.

Boyer, 1927b, 321.

Valve linear-elliptic with broad, rostrate ends.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water; Lake Dobson, Port Hacking; recorded from Australia by Ralfs, 1861.

203. Neidium amphigomphus (Ehr.) Pfitz. (Pl. 5, Fig. 61.)

Pfitz., 1871, 2, 39.

Boyer, 1927b, 322.

Navicula amphigomphus Ehr., 1843, 129.

Valves linear, with straight sides and cuneate ends; striae slightly oblique, punctate; central area large, dilated transversely. Length, 100–120μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Port Hacking.

204. Neidium iridis (Ehr.) Cl. (Pl. 5. Fig. 62.)

Cl., 1894, 26, 39.

Boyer, 1927b, 321.

Navicula iridis Ehr., 1843, 130.

Valves linear-elliptic with rounded ends; striae slightly oblique. Length, 100–150μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Port Hacking. New Zealand Foveaux Strait (Petit, 1877).

N. dubium (Ehr.) Cl., 1894 (as Navicula dubium) (Ralfs, 1861, Østrup, 1910). Australia.

Genus Trachyneis Cl. 1894

Cells solitary; valves elliptic-lanceolate, lanceolate or rhomboid Axial area linear or lanceolate, frequently asymmetrical; central area asymmetrical, or widened into a fascia; the valve has a threefold structure, an inner, coarsely punctate stratum, an outer, finely punctate layer; and an intermediate network of anastomosing costae, forming rectangular or rhomboid alveoli.

205. Trachyneis aspera (Ehr.) Cl. (Pl. 5, Fig. 63.)

Cl., 1894, 191.

Pinnularia aspera Ehr., 1840, 213.

Navicula aspera Ehr., 1854, 35.

Frustule rectangular in girdle view, with rounded angles and a median constriction; girdle broad, finely punctate; valves elliptical to rhomboid with obtuse ends; axial area narrow, unilateral; central area transversely dilated, widened outward; alveoli radiate in oblique rows. Length, 100–200μ.

Distribution. Common on Heron Island, in east coast estuaries and Auckland Harbour. Previously recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910) and New Zealand by A.S. (1875).

Genus Pinnularia Ehr., 1843

Cells single, valves linear or nearly so; axial area broad; central and terminal areas large; costae smooth, differentiating this genus from Navicula; chromatophores two.

Key to Species of Pinnularia

1.	Ends acute	P. splendida.
	Ends subcapitate		2.
	Ends rounded, not subcapitate		3.
	Ends slightly gibbous	P. major.
2.	Striae convergent at ends	P. gibba.
	Striae not convergent at ends	P. stauroplera.
3.	Striae short, almost marginal	P. brevicostata.
	Striae long	P. borealis.

206. Pinnularia major W. Sm. (Pl. 5, Fig. 64.)

W. Sm., 1853, 1, 54.

Boyer, 1916, 102, 28, 4.

Navicula major Kütz., 1844, 97, 4, 19–20.

Cells solitary; valves linear, usually slightly swollen centrally, ends slightly gibbous; raphe oblique; axial area less than ⅓ width of valve, convergent at ends; striate, striae radiate in middle, convergent at ends, crossed by a narrow band. Length, 200μ.

Distribution. Usually from Zostera washings and bottom samples. Australia: Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay, Port Hacking.

207. Pinnularia borealis Ehr. (Pl. 5, Fig. 65.)

Ehr., 1843b, 1.

Boyer, 1927b, 437; 1916, 22.

Valves linear, with rounded ends; axial area about ¼ width of valve, widened in middle: raphe with large hook-shaped terminal fissures; striae slightly radiate in middle, convergent ends. Length, 40–65μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson. New Zealand: Near Auckland (Ehr., 1869).

208. Pinnularia brevicostata Cl. (Pl. 5, Fig. 66.)

Cl., 1891, 25, 1, 5.

A.S., 1875, 43, 26–27 (Nav. hemiptera Kütz)

Valves linear, ends rounded; striate almost marginal, short; axial area very large, more than half valve; raphe almost straight. Length, 120μ.

Distribution. Brackish water. Australia: Port Hacking. New Zealand: Wellington (Wainui).

209 Pinnularia gibba Ehr. (Pl. 5, Fig. 67.)

Ehr., 1843b, 1, 11.

P. gibba (vH.) Boyer, in Boyer, 1927b.

Valves linear, tapering to subcapitate ends; axial area dilated in middle; striae divergent in middle, convergent at ends. Length, 80–90μ.

Distribution. Brackish water Australia: Port Hacking. New Zealand: Near Auckland (Ehr., 1869).

210. Pinnularia splendida Hust. (Pl. 5, Fig. 68.)

Hust. in A.S., 1934, 391, 5–6.

Valves broad-linear, tapering to ends; axial area dilated on one side in middle; striae divergent; raphe curved at ends and in middle. Length, 45μ.

Distribution. Brackish water. Australia: Port Hacking.

211 Pinnularia stauroptera (Grun.) Cl. (Pl. 5, Fig. 69.)

Cl., 1891, 26.

Navicula stauroptera Grun., 1860, 14.

Valves linear, tapering to subcapitate ends; axial area more than ⅓ valve width, widened in middle, striae short, divergent, continuous or interrupted on one or both sides of central nodule. Length, 95–150μ.

Distribution. Brackish water. Australia: Port Hacking.

The following species of Pinnularia have been previously recorded:—

• P. ambigua Cl., 1895, as Nav. retusa (by Petit, 1877). Lyall Bay.

• P. cruciformis (Donk.) Cl., 1895 (Østrup, 1910, 108.)

• P. dactylus Ehr. (Ehr., 1869) New Zealand.

• P. decurrens Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• P. divergens W. Sm., 1853. (Østrup, 1910, 98.) Australia.

• P. divergenttissima (Grun.) Cl., 1895 (Østrup, 1910, 103.) Australia.

• P. esox (Kütz.) Cl. as Nav. esox (by Petit, 1877). Campbell Island.

• P. hemiptera (Kütz). W. Sm., 1856. (Østrup, 1910, 103.) Australia.

• P. intermedia Lager., 1873 (Østrup, 1910, 100.) Australia.

• P. interrupta W. Sm. f. biceps, W. Sm., 1853. (Østrup, 1910, 95.) Australia.

• P. macilenta Ehr. (Ehr., 1869) New Zealand.

• P. mesogongyla Ehr, 18 (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• P. microstauron (Ehr.) Cl., 1895 (Østrup, 1910, 95.) Australia.

• P. molaris (Grun.) Cl., 1895. (Østrup, 1910, 95.) Australia

• P. quadratarea (A.S) Cl., 1895. (Østrup, 1910, 109.) Australia.

• P. stomatophora Grun. in A.S., 1876. (Østrup, 1910, 102.) Australia.

• P. subsolaris (Grun.) Cl., 1895. (Østrup, 1910, 102) Australia.

• P. tabellaria Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• P. viridis (Nitzsch) Ehr., 1838. (Østrup, 1910, 107.) Australia.

• v. leptogongyla (Ehr.?) Grun. (as P. leptygongyla) (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• v. comutata (A.S., 1875, 45, 35–37). Australia.

• v. fallax Cl. Australia.

• v. intermedia Cl. (A.S., 1875, 42, 9, 10). Australia.

• v. rupestris Hantzsch. (A.S., 1875, 44, 42.) Australia.

Genus Diploneis Ehr., 1840

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptical or panduriform. Dividing bands and septa absent; central area enclosed in strongly siliceous horns corresponding to the lyre-shaped areas of Navicula lyra; central nodule quadrate; valves costate, striate or both; outside siliceous horns are depressions (sulci) and, in some species, are narrow spaces called lunulae; poroids (areolae) between the transapical costae in single or multiple rows (usually double); plastids two.

Key to the Species of Diploneis

1.	Transapical ribs not crossed by longitudinal lines		2.
	Transapical ribs crossed by longitudinal lines		6.
2.	Outer wall smooth or faintly poroid		3.
	Outer wall strongly poroid		4.
3.	Valves linear or elliptic	D. coffaeiformis.
	Valves constricted in transapical plane	D. constricta
4.	Inner side of lunulae with 1 or more pores	D. crabro.
	Inner side of lunulae otherwise
5.	Poroids of the outer side in almost straight longitudinal rows, fine throughout, double rows not visible	D. vacillans.	5.
	Poroids of outer side in a criss-cross arrangement, irregular

• D. nitescens (Greg.) Cl., 1894. (As Nav. nitescens). (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

• D. novae zeelandiae (A.S.) Hust., 1933. (As Nav. interrupta v. novae zeelandiae A.S.) (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• D. smithii (Breb.) Cl., 1894. (As Nav. smithii.) (A.S., 1875, 7, 8, 18.) Australia.

• v. nitescens (Greg.) (Gr. & St., 1886). Oamaru.

• v. minor Petit (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• D. splendens (Greg.) Cl., 1894. (As Nav. splendida Greg.) (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

Genus Pleurosigma W. Sm., 1853

Cells solitary, free; frustules in valve view sigmoid. Valves with central and terminal nodules; raphe usually sigmoid, often more so than valve margin; cell surface delicately marked by longitudinal or oblique and transverse striae; some authors maintain two genera, Pleurosigma wtih oblique, Gyrosigma with longitudinal and transverse striae.

Key to the Genus Pleurosigma

1.	Frustules with definite angle on margins on transapical axis.	P. angulatum.
	Margin evenly curved		2.
2.	Raphe straight in central portion	P. fasciola.
	Raphe sigmoid, central portion curved		3.
3.	Frustules evenly sigmoid	P. formosum.
	Frustules sigmoid towards extremities		4.
4.	Raphe evenly sigmoid	P. balticum.
	Raphe more strongly sigmoid at apices	P. naviculaceum.

221. Pleurosigma naviculaceum Breb. (Pl. 6, Fig. 78.)

Breb., 1867, 17.

Boyer, 1916, 74, 22, 6; 1927, 471.

Valves lanceolate, slightly sigmoid at the subacute ends. Raphe nearly central, sigmoid near ends. Striae transverse and oblique, the latter closer at the ends. Central nodule dilated transversely. Length, 80μ.

Distribution. Australia: Heron Island, Lake Conjola. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf, Wellington Harbour.

222. Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) W. Sm. (Pl. 6 Fig. 79a, b.)

W. Sm., 1853, 65, 21, 205.

Boyer, 1916, 74, 22, 3; 1927, 471.

Hend., 1951, 61, 11, 8 (synonymy).

Navicula angulata Queckett, 1848, 438, 7, 4–7.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view sigmoid-rhomboid, with at times a definite angle on valve margin adjacent to central nodule; raphe sigmoid, central; central nodule small, more or less rhombic; valve surface obliquely and transversely striated. Length, 80–120μ. This form is often smaller than specimens of P. angulatum received from Hendey from Great Britain, and Hendey (in litt.) considers the Australasian form is a distinct species. However, because of considerable variation in form we hesitate at this time to separate our form from P. angulatum.

Distribution. Estuarine-nertic; marine, benthic, epontic, and planktonic, found in algal and Zostera washings, and on fouling test plates. Australia: Moreton Bay, Port Stephens, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, and from coastal plankton stations of New South Wales. In mud at 135 in off Jibbon Cape (living form). New Zealand: Wellington Harbour.

223. Pleurosigma balticum (Ehr.) W. Sm. (Pl. 6, Fig. 80a, b.)

W. Sm., 1853, 66; 22; 207.

Hend., 1951, 61, 11, 9.

Gyrosigma balticum (Ehr.) Cl., 1894, 118.

Boyer, 1916, 75, 23, 2; 1927. 456.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view sigmoid towards extremities. Raphe sigmoid and slightly curved close to central nodule; striae longitudinal and transverse. Length 80–182μ × up to 27μ wide.

Distribution. Estuarine. neritic, common in plankton on fouling plates, algae and sea grasses and as a benthic form. Australia: Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Port

Stephens, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Eden, Port Philip. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf. From Australia by Østrup (1910).

224. Pleurosigma fasciola (Ehr.) W. Sm. (Pl. 6, Fig. 81.)

W. Sm., 1853, 67, 21, 211.

Hend., 1951, 62.

Gyrosigma fasciola (Ehr.) Cl., 1894, 116.

Boyer, 1927, 463.

Cells solitary, sigmoid, extremities drawn out into long, curving beaks; raphe central, straight except at the beaks, where it is sigmoid; striae very fine, transverse and oblique. Length, 60μ.

Distribution. Neritic, marine, epiphytic. Australia: Port Hacking; rare.

225. Pleurosigma formosum W. Sm., 1853 (Pl. 6, Fig. 82a, b.)

W. Sm., 1853, 63, 20, 195.

Boyer, 1916, 73, 22, 5; 1927, 467.

Hend., 1951, 62, 11, 6.

Cells solitary; frustule in valve view sigmoid; raphe strongly sigmoid, sweeping from the central nodule towards the valve margin, giving a very twisted appearance; striae transverse and oblique. Length, 100–180μ × up to 20μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic; epontic on weeds and fouling test plates, common, frequently benthic, and occasionally planktonic. Australia: Heron Island, Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking. New Zealand: Hauraki Gulf, Lyall Bay (Petit 1877).

The following additional species of Pleurosigma have been recorded previously:—

• P. compactum Grev., 1857 (Gyrosigma) (Østrup, 1910, 31). Australia. (As Donkinia compacta) (Gr. & St., 1887, 133). Oamaru.

• P. cuspidatum Cl., 1894. (As P. lanceolatum cuspidatum Cl., 1881.) Type loc. Port Jackson.

• P. elongatum W. Sm., 1853 (Hardy, 1910). Kew, Victoria.

• P. kuetzingii Grun., 1860 (Gyrosigma) (Østrup, 1910, 31). Australia.

• P. nubecula W. Sm., 1853 (as P. intermedium Sm., 1853) (Petit, 1877, 28). Lyall Bay.

• P. marinum Donk., 1858. (Petit, 1877, 28.) Lyall Bay.

• P. reticulatum (as Donkinia) Norman in Pritch., 1861, 921.

• P. validum Shadb., 1854. (Petit, 1877, 28.) Lyall Bay, Foveaux Strait. (= P. rigidum.)

• P. vitraeum Cl., in Cl. & Grun., 1880 is Navicula vitraea Cl., 1894. (Cl. & Grun., 1880, 60.) Australia.

Genus Amphipleura Kütz. 1844

Cells solitary or embedded in a gelatinous matrix; frustules delicately silicified; valves fusiform, more rarely linear; central nodule narrow, extending half the valve-length or more. then forking at the end; terminal nodules elongate.

226. Amphipleura micans (Lyngb.) Cl. (Pl. 1, Fig. 8; Pl. 9, Fig. 13a.)

Cl., 1894, 126.

Hust, 1933, 723, 1094.

Bangia micans Lyngb, 1819b, 84, 29 (apud Cl.).

Berkeleya adriatica Grun., 1867 in Grun., 1877, 180.

Cells in gelatinous matrix forming a branched sheath; frustules elongate, valves linear with bluntly rounded ends, and tapering only slightly; central nodule not obviously curved; transapical ribs parallel to transverse axis, converging towards the poles near the ends of the valves.

Distribution. Australia: East coast estuaries, including Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking; var fragilis (Berkeleya) fragilis is recorded from Lyall Bay, N.Z., by Petit (1877).

Genus Stauroneis Ehr., 1843

Valves more or less lanceolate, with slightly radiate, fine punctate striae; central nodule dilated into a transverse stauros.

Key to Species of Stauroneis

Valves with produced ends	S. anceps.
Valves lanceolate.	S. phoenicenteron.

227. Stauroneis anceps Ehr. (Pl. 6, Fig. 83.)

In Kütz., 1844, 105.

Boyer, 1927b, 422.

Valves lanceolate with produced, subcapitate ends; axial area narrow or indistinct; stauros not reaching margin; striae radiate. Length, 40–80μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson. From Australia by Østrup (1910).

228. Stauroneis phoenicenteron (Nitzsch) Ehr. (Pl. 6, Fig. 84.)

Ehr., 1843, 134.

Boyer, 1927b, 421.

Bacillaria phoenicenteron Nitzsch, 1817, 92, 4.

Valves lanceolate with obtuse ends, axial area linear, with transverse stauros; striae radiate, punctate, puncta in longitudinal rows. Length, 80–180μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson. Recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910), from New Zealand, near Auckland (Ehr., 1869).

The following species of Stauroneis have been recorded previously:—

• S. (Stauroptera) acus Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• S. acuta W. Sm., 1853. (Petit, 1877; Østrup, 1910.) Foveaux Strait, Australia.

• S. (Stauroptera) cardinalis Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• S. constricta Ehr., 1843 non W. Sm. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861). Australia.

• S. dilatata Ehr., 1843. (Ralfs in Pritch, 1861.) Australia.

• S. frauenfeldiana Grun., in A. S. (A. S., 1903, 242, 2) Talbot, N. Z.

• S. fulmen Brightw. (in A. S., 1903, 241, 1). Yarra River.

• S. hochstetteri Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• S. inflata A. S., 1893 non Kütz., non H. L. Sm. (A. S., 1903, 241, 2). Yarra River.

• S. salina W. Sm., 1853. (Østrup, 1910, 323.) Australia.

• S. vibrio Ehr., 1869 (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

Genus Anomoeoneis Pfitz. 1871

Cells solitary, frustules in valve view lanceolate; central nodule small; raphe central, axial area narrow, enlarging at the central area, and dilated on one side; valve surface with transverse striae, puncta in longitudinal rows interrupted by clear lines.

Key to the Species of Anomoeoneis

Apices acute in valve view	A. serians.
Apices swollen and rounded	A. sphaerophora.

229. Anomoeoneis serians (Brebisson) Cleve (Pl. 6, Fig. 85.)

Cl., 1895, 11, 7.

Boyer, 1916, 80, 17, 13.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b. 197, 918

Navicula serians Kütz., 1844, 92, 30, 23.

Frustulia serians Breb. in Kütz., 1844, 92, 30, 23.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view lanceolate, acute; central nodule small, raphe central, axial area lanceolate, narrow, enlarged central area, dilated on one side; valve surface with transverse striae, interrupted by clear lines. Length, 85μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, benthic. Australia: Port Hacking, rare; Heron Island. Previously reported from Australia as Navicula serians by Cl. (1895) and Ralfs (1861).

230. Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (Kütz.) Pfitzer (Pl. 6, Fig. 86.)

Pfitz. 1871, 77, 3, 10.

Boyer 1927b, 324.

Cleve-Euler 1953b, 202.

A. sphaerophora (Kütz.) Cl. in Boyer, 1916, 80 40, 2.

Navicula sphaerophora Kütz. 1844, 95, 4, 17.

Cells solitary. Frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate with swollen, rounded apices. Axial area linear, central area asymmetric, elongated transversely, almost reaching margin at one side. Striae transverse with faint longitudinal lines. Length, 45μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, benthic. Australia: Port Hacking. Very rare.

Genus Mastogloia Thwaites in W. Sm., 1856, 63

Valves similar, orbicular, linear, elliptical, lanceolate or rhombic, with obtuse, acute or ostrate ends; axial area narrow or indistinct; central area usually small; median line straight or undulate; striae punctate, the puncta usually in longitudinal or decussate lines; a septate plate divided into loculi is found between the connective zone and the valve, next to the margin; plastids two, each consisting of a band with its centre at the apex, and extending on both valves toward the centre, with a sinus on the middle of the band at its upper part; a pyrenoid between the folds of each band.

Key to the Species of Mastogloia

1.	Valves typically elliptic, with broadly rounded, rarely constricted ends		2.
	Valves more or less lanceolate, or elliptic with rostrate or acute ends		4.
2.	Frustules radially punctate	M. cribrosa.	3.
	Frustules with a network of areolae
3.	Areolae in strongly radial rows, in the middle alternately long and short	M. cocconeiformis.
	Areolae almost parallel to the transapical axis, those in the middle of even length	M. horvathiana.
4.	Valves slightly constricted on transapical axis	M. rostellata.
	Valves rhombic-lanceolate, loculi small, numerous (38–40)	M. strigilis.
	Valves ovate to ovate-lanceolate with acute apices, loculi large and few (18–20)	M. quinquecostata.
	Valves rostrate or at least constricted near apices		5.
5.	Transapical ribs light, longitudinal lines weak	M. smithii.
	Transapical ribs marked, longitudinal lines evident	M. gracilis.

231. Mastogloia cribrosa Grun. (Pl. 6, Fig. 87.)

Grun., 1860, 577, 7, 10c.

Hust., 1931–33, 468, 887.

Cells solitary, often enclosed in a gelatinous sheath, frustule in valve view broadly elliptic, with usually twelve loculi; central nodule small. Raphe straight or very slightly curved; striae radial, areolate or coarsely punctate. Length, 30μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; marine; epontic. Frequent from algae, sea grasses, and fouling test plates. Australia: Heron Island. Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Conjola, Mallacoota. New Zealand: Lake Ellesmer.

232. Mastogloia strigilis Hust. (Pl. 1, Fig. 9.)

Hust., 1937, 541, 974.

Cells solitary; frustule in valve view rhombic-lanceolate with bluntly rounded ends, depressed on either side of the mid-line, with from 38 to 40 loculi; raphe straight, central area very narrow; surface with transverse moniliform striae of interrupted puncta. Length, 60–75μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, mesohaline, epiphytic, found on Zostera. Frequent but not abundant. Australia: Lake Macquarie.

233. Mastogloia quinquecostata Grun. (Pl. 6, Fig. 88a. b; Pl. 7, Fig. 88c.)

Grun., 1860, 578, 7, 8.

Hust., 1931–33, 556, 989 (synonymy).

Cells solitary; frustule in valve view linear-elliptic, with acute ends, with 18 to 20 loculi reaching practically to the apices. Raphe somewhat undulate; valve surface with transverse striae, puncta forming longitudinal striae, usually farther apart than the transverse striae; on each side of the median line are several longitudinal depressions which lack longitudinal striae. Length, 55–80μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic, epontic on algae, sea grasses, and fouling test plates Australia: Heron Island, Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Lake Conjola, Lake Coila, Eden, Mallacoota. Port Phillip. The most common member of this genus. New Zealand: Wellington (Wainui).

234. Mastogloia gracilis Hust. (Pl. 1, Fig. 10.)

Hust., 1931–33, 507, 933.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate with constricted apices; raphe slightly undulate, well defined; loculi 24 to 28; surface with strong transverse striae, crossed by faint longitudinal striae, which are usually somewhat undulate. Length, 40–50μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; mesohaline, epontic on Zostera. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie. Infrequent.

235. Mastogloia smithii Thwaites (Pl. 1, Fig. 11..)

Thwaites in W. Sm., 1856, 65, 54, 341.

Boyer, 1916, 87, 17, 19.

Hust., 1931–33, 502, 928, a.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate, subrostrate; raphe straight; loculi usually 6 to 9 ending some distances from the apices; central area more or less oval; surface striate, striae transverse, punctate; puncta forming longitudinal rows. Length, 30–60μ.

Distribution. Estuarine, euryhaline; benthic. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Conjola, Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay.

236. Mastogloia cocconeiformis Grun. (Pl. 6, Fig. 90; Pl. 1, Fig. 12.)

Grun., 1860, 578, 7, 14.

Hust., 1931–33, 469, 888

Cells elliptical, almost circular; raphe slightly curved; axial area very narrow, central area small, circular to elliptic; valves evenly areolate, areolae hexagonal, forming a net in a three-directional system; loculi narrow, rectangular, reaching apices. Length, 25–60μ.

Distribution. Australia: Lake Macquarie and Lake Conjola.

237. Mastigloia horvathiana Grun. (Pl. 6, Fig. 89; Pl. 1, Fig. 13.)

Grun., 1860, 578, 7, 13.

Hust., 1933, 471, 890.

Valves broadly elliptic with cuneate ends; raphe curved, gap varying in width; axial area very narrow, central area small, rounded; valve surface evenly areolate, irregularly hexagonal forming two-directional system, areolate nearest raphe transversely elongate; loculi radially elongate, reaching apices. Length, 50μ.

Distribution. Australia: Heron Island.

238. Mastogoloia rostellata Grun. (Pl. 1, Fig. 14.)

Grun., 1877, 174, 195, 2.

Hust., 1931–33, 485, 907.

Cells broadly linear-lanceolate, constricted near apices and centrally; raphe straight, areas narrow; valve surface evenly areolate, areolae elongated transapically, arranged in a three-directional system; loculi narrow, varying in size, elongated apically, inner border convex. Length. 40–60μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking.

The following species of Mastogloia have been recorded previously:—

• M. elliptica (Agh.) Cl., 1895 (A. S., 1893, 185, 5–7). Australia.

• M. exigua Lewis, 1861 (Petit, 1877, 26.) Lyall Bay.

• M. inaequalis Cl., 1895. (Boyer, 1927, 334.) Australia.

• M. jelineckii Grun., 1867 (Navicula quarnerensis Grun. v dilatata Petit. (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

• M. macdonaldii Grev., 1865. Type loc., Australia.

• M. marginulata Grun., 1868. (A.S., 1893, 186, 30; Boyer, 1927, 335). New Zealand.

• M. rhombus (Petit) Cl., 1894 (as Navicula rhombus Petit, 1877). (Petit, 1877.) New Zealand.

• M. splendida (Greg.) Cl., 1895. (As Orthoneis.) (Gr. & St., 1887.) Oamaru.

• Navicula trilineata of Gr. & St., 1887, may also be a species of Mastogloia.

Genus Amphiprora Ehr., 1843

239. Amphiprora alata (Ehr.) Kütz. (Pl. 7, Figs. 91a, b.)

Kütz., 1844, 107, 3, 63.

Boyer, 1916, 68, 14, 3.

Hend., 1951, 66, 15, 1–3.

Navicula alata Ehr., 1840, 18.

Cells solitary or in short chains; frustules in valve view linear with acute apices; in girdle view panduriform, twisted in the middle; axial area raised to form a sigmoid keel bearing the raphe; valves striate, keel coarsely punctate; girdle bands multiple, striate. Length, 50μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic, marine, planktonic, benthic and epontic on fouling test plates. Australia: Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay, Port Hacking Western Bass Strait, Lake Conjola. Was maintained in culture for several months.

The following Amphiprora have been recorded. Many of them, however, are not Amphiprora, some being obviously Tropidoneis, others Amphora.

• A. brebissoniana Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. ? clepsydra Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. ? cornuta Chase (not Amphiprora) (Gr. & St., 1887, 73.) Oamaru.

• A. delicatula Grev., 1863c. Woodlark Island (type loc.) prob. = Tropidoneis lepidoptera.

• A. eximia Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.) prob. = T. lepidoptera.

• A. jolisiana Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. lineata Grev., 1863c. Woodlark Island (type loc.).

• A. menenghiniana Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. nitida Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.) is an Amphora.

• A. ? paradoxa Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. pulchra Bail. (Petit, 1877.) Campbell Island.

• A. oblonga Grev., 1861, Hervey Bay (type loc.).

• A. ? rabenhorstiana Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. rectangularis Grev., 1863c. Woodlark Island (type loc.).

• A. rugosa Petit, 1877. Campbell Island (type loc.). (Gr. & St., 1887.) Oamaru.

• A. ? superba Grev., 1863c. New Caledonia (type loc.) prob. an Amphora.

• A. thwaitesiana Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

• A. ? undulata Grev., 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.).

Tropidoneis Cleve, 1891

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view very convex, lanceolate, acute, usually with a wing or longitudinal band on one or both sides; raphe straight, not sigmoid, borne on a central or excentric keel; valve striae transverse, puncta in longitudinal rows; girdle zone simple, not folded; plastids 2 or 4 plates.

240. Tropidoneis lepidoptera (Greg.) Cl., 1894 (Pl. 7, Fig. 92.)

Cl., 1894,25.

Boyer, 1916, 69, 14, 8, 9.

Hend., 1951, 66.

Amphiprora lepidoptera Greg., 1857, 505, 4, 59.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view ovate-lanceolate; in girdle view strongly depressed centrally, forming a figure of 8; lateral area more or less hyaline; striae transverse, reaching lateral longitudinal line. Length, 65–100μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic; marine; benthic, epontic on fouling test plates, occurs in plankton. Australia: Moreton Bay, Port Stephens, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Eden, Port Phillip, Mallacoota, Gippsland Lakes, Woodlark Island?., Curtis Island? New. Zealand: Dunedin.

Family Cymbellaceae
Genus Amphora Ehr., 1840

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view arcuate to reniform, in girdle view broadly elliptical with truncate apices; valves asymmetrical along the longitudinal axis, but with the planes passing through the dorsal and ventral sides of one valve at an angle with that of the other; raphe evident, usually nearer the ventral side of the valve; girdle composed of several bands, punctate; central nodule may be dilated to a stauros. Plastids usually single.

Genus Epithemia Breb., 1838

Frustules epiphytic, solitary, sometimes geminate, adherent on ventral side at ends; girdle view rectangular, elliptic or sub-orbicular; valves arcuate with interior stratum or transverse septa, extending to girdle, often detached, and an exterior valve surface with narrow bands of puncta between costae; central and terminal nodules not easy to see.

Key to Species of Epithemia

Ends of valve constricted	E. argus.
Ends of valve not constricted	E. westermannii.

255. Epithemia westermannii (Ehr.) Kütz. (Pl. 7, Fig. 106.)

Kütz., 1844, 33, 5, 12.

Eunotia westermanni Ehr., 1838, 190, 14, 6.

Frustules inflated in girdle view; valves strongly arcuate, ends rounded; costae radiate, strongly marked, alternating with double rows of puncta; raphe curved. Length, 40–80μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water. Australia: Lake Conjola.

256. Epithemia argus (Ehrenberg) Küzing. (Pl. 7, Fig. 107 a, b.)

Kütz., 1844, 35.

A.S., 1904, 251, 11–19.

Eunotia argus Ehr., 1843, 125.

Frustules rectangular in girdle view, the thickened ends of the costae forming large nodules in a row along edge of valve next to girdle zone; in valve view, dorsal margin convex, ventral nearly straight, ends rounded, constricted; costae robust alternating with more than two rows of puncta. Length, 80–100μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water; abundant in Lake Dobson and Port Hacking; recorded by Ralfs (1861) from Australia.

The following species of Epithemia have been recorded previously:—

• E. gibberula (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia. (= Rhopalodia).

• E. granulata Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay. (= E. turgida v. granulata)

• E. monilifera Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

• E. musculus Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay. (= Rhopalodia musculus.)

• E. textricula (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia. (= R. gibberula.)

• E. zebrina (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia. (E. turgida v. zebrina.)

Genus Rhopalodia O. Müller 1895

Frustule in girdle view linear, linear-elliptic or clavate; in valve view, reniform or lunate; raphe occurs along convex margin on keel; median and terminal nodules very small; differs from Epithemia in position of raphe.

Key to Species of Rhopalodia

Frustule linear, elongate	R. gibba
Frustule oblong, elliptical	R. ventricosa

257. Rhopalodia gibba (Ehr.) O. Müller. (Pl. 7, Fig. 108 a, b.)

Müller, 1895, 22, 65.

Boyer, 1927b, 491.

Eunotia gibba Ehr., 1843, 3.

Valves linear, arcuate on dorsal, straight on ventral side, reflexed at ends; costate, striate. Length, 150μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson; by Ralfs (1861) from Australia.

258. Rhopalodia ventricosa (Kütz.) O. Müller. (Pl. 7, Fig. 109 a, b.)

Mull., 1895, 22, 65.

Boyer, 1916, 24, 31; 1927, 491.

Epithemia ventricosa Kütz., 1844, 35.

Valve swollen in middle on dorsal, straight on ventral margin, with reflexed ends; costate, striate; median nodule minute, depressed. Length. 80μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Nepean River, upper Port Hacking.

Genus Cymbella Ag., 1830.

Frustules free, stipitate or in gelatinous tubes; valves more or less asymmetrical along longitudinal axis, linear, elliptic, cymbiform or arcuate; median line excentric, straight or curved; striae usually radiate and more or less distinctly punctate; chromatophore single.

Key to Species of Cymbella

1.	Ventral margin straight	C. affinis.
	Ventral margin convex or gibbous		2.
2.	Ends acute	C. subturgida.
	Ends rounded		3.
3.	Area dilated	C. cistula.
	Area broad	C. aspera.

259. Cymbella affinis Kütz. 1844. (Pl. 7, Fig. 110.)

Kütz., 1844, 80.

Boyer, 1927b, 276.

Hust., in A.S., 1934, 376, 17–25.

Valves strongly convex on dorsal side, straight on ventral, with subobtuse or rostrate ends; median line arcuate, axial area narrow, not widened in middle; usually a punctum on ventral side of median line. Length, 35μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson; from Australia by Ralfs (1861).

260. Cymbella aspera (Ehr.) Cl. (Pl. 7, Fig. 111.)

Cl., 1894, 26, 175.

Boyer, 1927b, 278.

Cocconema asperum Ehr., 1840, 12.

Valve cymbiform, arcuate on dorsal, swollen on ventral side, with rounded ends; central area linear, broad, slightly widened in middle; no row of puncta on ventral side; striae punctate, in long, curved lines. Length, 100–150μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson; by Ralfs (1861) from Australia.

261. Cymbella subturgida Hust. (Pl. 8, Fig. 112.)

Hust., in A.S., 1934, 374, 4.

Valve strongly arcuate on dorsal, swollen on ventral side, with acute ends; central area narrow, slightly dilated on dorsal side at middle; striae punctate. Length, 80μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson.

262. Cymbella cistula (Hempr.) v H. (Pl. 8, Fig. 113.)

v H., 1885, 64.

Boyer, 1927b, 280.

Cocconema cistula Hempr. in Ehr., 1838, 224.

Valves arcuate, ventral margin swollen, ends rounded or sub-truncate, terminal fissures reflexed; central area linear, dilated in middle on dorsal side; distinct row of puncta on ventral side of central nodule. Length, 100–160μ.

Distribution. Fresh water; Lake Dobson; from Australia by Østrup (1910).

The following species of Cymbella have been recorded previously:—

• C. ehrenbergii Kütz., 1844. (Østrup, 1910, 55.) Australia

  .

• C. lanceolata (Ehr.) Brun, 1880 (as Cocconema) (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861; Hardy, 1910). Kew; Australia.

• C. leptoceras (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia

  .

• C. (Cocconema) lunula Rab. (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand. (Is C. ventricosa Kütz.)

• C. naviculiformis Auersf. (Østrup, 1910.) Australia.

• C. sinuata Greg., 1856 (Østrup, 1910, 59.) Australia.

• C. ventricosa Kütz. Recorded as C. lunula..

Genus Gomphonema Ag., 1824

• G. longiceps Ralfs, 1861. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861) Australia; (Ehr., 1869.) New Zealand. (Is G. subclavatum v. montana).

• G. subclavatum v. montana (Schumann) v H., 1881 Recorded as G. longiceps.

Family Bacillariaceae
Genus Nitzschia Hassall, 1845, em. Grunow, 1880

Cells single or united in colonies, sheathed as in Homoeocladia or in palisade formation as in Nitzschia seriata; frustules in valve view spindle-shaped; valves keeled, keels usually diagonally opposite and including a raphe which is partly concealed; raphe either central or excentric; keel puncta short or prolonged; striae transverse, punctate; plastids consist of two bands placed transversely.

Key to the Species of Nitzschia

1.	Cells in branched gelatinous matrix	N. martiana.	2.
	Cells solitary		3.
	Cells in staggered chains		4.
2.	Cells spindle-shaped, with long awns
	Cells linear	N. hungarica.
	Cells lanceolate, inflated at centre	N. angularis.
	Cells constricted in transapical axis	N. plana.
	Cells slightly sigmoid		5.
3.	Cells with indistinct keel puncta	N. seriat.
	Keels distinctly punctate	N. pacifica.
4.	Cells up to 70μ	N. closterium.
	Cells 150–800μ	N. longissima.
5.	Cells truncate at ends	N. brebisonii.
	Cells with sub-acute apices	N. sigma.

266. Nitzschia longissima (Breb.) Ralfs. (Pl. 1, Fig. 16.)

Nitzschia longissima (Breb.) Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.

Ceratoneis longissima Breb. in Kütz., 1849, 891.

Cells solitary, spindle-shaped with a single chromatophore which extends into the awns of the frustule, similar to N. closterium. Length, 140–800μ.

Distribution. Marine; found on fouling test plates, or planktonic. Australia north and east Australia, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Eden, Port Phillip, Fremantle New Zealand Antarctic south of New Zealand.

267. Nitzschia closterium (Ehr.) W.S. (Pl. 1, Fig. 17.)

W. Sm., 1853, 42, 15, 120.

Boyer, 1927b, 526.

Hend., 1937, 352, 11, 1.

Ceratoneis closterium Ehr., 1840, 44.

Cells solitary but usually interlocked to form a network, or if attached, arranged parallel to each other, vertically to the substrate, frustules in valve view fusiform, with ends drawn out into long awns curved in the same or in opposite directions; striae distinct. Length, 54 to 64μ.

Distribution. Epontic, benthic, planktonic; euryhaline; the commonest diatom in the estuarine environment. Australia: found at all stations, Queensland to Eden.

268. Nitzschia seriata Cl. (Pl. 1, Fig. 18.)

Cl., 1883, 3, 478.

Boyer, 1927b, 526.

Lebour, 1930, 213, 78.

Cells colonial, in staggered formation, united near their ends, and moving in a sliding fashion relative to each other, frustules fusiform; keel puncta indistinct, obsolete or nearly so, about the same number as the striae. Length, 35–50μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic, marine; planktonic and epontic on rocks, algae, sea grasses, and fouling test plates Australia: North Australia, Lake Macquarie, Port Jackson, Botany Bay, Port Hacking, Eden, Port Phillip, Derwent River, Fremantle Harbour, and in coastal plankton tows from Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia; winter form in plankton from Sandy Cape offshore station to Storm Bay New Zealand: frequent in phytoplankton tows from many stations, distribution appears general.

Bacillaria Gmelin

Cells linear-oblong, united into moveable colonies by its neighbouring cells; movement either as a group or by individual cells relative to one another; keel straight, median, punctate.

Many authors, including Boyer, unite Bacillaria and Nitzschia in which case Bacillaria antedates Nitzschia. Hendey considers the characters are distinctive enough for separation of the genera (see Hendey, 1951, pp. 74–75), and also for synonymy.

276. Bacillaria paxillifer (O. F. Muller) Nitzsch. (Pl. 8, Fig. 119.)

Nitzsch 1817, 75.

Hend 1851, 74.

Vibrio paxillifer O. F. Muller 1786, 54.

Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin, 1788, 3903, ex Nitzsch 1817.

Cells in colonies arranged in palisade formation or free; frustules linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, with tapering, blunt extremities; keel puncta strong, central, striae transverse; cells in colonies actively motile with respect to each other. Length, 50–75μ.

Distribution. Estuarine-neritic, marine; planktonic, benthic, epontic on algae, sea grasses, fouling test plates, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, New Zealand. Very widely distributed.

Genus Hantzschia Grun. in Cl. & Grun., 1880

Genus Campylodiscus Ehr., 1841

Cells solitary; frustules with two saddle-shaped valves at right angles to each other; valve surface costate, costae mostly converging from margin towards hyaline centre which sometimes appears like a pseudoraphe; plastids. 2.

Key to the Species of Campylodiscus

1.	Costae continued across median space	C. undulatus.
	Costae not continued across median space		2.
2.	Median space linear		4.
	Median space more or less rectangular		3.
3.	Costae forked towards margin	C. adriaticus.
	Costae paired	C. ornatus.
4.	Area with transverse costate lines	C. crebrecostatus.
	Area clear	C. biangulatus.
	Area finely striate	C. samoensis.

284. Campylodiscus ornatus Grev., 1863. (Pl. 8, Fig. 127.)

Grev., 1863b, 13, 1, 3.

A.S., 1875, 51, 6, 17, 17.

Boyer, 1927b, 555.

Cells solitary; frustule discoid-saddle shaped; costae converging from margins towards hyaline centre, then tapering, paired; rows of parallel poroids between each rib; central area more or less rectangular, punctate. Diameter, 85μ.

Distribution. Estuarine. Epiphytic. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie, v.mesoleia Grev., 1863. From Australia by A.S. (1875) 51.

285. Campylodiscus adriaticus Grun. (Pl. 8, Fig. 128a, b.)

Grun., 1862, 126, 11, 8.

A.S., 1875, 16, 13.

In valve view sub-orbicular, somewhat flexuous; costae radiate, forked near margin, with fine interstitial puncta; median area subquadrate, with two folds. Diameter, 70μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking.

286. Campylodiscus undulatus Grev. (Pl. 9, Fig. 129a.)

Grev., 1863b, 3, 229.

Boyer, 1927, 550.

Suborbicular in valve view; costae bifurcating, continued across median area but interrupted by lanceolate median space; very variable form Diameter, 100μ.

Distribution. East Australian estuaries, not uncommon.

v leudigeri Deby. (Pl. 9, Fig. 129b.)

Differs from type in narrow median space.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking.

287. Campylodiscus biangulatus Grev. (Pl. 9, Fig. 130.)

Grev., 1863, 4, 2.

Grun., 1862, 120.

A.S., 1875, 14, 18–22.

Valves heart-shaped, strong convolute; costae strong, bifurcate near margin, reaching linear-ovate median space; costae strong, very strong in valve view. Diameter, 60–80μ.

Distribution. Australia: West of Bass Strait.

288. Campylodiscus samoensis Grun. (Pl. 9, Fig. 131.)

In A.S., 1875, 15.

C. incertus A.S., 1875, 15.

Valves suborbicular; rays narrow, extending to about half radius; area elliptical, with narrow, linear median space from which extend transversely finely punctate striae. Diameter, 70μ.

Distribution. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour; Campbell Island (Petit, 1877).

289. Campylodiscus crebrecostatus Grev. (Pl. 9, Fig. 132.)

Grev., 1863b, 11, 14.

Boyer. 1927b, 550.

Valves sub-orbicular; costae extending to ⅓ of radius; area elliptical with transverse costate lines; median space narrow, linear. Diameter, 60μ.

Distribution. Australia: Heron Island. Described from Port Jackson, New South Wales, by Greville (type locality). St. Vincent Gulf (A.S., 1875, 15).

290. Campylodiscus daemelianus Grun. (Pl. 9, Fig. 138c.)

In A.S., 1878, 54, 1, 2.

Valves sub-circular, slightly curved; costae thin, extending inwards about ⅓ radius, with two irregular rows of puncta, one on each side of costae and in two orders with a space between, the large central area contains rows of irregularly-spaced puncta, almost parallel in the central portion of valve, radiate towards ends. Diameter, 80–100μ.

Distribution. Australia: Yamba, Gippsland Lakes. Type locality, Yarra Yarra, Victoria.

The following species of Campylodiscus have been recorded previously:—

• C. diplostictus Norman. (In Pritchard, 1861.) Australia.

• C. latus Shadb., 1854. (C. kittonianus Grev., 1860; C. ambiguus Grev., 1860; C. contiguus A.S., 1875; C. centralis Greg., 1857). (A.S, 1893, 207, 6.) Australia.

• C. ornatus v. mesoleia Grev., 1863. (A.S., 1875, 51.) Australia.

• C. ralfsi W. Sm., 1863. (Petit, 1877, 30.) Lyall Bay.

• C. simulans Greg. (Petit, 1877, 31.) Campbell Island. (C. thuretii Breb.)

• C. robertsianum Grev., 1861 Harvey Bay (=C. diplostictus Norm.)

Appendix to Descriptive Section

The following species of centric forms have been observed since Part 1 was prepared for press.

Genus Melosira

291. Melosira crenulata (Ehr.) Kütz. (Pl. 9, Fig. 133.)

Kütz., 1844, 55.

Boyer, 1927a, 29.

Gallionella crenulata Ehr., 1843, 2.

Cells in short chains; frustules cylindrical, two to three times longer than broad, denticulate at junction of cells with a narrow furrow on each side of suture; puncta irregular or transverse. Length, 25μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson.

Genus Coscinodiscus

292. Coscinodiscus argus Ehr. (Pl. 9 Fig. 134, 135.)

Ehr., 1839. 129.

Kolbe, 1954, 28.

Coscinodiscus crassus Bail., 1856, 22, 4.

C. heteroporus Ehr., 1844.

Cells discoid, solitary; small angular central space present, valve markings larger near centre, angular, somewhat irregular, decreasing then increasing to large hexagonal cells, smaller at border. Diameter, 130μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking, Paynesville (Gippsland lakes), benthic. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour, Hauraki Gulf, planktonic; from Oamaru as C. heteroporus.

293. Coscinodiscus debilis Grove. (Pl. 9, Fig. 136.)

In A.S., 1890, 163, 5.

Cells large, discoid, solitary; valves flat, with no central area; areolae fine, even except near margin, almost radial.

Distribution. Brackish water, benthic Australia: Port Hacking; Lake Dobson. Recorded from Oamaru (type locality).

Genus Cyclotella (Kütz.) Breb. 1838

Frustules single or geminate, cylindrical, discoid; in girdle view rectangular with undulating sides; valves with central area and wide border; the centre bullate, hyaline or with fine radiating lines and scattered puncta; border striate or costate; chromatophores numerous.

294. Cyclotella menenghiniana Kütz. (Pl. 9, Fig. 137.)

Kütz., 1844, 50.

Boyer, 1927a, 38.

A.S., 1900, 222, 23, 24.

Frustules rectangular, slightly undulate in girdle view; central part of valve minutely punctate in radiating lines; margin well defined, wide, coarsely striate, striae transversely punctate. Diameter, 35–40μ.

Distribution. Australia: Clarence River, N.S.W. (near mouth).

The following genera, not listed in Part II, have been described by previous authors from the Australasian region:—

Genus Anaulus Ehr., 1844

• A. mediterraneus Grun. (in A.S., 1893, 200, 22). Auckland.

• Genus Caloneis Cleve, 1894

• C. alpestris (Grun.) Cl., 1894. (Østrup, 1910, 10.) Australia.

• C. amphisbaena (Ehr.) Cl., 1894. (As Navicula amphisbaena) (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

• C. blanda (A.S.) Cl., 1894. (Østrup, 1910, 11.) Australia.

• C. liber (W. Sm.) Cl., 1894. (Nav. maxima Greg., Nav. liber W. Sm.) (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

• C. linearis (Grun.) Boyer, 1927. (Nav. linearis Grun.) (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

Genus Campyloneis Grun., 1862

• C. grevillei W. Sm., 1856. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

Genus Diatoma D.C., 1805

• D. cretae Ralfs, 1861 (in Pritch., 1861). Australia.

• D. hiemale (Lyngb.) Heib., 1865. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

• D. pinnatum (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

• D. striolatum (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

Genus Dictyoneis Cl., 1890

• D. marginatus (Lewis) Cl., 1890 v. janischi Cl., 1894. (A.S., 1893, 188, 50.) Oamaru.

Genus Dimerogramma Ralfs in Pritch., 1861

• D. australe (Petit) Boyer, 1927, 194. (Petit, 1877.) Type loc. New Zealand. (=Rhaphoneis surirella.)

• D. fulvum (Greg.) Ralfs, 1861. (Gr. & St., 1887.) Oamaru.

Genus Entopyla Ehr., 1848

• E. australis Ehr., 1848. (Petit, 1877, 15.) Lyall Bay, Shark Bay. (As Gephyra incurvata Arn. by Gr. & St., 1886, 323.) Oamaru.

• E. ocellata (Arn.) Grun., 1862 (A.S., 1902, 231, 5–6.) Australia

Genus Eunotogramma Weisse, 1854

• E. weissii Ehr., 1854 v. producta Gr. & St. (Gr & St, 1886, 8). Oamaru.

Genus Glyphodesmis Grev.

• G. marginata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1886, 323.) Oamaru.

Genus Omphalopsis Grev., 1863c

• O. australis Grev., 1863. (Grev., 1863c, 35.) Woodlark Island.

Genus Opephora Petit, 1888.

• O. pinnata (Jan. & Rab., 1849–50). Petit, 1888. New Zealand.

Genus Podocystis Kütz, 1844.

• P. adriatica Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

Genus Rhaphoneis Ehr., 1844.

• R. nodulifera (Gr. & St.) Brun, 1891 (As Cocconeis nodulifera) (Gr. & St., 1887, 131; A.S., 1893, 193, 12). Oamaru.

• R. fasciolata Greg., 1857. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay. v. australis Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bal (=R. surirella v. australis).

• R. rhombus Ehr. (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay (=R. amphiceras.)

Genus Rhoicosphenia Grun., 1860

• R. curvata (Kütz.) Grun. in v H., 1885. (Gr. & St., 1886, 322.) Oamaru.

Genus Rutilaria Grev.

• R. epsilon Grev., 1863. (Gr. & St., 1887, 74.) Oamaru.

• R. lanceolata Gr. & St (Gr. & St., 1886, 323.) Oamaru.

• R. (Pseudorutilaria) monile Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1886, 324.) Oamaru.

• R. pulchra A.S, 1893 (A.S., 1893, 183, 20). Oamaru.

• R. radiata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1886, 323.) Oamaru.

Genus Stictodesmis Grev., 1863c

• S. australis Grev., 1863c. (Grev., 1863c, 34.) Harvey Bay, Port of France, New Caledonia.

Genus Toxonidea Donk., 1858.

• T. falcata Donk., 1858. (Petit, 1857.) Foveaux Strait.

Genus Trachysphenia Petit, 1877

• T. aucklandica Grun. (Rhaphoneis australis H. L. Sm.) (Boyer, 1927.) Australia.

• T. australis Petit, 1877. (Petit, 1877.) Campbell Island.

Seasonal Distribution of Epontic Diatoms

The data which have been accumulated in this laboratory on the seasonal distribution of epontic diatoms include information from Botany Bay (Text-fig. 1, Fig. 26) and Lake Macquarie. In each case, there appear to be three diatom maxima in these estuaries, in December-January, in April-May (sometimes May-June) and in August-September On most occasions, there are several species involved in the maximum, but on a particular occasion in Botany Bay (June, 1948) only one species (Nitzschia sigma) occurred, completely overgrowing and excluding most other species. At other times, N. sigma was an unimportant and infrequent member of the flora

A. diatom maximum, as depicted in a graph, usually represents a succession of dominants—i.e., there are several, superimposed peaks. As the species involved in these maxima may vary from season to season, it is difficult to make a detailed correlation of diatom maxima with hydrological conditions.

The Significance of Diatoms

(a) Diatoms As Indicators

The use of diatoms as indicators depends on the existence of species which are sensitive to changes in water conditions. This has been discussed in Part I, as most indicator forms are regarded as planktonic. However, the presence of epiphytic species (e.g., Rhabdonema, Licmophora) in the plankton is an indication of recent or present estuarine influence, and other species (e.g., Striatella irterrupta) indicate brackish water.

The writers have found that, in east Australian estuaries, at a given time, each Zostera flat can often be characterized by the diatom association thereon. Typical

Cocconeis heteroidea	N. longissima
Navicula cyprinus	N. sigma
N. granulata	N. martiana
N. grevillei	N. hungarica
N. lyra	Surirella fastuosa
Actinoptychus senarius	Surirella gemma
Auliscus sculptus	Diploneis crabro
Cerataulina pclagica	D. smithii
Synedra fulgens	M. cribrosa
S. undulata	M. strigilis
Rhabdonema adriaticum	Amphora alata
Licmophora flabellata	A. gigantea
L. abbreviata	A. hyalina
L. grandis v. divisa	A. javanica
L. grandis v. divisa	A. spectabilis
Pinnularia major	A. proteus
Trachyneis aspera	Hantschia amphioxys
Anomoeoneis serians	Bacillaria paxillifer
Tropidoneis lepidoptera	Campylodiscus ornatus

This flora has much in common with that described by Hendey, though some northern species have been replaced by their southern hemisphere counterparts. It is obviously related to the flora of the estuaries, and there is no evidence of a specific fouling flora to correspond with the fauna that is often specific to fouling associations.

On toxic surfaces, selectivity occurs, as Hendey has pointed out, and this selectivity is due to a difference in the resistance of individual species to the poisons used to combat fouling. The resistance of some Australian species to copper and mercury is given in Table V.

Unfortunately, the actual concentrations of the poisons in the paints referred to in Table V is not known, but the mercury paint was more inhibitory than the copper. Stanbury, working at Plymouth, England, found that some species—e.g., Amphora exigua, Amphiprora paludina, Achnanthes longipes, Navicula grevillei, Nitzchia closterium and Cocconeis scutellum, resisted higher concentrations of mercury than of copper in in vitro experiments.

Diatoms can attach readily to moving surfaces, and Wood (1956) found that they assisted in forming a felt (primary film) on a disc the periphery of which was rotating at a continuous 11.2 knots. As the stationary controls, did not have a diatom felt, it would appear that the movement favoured growth of diatoms by inhibiting the attachment of other organisms, which failed at speeds above 2 knots.

Table V
Diatoms on Test Plates after 14 Days in Port Hacking.

Non-toxic Controls	Mercury Paint	Cold Plastic MI. 143E	High Leaching Rate Copper
Nitzschia longissima		N. longissima	N. longissima†
N. closterium		N. closterium
Amphora arcta	A. arcta	A. arcta	A. arcta†
Licmophora abbreviata		L. abbreviata	L. abbreviata†
Climacosphenia moniligera
L. flabellata	L. flabellata
Grammatophora marina	G. marina
Cocconeis heteroidea
Melosira moniliformis
Coscinodiscus centralis	C. centralis

IX. Acknowledgments

The writers have to acknowledge the very great help and encouragement that they received from Mr. N. Ingram Hendey, who gave freely of his experience, to Professor V. J. Chapman for his interest in publication of the papers, Dr. M. Cassie for supplying material from New Zealand, and to Mr. R. Breach for his able assistance with the microphotography.

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