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Volume 86, 1959
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Sub-Order Biraphidineae
Family Naviculaceae
Genus Navicula Bory 1894

Cells solitary or colonial in mucous sheaths; frustules in valve view linear-elliptic or oblong, with rounded, capitate or rostrate ends; raphe present on each valve; axial and central areas usually distinct; striae parallel or radiate, finely or coarsely punctate, lineate or apparently smooth; plastids vary; pyrenoids usually absent.

Key to the Species of Navicula
1. Frustules in valve view elliptical 2.
Frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate 5.
Frustules in valve view lanceolate 10.
Frustules in valve view rhombic-lanceolate N. cuspidata.
2. Two hyaline lateral areas constricted at central area 3.
Axial area narrow, linear, central area rounded to stellate N. clementis.
Axial area narrow, with dilated central area N. tuscula.
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3. Lateral areas convergent at apices N. forcipata.
Lateral areas not convergent at ends 4.
4. Axis elevated in girdle view N. subcarinata.
Axis not elevated 14.
5. Cells in gelatinous matrix 6.
Cells solitary 7.
6. Apices rounded in valve view N. grevillei.
Apices obtuse, constricted N. viridula.
7. Central area slightly produced on one side, giving an irregular appearance N. peregrina.
Central area not markedly asymmetrical 8.
8. Valve coarsely punctate 11.
Valve not coarsely punctate 9.
9. Axial area narrow, linear 13.
Axial area broad (half valve width) N. americana.
Axial area lanceolate, indented centrally N. yarrensis.
10. Surface striate N. gracilis.
Surface costate 12.
11. Central area narrow, straight; puncta irregular near central area N. brasiliensis.
Central area wider between central and terminal nodules; puncta regular N. granulata.
12. Apices produced N. cyprinus.
Apices sub-acute N. radiosa.
13. Valve centrally depressed N. meniscula.
Valve not centrally depressed N. clementis.
14. Lateral areas of more or less even width N. lyra.
Lateral area wide in the middle, tapering to apices N. spectabilis.

182. Navicula cyprinus (W. Sm.) Boyer (Pl. 4, Fig. 40.)

Boyer, 1916, 95, 26, 21.

Hend., 1951, 47, 9.9.

Pinnularia cyprinus Ehr., 1844, 7, i, 11, 7.

Navicula cyprinus Kütz., 1844, 99, 29, 35.

Pinnularia cyprinus Ehr. in W. Sm. 1853, 57, 18, 176.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view lanceolate, in girdle view linear with produced apices: surface costate, costae transverse at extremities, radiating near centre, and somewhat sigmoid. Length, 70–85μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline, benthic, occasionally epontic on weeds and fouling test plates. Australia: Heron Island, Lake Macquarie, Port Hacking; freshwater, Lake Conjola. New Zealand: Wainui (Wellington).

183. Navicula brasiliensis Grün. (Pl. 3, Fig. 41.)

Grün., 1863, 152, 14, 10.

Hend., 1953, 157, 1, 3.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptic-lanceolate, apex rounded; striae coarsely punctate, puncta irregular near central area; central area narrow, almost uniform in width Length, 72–90μ. Hendey (1.c.) examined type specimens and separated this species from other closely allied forms.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic as a rule but also epontic on weeds and fouling test plates. Australia: Lake Macquarie, Port Hacking. New Zealand: Oamaru (Gr. and St., 1887).

184. Navicula grevillei (Ag.) Cl. (Pl. 3, Fig. 42a; Pl. 4, Fig. 42b.)

Cl., 1894, 152.

Boyer, 1916, 99, 31, 3–4; 1927, 376.

Hend., 1951, 46, 4, 1–6, 5, 1–4, 6, 1–13, 7, 1–5.

Schizonema grevillei Ag., 1830, 19.

W. Sm, 1856, 77, 68, 364.

Cells usually colonial, enclosed in a gelatinous tube, much branched and tufted, usually uniseriate, one end of each cell overlapping its neighbours; frustules in girdle view oblong, with rounded corners, in valve view elliptic-lanceolate; valve surface with transverse and slightly, radiate striae, girdle longitudinally striate; axial area narrow and linear Length 28–40μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic; forms slime on rocks and sand, and acts as shore binding agent; also epipytic slime on algae and marine grasses, and

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epontic on fouling test plates; common; widely distributed on shores in Australia and New Zealand.

185. Navicula lyra Ehr. (Pl. 4, Fig. 43a.)

Ehr., 1843b, 131.

Kütz., 1844, 94, 28, 55.

Hend., 1951, 50, 10, 1.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptical, apices gently rounded; this species group is characterized by two hyaline lateral areas constricted in the central area, and accounting for the specific name; striae transverse, punctate. Length, 60–150μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic. Australia: Port Hacking, found on a few occasions on surface of muds.

N. lyra v. australica is recorded by Schmidt (1875), from Port Lincoln, v. atlantica by Petit (1877) from Foveaux Strait, and v. bullata by Norman from Shark Bay (type loc.).

Navicula lyra var. elliptica A. S. (Pl. 4. Fig. 44b, c, d.)

A.S., 1874, 1, 39.

Hend., 1951, 50, 10, 4–5.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptical with gently rounded ends; lateral areas converging towards the ends; surface transversely striate; striae reduced to one or two puncta in the central area and towards the apices. Length, 50–150μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic; sometimes epiphytic, and epontic. on fouling test plates. Australia: Heron Island, Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay, Port Hacking.

186. Navicula subcarinata, Hendey (Pl. 4, Fig. 44.)

Hend., 1951, 50, 10, 2–3.

N. lyra var. subcarinata Grun., in A. S., 1875, 2, 5.

Cells solitary; frustule in valve view elliptical with slightly rounded or produced extremities; in girdle view the axial area appears elevated, particularly at the extremities; this may be a variety of N. lyra, as Grunow suggests, but the central area seems characteristic. Length 72–100μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline; benthic, but occasionally epontic on weeds and fouling test plates. Australia: Heron Island, Moreton Bay, Lake Macquarie, Botany Bay and Port Hacking. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour.

187. Navicula peregrina (Ehr.) Kütz. (Pl. 4, Fig. 45.)

Kütz., 1844, 97, 28, 52.

Boyer 1916, 94 26, 20; 1927, 339.

Hend., 1951, 52, 16, 5, 17, 12.

Pinnularia peregrina Ehr., 1844, 133.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view linear-elliptic with abruptly rounded ends; valves with narrow axial area central area clear, oval or rectangular, slightly produced on one side giving a very uneven appearance; surface striate, striae transverse, radiating towards ends. Length 100–150μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; euryhaline, benthic, occasionally epontic on algae and marine fouling test plates. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie; not very common. New Zealand. As Pinn. peregrina form by Ehr., 1869.

188. Navicula gracilis Ehr. (Pl. 4, Fig. 46.)

Ehr., 1838, 176, 13, 11.

Kütz. 1844, 91, 3, 48.

Boyer, 1927(b), 385.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 130, 756, a-d.

Cells colonial in gelatinous tube; frustules in valve view lanceolate with obtuse extremities: striae transverse, short in central area radial, then more or less transverse. Length, 30–50μ.

Distribution. Fresh water form; found in brackish water at Lake Conjola, Australia.

189. Navicula viridula Kütz. (Pl. 3, Fig. 47.)

Kütz., 1844, 91, 30, 47; 4, 10, 15.

Boyer, 1927, 388.

Schizonema thwaitesi Grun. in van H., 1880–85, 15, 38.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 150, 805a.

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Cells usually colonial in sheath; frustules enclosed in gelatinous tube forming dense, crowded colonies; in valve view lanceolate-elliptic, with obtuse, constricted apices; striae transverse to radial; central area large, oval. Length, 50–18μ.

Distribution. From brackish water at Lake Conjola, Australia.

190. Navicula americana Ehr. (Pl. 4, Fig. 48.)

Ehr., 1843, 129.

Boyer, 1916, 98, 26, 8; 1927, 372.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 183, 887.

Cells solitary; frustules linear-elliptic with broadly rounded ends; axial area broad, about half width of valve, dilated centrally; striae parallel with the middle, radiate near extremities. Length, 180μ.

Distribution. Brackish water at Lake Conjola; recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910).

191. Navicula forcipata Grev. (Pl. 4, Fig. 49.)

Grev., 1859, 83, 6, 10–11.

Hend., 1951, 48, 12, 1.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 105, 709 a, b.

Cells solitary; frustules in valve view elliptical; surface striate, striae transverse, punctate; striae interrupted by two hyaline areas constricted in the middle and convergent at the ends, resembling Navicula lyra. Length, 50μ.

Distribution. Estuarine; brackish water. Australia: Lake Conjola, uncommon.

192. Navicula yarrensis Grun. (Pl. 4 Fig. 50.)

Grun. in A. S., 1876, 46.

Boyer, 1927(b), 418.

Valves elliptic-lanceolate with obtuse ends; axial area lanceolate, widened centrally; striae radiate in middle, slightly convergent and closer at ends. Length, 60–90μ.

Distribution. Brackish water. Australia: Lake Macquarie, Lake Illawarra, Conjola, Mallacoota, Betka River; type locality Yarra Yarra, Victoria (fossil). A. S. (1876).

193. Navicula cuspidata Kütz. (Pl. 4, Fig. 51.)

Kütz, 1844, 94.

Boyer, 1927(b), 366.

Valves rhombic-lanceolate with acute ends; axial area narrow, not widened centrally; striae transverse, parallel, finely punctate. Some valves have a strongly costate inner stratum. Length, 80–150μ.

Distribution. Lake Conjola. Recorded from Australia by Ralfs (1861).

194. Navicula tuscula (Ehr.) van H. (Pl. 4, Fig. 52.)

van H., 1885, 95.

Boyer, 1927(b), 385.

Pinnularia tuscula Ehr., 1840, 21.

Stauroptera tuscula Ehr., 1854, 6.

Stauroneis punctata Kütz., 1844, 106.

Navicula punctata (Kütz.) Donk., 1871, 36.

N. amphibola Cl.? in Cleve-Euler, 1953b.

Valves elliptical, with rostrate-capitate ends; axial area narrow; central area dilated into large, irregularly divided transverse area; striae coarsely lineate, usually interrupted by several longitudinal blank lines, radiate in curved lines. Length, 40–70μ.

Distribution. Lake Conjola.

195. Navicula clementis Grun. (Pl. 4, Fig. 53.)

Grun., 1882, Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 148.

Valves broad-lanceolate to elliptic with rostrate to swollen, rarely produced ends; axial area narrow, linear, central area irregularly rounded to almost stellate with 1–4 isolated puncta near the central nodule; striae radial, fine, closer at ends. Length, 30–60μ.

var. rhombica Brockmann, 148.

In Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 148.

Broadly rhombic-lanceolate with slightly produced, blunt ends. Length, 35–40μ.

Distribution. Australia: Lake Conjola.

196. Navicula granulata Bail. (Pl. 4, Fig. 54a, b.)

Bail., 1853, 7, 10.

Boyer, 1927b, 404.

Hend, 1953.

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This species differs from N. brasiliensis in that the central area is wider, slightly panduri-form, while the puncta are regular near the central area; intergrades occur between the two species (Pl. 4, Fig. 54b), and it seems doubtful whether they can be maintained. Length. 80–90μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking, Lake Macquarie, Gippsland Lakes. New Zealand: Auckland Harbour. Recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910).

197. Navicula radiosa Kütz. (Pl. 5. Fig. 55.)

Kütz., 1844, 91.

Boyer. 1927b, 3, 97.

Cleve-Euler, 1953b, 816.

Cells solitary; valves lanceolate, narrow, with sub-acute ends; axial area very narrow, indistinct; central area small; costae radiate in the middle, convergent at ends. Length, 80–120μ.

Distribution. Fresh to brackish water Australia: Lake Dobson, Port Hacking. Recorded from Australia by Østrup (1910).

198. Navicula meniscula Schumann (Pl. 5, Fig. 56.)

Schumann, 1864–9.

Hust in A.S., 1934, 399, 30–33.

Hohn, 1951, 16, 34, 129.

Cells solitary, valves elliptic-lanceolate with acute ends; costate, punctate, somewhat irregular near central nodule. Length, 50μ.

Distribution. Fresh water. Australia: Lake Dobson, Tasmania.

199. Navicula spectabilis Greg. (Pl. 5, Fig. 57.)

Greg, 1857, 481.

Boyer 1927, 412.

Cleve-Euler 1953b, 107, 712.

Valves elliptic; lateral areas broad, constricted in middle, and tapering sharply at apices, with faint striae in middle of area; a row of punctate striae on each side of axial area; differs from N. lyra and N. hennedyi in shape of axial area. Striae radiate, coarse, parallel to transverse axis Length 70–110μ.

Distribution. Australia: Port Hacking.

The following forms have been recorded previously as Naviculas; their generic affiliations will be indicated.

  • N. affinis Ehr. var. undulata Grun. is Neidium affine var. undulatum (Petit, 1877). Lyall Bay.

  • N. amphilepta Ehr. (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand. (= N. affinis).

  • N. amphirhynchus v. Neidium amphirhynchus (Ehr.) Boyer. (Ralfs in Pritch. 1361). Australia.

  • N. amphisbaena (is Caloneis amphisbaena. Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

  • N. apis Ehr. (is Diploneis adonis var. Oamaruensis Cl.). (Gr. & St., 1886. 322: A.S. 1890, 172, 7.) Oamaru.

  • N. atomas (Naegeli) Grun., 1860. (Synedra atomas Nag. in Kütz., 1849.) (Østrup, 1910, 68.) Australia.

  • N. (stauroneis) Australis (Grev.) (Grev. 1863c) type loc. Harvey Bay. (? = N. biformis Grun.)

  • N. bacilliformis Grun. in Cl. & Grun., 1880. (Østrup, 1910; Boyer, 1927, 369.) Australia, New Britain.

  • N. bacillum Ehr., 1854. (Østrup, 1910, 40.) Australia.

  • N. biconstricta Gr. & St., 1887, 132 is a Diploneis. Oamaru.

  • N. biseriata Petit, 1877 (non. Diploneis biseriata Cl.) (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait (= Caloneis biseriata (Pet.) Cl.)

  • N. campbellu Petit, 1877 (non N. campbellu Perag., 1915). (Petit, 1877, 22.) Campbell Island (Caloneis campbellu (Pet. Cl.)

  • N. cancellata Donk., 1871. (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. capitata Ehr. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 900). Australia.

  • N. cardinalis Ehr. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

  • N. cari? (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand (=N. cincta v. cari (Ehr.) Cl.)

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  • N. chilensis (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844 (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 907). Australia. (= Pinn. borealis v. brevistriata Aust.)

  • N. cincta (Ehr.) vH., 1885 (Pinnularia cincta Ehr., 1854.) (Navicula Kützingiana H. L. Sm., 1878.) (Østrup, 1910, 75.) Australia.

  • N. clancula A.S., 1875 (is Diploneis interrupta var. clancula (A.S.) Cl. (Ralfs in Pritch, 1861.) Australia.

  • N. crabro Ehr. (is Diploneis crabro Ehr., 1854.) (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. decora Gr. & St., 1887. (Gr. & St., 1887, 133; A.S., 1890.) Oamaru.

  • N. decussata Erh.? (Petit, 1877, 23). Lyall Bay.

  • N. diversa Grev. 1863c. Curtis Island (type loc.) (= Diploneis weissflogn A.S.?).

  • N. definita Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 73). Oamaru.

  • N. diconstricta Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 132). Oamaru. (? Diploneis.)

  • N. dispersa Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 132) Oamaru.

  • N. disphenia (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844 (Pinnularia disphenia Ehr., 1843). Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 908. Australia (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

  • N. distans W. Sm., 1853. var. (Petit, 1877, 26). Foveaux Strait.

  • N. dubia (Ehr.) (v. Neidium dubium (Ehr.) Cl., 1894). (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

  • N. entomon Ehr. in Kütz., 1844 (is Diploneis gemmatula (Grun.) Cl., 1894; Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. esox Kütz., 1844 (is Pinnularia esox Kütz.) Cl., 1891. (Petit, 1877.) Campbell Island.

  • N. firma Kütz., 1844 (is Neidium iridis (Ehr.) Cl., 1894). (Petit, 1877; Boyer, 1927, 321.) Foveaux Strait; Australia.

  • N. fortis (Greg.) Donk, 1871. (Petit, 1877, 22.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. fusca Ralfs in Pritch., 1861 (is Diploneis fusca (Greg.) Cl., 1894). (Petit, 1877, 25.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. gastrum exigua (Greg.) Grun., 1880. (Østrup, 1910, 78.) Australia.

  • N. gemmata and v. mediterranea Grun. (are Diploneis gemmata (Grev.) Cl. 1894. (Petit, 1877; Gr. & St., 1886.) Foveaux Strait, Oamaru.

  • N. gracilis Ehr., 1838 (Ehr., 1869). New Zealand.

  • N. graeffii Grun. in A.S., 1875 (is Diploneis graeffii (Grun.) Cl. 1894.) (Petit, 1877, 24.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. gotlandica Grun., 1880. (Østrup, 1910, 78.) Australia.

  • N. gruendleri A.S., 1873 (is Diploneis gruendleri (A.S.,) Cl., 1894). (Cl. & Grun., 1880.) Oamaru.

  • N. hennedyi W. Sm., 1856. (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. hochstetteri Grun. in A.S., 1875. (Petit, 1877.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. incurvata Greg., 1856 (is Diploneis incurvata (Greg.) Cl., 1894). (Petit, 1877.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. inelegans Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 132; A.S., 1934, 393, 12, 13.) Oamaru.

  • N. inflexa (Greg.) Donk., 1871. (Petit, 1877, 22.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. inhalata A.S., 1875 (Petit, 1877, 24.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. interlineata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1886). Oamaru. (N. lyra gp.)

  • N. interlinedia Gr. & St. (A.S., 1893, 204, 11.) Oamaru.

  • N. johnsoniana Grev., 1861. Harvey Bay; New Zealand. (= Trachyneis johnsoniana (Grev.) Cl.)

  • N. lanceolata (Agh.) Kütz., 1844. (Østrup, 1910, 80.) Australia.

  • N. liber W. Sm., 1853. (Is Caloneis liber (W. Sm.) Cl. 1894.) (Petit, 1877, 21.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. linearis Grun., 1860 (is Caloneis linearis (Grun.) Boyer, 1927).

  • N. lobata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 133.) Oamaru.

  • N. longa (Greg.) Ralfs, 1861. (Petit, 1877, 26.) Foveaux Strait.

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  • N. luxuriosa Grev., 1863. Type loc. N.S. Wales, Australia.

  • N. margino-lineata Gr. & St. (Gr & St., 1887, 132). Oamaru. (= Caloneis musca v. marginolineata.

  • N. margino-punctata Gr. & St. (Gr.& St., 1887, 132). Oamaru. (= Caloneis musca v. marginolineata.)

  • N. maxima Greg., 1857. (Is Caloneis liber (W. Sm.) Cl., 1894.) (Petit, 1877, 21.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. mediopartita Gr. (A.S., 1893, 204, 6). Oamaru.

  • N. microsoma Kütz., 1844. (Petit, 1877, 20.) Campbell Island.

  • N. nitescens Ralfs in Pritch., 1861. (Is Diploneis nitescens (Greg.) Cl., 1894.) (Petit, 1877, 24.) Foveaux Strait.

  • N. nivalis Ehr. (Østrup, 1910, 37.) Australia. (= N. mutica v. nivalis (Ehr.) Aust.)

  • N. nobilis (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Boyer, 1927, 445.) Port Lincoln.

  • N. notabilis A.S., 1875 (Petit, 1877, 25). Foveaux Strait.

  • N. oamaruensis Grun. (Is Diploneis adonis (Grun.) Cl. var. oamaruensis Cl., 1894.) (A.S., 1893, 204, 13.) Oamaru.

  • N. ovulum Grun., 1860. (Petit, 1877, 21.) Lyall Bay. (= Diploneis litoralis (Donk.) Cl.).

  • N. oxyptera Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 906.) Australia.

  • N. pachyptera (Ehr.) Kütz., 1844. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia. (= Pinn. lata v. costata.)

  • N. placentula Ehr., 1843. (Østrup, 1910, 82.) Australia.

  • N. placita Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 133.) Oamaru. (= N hochstetteri v. placita.)

  • N. praetexta Ehr., 1840 (Petit, 1877, 24; Gr. & St., 1886, 323). Lyall Bay, Foveaux Strait, Oamaru.

  • N. quarnerensis Grun., 1860 var. dilatata Petit, 1877. (Is Mastogloia jelineckii Grun.) (Petit, 1877, 21.) Campbell Island.

  • N. radiosa Kütz., 1844. (Østrup, 1910, 82.) Australia.

  • N. retusa Breb. in Cl., 1895. (Is Pinnularia ambigua Cl., 1895.) (Petit, 1877, 22.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. rhomboides Ehr. (Is Frustulia rhomboides.) (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861.) Australia.

  • N. rhombus Petit, 1877. (Is Mastogloia rhombus (Petit) Cl., 1895.) (Petit, 1877 23.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. roteana (Rab.). vH., 1880. (Østrup, 1910, 323). Australia.

  • N. salicula Ehr. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861). Australia.

  • N. salandriana Grun. (Gr. & St., 1887, 73.) Oamaru.

  • N. serians Breb. (Is Anomoeoneis serians (Breb.) Cl., 1894. (Ralfs in Pritch. 1861.) Australia.

  • N. smithii Breb. (Is Diploneis smithii (Breb.) Cl., 1894. A.S., 1875, 7, 18; Petit. 1877.) Australia; Foveaux Strait; v. minor Petit, 1877; non West, 1812. (Is D. smithii) (Petit, 1877; Gr. & St., 1886, 322.) Lyall Bay, Oamaru.

  • N. spathifera (Gr. & St., = N. lobata Gr. & St., 1887).

  • N. sparsipunctata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1886) Oamaru.

  • N. splendida Greg., 1856. (Is Diploneis splendida (Greg.) Cl., 1894.) (Petit, 1877, 26.) Lyall Bay.

  • N. styliformis Ehr. (Ralfs in Pritch., 1861, 907). Australia. (= Pinn. streptoraphe.)

  • N. trilineata Gr. & St. (Gr. & St., 1887, 132.) Oamaru.

  • N. variolata Cl. (A.S., 1890, 174, 26). Oamaru.

  • N. weissflogii A.S., 1875. (Is Diploneis weissflogii (A.S.) (Cl., 1894.) (Petit, 1877. 26.) Lyall Bay.

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