Head measured to 1st gill-opening about 5.9—6.2 in the total length. Head depressed and strongly wedge-shaped in profile so that the snout tip is markedly pointed. The least fleshy interorbital distance is at the anterior level of the eyes where it is 2.2 in the head. Snout short, greatly depressed and thin, and with a definite ventrolateral edge which is prominent from the level of the mouth to the tip of the snout. Contour of snout from above bluntly pointed at the snout tip, with almost straight margins extending posteriorly to the level of the nostrils, where the margins are slightly convex. Posterior to the nostrils the head contours gradually widen to reach the maximum width of the head at the level of the 1st gill-opening. Length of snout measured to the eye 3.4–4.0 in the head and just less than or equal to the horizontal diameter of the eye Eye large, oval, almost three times as long as high, its horizontal diameter 3.3–3.4 in the head. Spiracle large, and placed level with the dorsal margin of the eye and posterior to it by a distance equal to its own height. Gill openings vertical, concave and in a horizontal series anterior to the pectoral base. Lengths of the gill-openings increasing from the 1st to the 5th, the latter being 1.5.—1.7 in the horizontal diameter of the eye. The interspaces between the 1st and 2nd, 2nd and 3rd, and 3rd and 4th gill-openings subequal, and about 1.5 times that between the 4th and 5th. Nostrils of moderate size, slightly oblique, and placed well anterior on the ventral surface of the snout Interspace between the nostrils 1.5—1.8 in the snout. Each nostril subdivided into two apertures, one lateral and subcircular, the other medial and subovoid, by the anterior and posterior nasal flaps which are extensions of the anterior and posterior nasal margins. The anterior flap is triangular, thin, sharply pointed and directed posteriorly, and external to the deeper and rather fleshy posterior flap. The medial nasal aperture is margined, anteriorly and posteriorly, by a naked membranous fold Mouth moderately arched and broad, its width just less than the preoral distance. Preoral clefts rather short, reaching one-third of the distance from the corners of the mouth to the upper symphysis, but extended posteriorly as furrows which are twice as long as the preoral portion.

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Teeth 16–1–15/14–1–9 in the male, 17–1–17/14–15 in the female, dissimilar in the two jaws. The upper teeth erect, at least at the centre third of the jaw, though towards the angles the cusps become stiongly oblique, more so in the female than in the male. Each upper tooth with a moderately short, sharply-pointed, mainly smooth-edged, awl-shaped cusp borne on a square to rectangular base. The basal portion of each cusp is expanded on both the medial and lateral sides, where it joins the base, but its continuation on to the base is abruptly constricted so that the cusp as a whole stands out from the base as a short, dagger-shaped structure with an enamelled blade. Some of the upper teeth, in both the functional and reserve series, show traces of irregular serration of their cutting edges, particularly at the shoulders of the cusps, though it is not a prominent feature. The teeth in the middle third of each side of the upper jaw are slightly larger than those towards the symphysis or the angle. Three to four series of teeth functional at the centre of the jaw, two or three towards the angles. The lower teeth blade-like, each with a quadrangular base with rounded angles and bearing a single, sharply-pointed, triangular cusp Each cusp, with the exception of that of the symmetrical median tooth in the male (no equivalent tooth is present in the female) is oblique and deeply notched laterally where it joins the base. In the male, the cusps are much less oblique, particularly at the centre of the jaw, than those in the female, where the cusps are so reflexed as to form an almost continuous cutting edge. The cutting edges on the median side of all the cusps are slightly sinuous and irregularly and finely serrate, while those on the lateral side are almost straight and mostly smooth-edged. Two series of lower teeth are functional.

First dorsal large, of moderate height but with a long base, and originating smoothly from the dorsal profile a little anterior to the level reached by the posterior tip of the pectoral when the latter is adpressed to the side of the trunk. Height of the 1st dorsal 2.0–2.3 in the length of that part of its base measured from the origin of the 1st dorsal spine to the posterior insertion of the base. The 1st dorsal spine short, the length of its exposed tip a little more than one-third of the height of the 1st dorsal, and its origin about halfway along the anterior margin of the fin. The apex of the 1st dorsal rounded, the distal margin weakly concave or straight. The 2nd dorsal similar to the 1st, but with a shorter base. Origin of the 2nd dorsal just anterior to the level of the insertion of the pelvic fin. Length of the posterior part of the 2nd dorsal base measured from the origin of the 2nd dorsal spine to the insertion of the base, about 1. 5 in the length of the equivalent portion of the 1st dorsal base. The 2nd dorsal spine very short in the male, the length of its exposed tip 3.0 in the length of the 1st dorsal spine, in the female the 2nd dorsal spine is slightly longer than the 1st. The anterior margin of the 2nd dorsal fin convex, the apex smoothly rounded and distal margin slightly concave. The posterior free tip pointed and extending well posterior to the hypural origin but just failing to reach the epiural origin. Caudal measured from the hypural origin 5. 2 to 6. 2 in the total length, the cpiural lobe moderately developed, the hypural lobe deep Height of the epiural lobe about 3. 5 in its length and 1. 5 to 2.0 in the height of the hypural. The margin of the epiural almost straight, the terminal lobe truncate or slightly concave and separated from the hypural lobe by a distinct subterminal notch. Origin of the hypural well anterior to the origin of the epiural

Text-fig. 5.—Centrophorus squamosus, male 480 mm, New Zealand Figs. A—E—Dermal denticles from high on side at level of 1st dorsal fin. Fig. A—External view of three denticles, showing wide spacing. Figs. B—C—External views. at different angles, of a denticle, showing its underlying base. Fig. D—apical view. Fig. E—Lateral view. Fig. F—Denticle from inter-orbital region. Fig. G—Denticle from upper lip. Fig. H—Denticle from lower lip. Fig. I—Denticle from caudal fin. (N. B.—Figs. A—B are at right angles to the surface of the skin. Figs. C, F—I are at right angles to the surface of the blade of the denticles.)

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and midway between the insertion of the 2nd dorsal base and the posterior free tip of the 2nd dorsal fin. The lower anterior margin of the hypural concave at its origin but convex towards the apex, the margins of which form an acute angle though the apex itself is rounded. The posterior hypural margin concave. The pectorals about twice as long as broad, and originating just posterior to the 5th gill-openings. Length of the pectorals 1. 3 to 1. 5 in the head, so that when adpressed to the sides of the trunk they fail to reach the origin of the 1st dorsal spine by a distance equal to 2/3 or more of the horizontal diameter of the eye. The anterior margin of the pectoral straight for the proximal 2/3 of its length, but slightly convex distally. The posterior angle extended as a pointed tip about 1/9th to 1/12th the length of the anterior margin. In the male this extension was described by Thompson as being on the right fin only, and “practically absent” on the left, though whether this might be due to damage or wear was not stated. The distal margins of both pectorals of the male have since been damaged so that no further comment is possible In the female, the left pectoral fin extension is present, but not the right, though it is obvious from examination that the posterior angle of the right fin has been damaged or worn.

The pelvics originate well posterior to the posterior tip of the 1st dorsal, the interspace between these levels equal to or greater than the length of the posterior part of the 1st dorsal base measured from the origin of the 1st dorsal spine to the insertion of the base. The anterior, distal and posterior pelvic margins straight, the apex sharply rounded, and the posterior free tip pointed and terminating a little posterior to the level of the 2nd dorsal spine. The claspers

ovoid in section and sharply pointed distally, their tips slightly upturned and extending behind the posterior free tip of the pelvic fin for a distance equal to half the horizontal diameter of the eye. A subterminal lateral spur is present on each clasper, but is so closely adpressed to the side of the clasper that it is not obvious on superficial examination.

Colour (in formalin): Uniform greyish brown.

(b) juveniles: Text-fig. 4, A—J;, Text-fig. 5, A—I; Text-fig. 1, H (as C. foliaceus.)

For proportional dimensions in per cent. of total length, see Table I, column C (as C. foliaceus.

Description as for adults, except as given below; based on male 480 mm and female 515 mm T.L.

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Height of trunk at origin of pectorals about 1/8 of its length to origin of caudal. Length of body measured to cloaca, 61% of the total length.

Dermal denticles of moderate size, bristle-like to the touch, distributed uniformly but loosely so that there are considerable interspaces between the blades, and clothing the entire body except the axils of the fins and the lower lip. The dermal denticles of the trunk each with an erect, slender, tridentate blade borne on a four-angled pedicle arising from an essentially thomboidal-shaped base. The blades are directed posteriorly away from the surface of the skin so that the angle between the under surface of each blade and the skin is about 50° or more. Each blade is produced distally as a long and sharply pointed median tooth flanked on each side by a short, sharp, lateral tooth which reaches only about half-way along the length of the blade. The external surface of each blade carries a high, steep-sided median ridge, which is sharp-topped distally where it extends to the tip of the median tooth, but round-topped towards the basal end of the blade where it also has a shallow, longitudinal groove along its crest. This median ridge extends without interruption from the blade on to the pedicle and is continuous with the ridge arising from the anterior angle of the base. In the female of 515 mm, there are in addition to the denticles just described, newly-erupted denticles of a different shape, scattered throughout the others on the sides of the trunk. These new denticles are not yet pigmented, and rise less steeply from the skin. They are slightly longer, but 1½ times to twice as wide, so that the median tooth is relatively shorter. Mostly the blades are tridentate, with a high median ridge, but a few have two or three irregular lateral teeth on each side of the median tooth. The base of each denticle has four major angles, from which the four major ridges arise, but in addition there is one and sometimes two minor angles on the anterior margin of each side of the base, so that each of these anterior margins is shallowly scalloped either two or three times. From each of the minor angles there is a minor ridge extending on to the pedicle. The denticles from the inter-orbital region have the same facies as those from the trunk, except that the blades are much shorter and wider, and in many instances there are two lateral teeth on each side of the median tooth. The denticles from the snout and upper lip have subcircular blades, each of which terminates in a median tooth, and there are no lateral teeth. The median ridge is also considerably lower and usually just fails to reach the tip of the median tooth, while the lateral margins of each blade are thickened so that there is an incipient ridge on each side. The denticles from the lower lip are almost sessile, each having a heavy, subcircular blade terminating in a blunt median tooth, and bearing two lateral ridges on each side in addition to the low, median ridge which is itself subdivided into two ridges by the prominent longitudinal groove on its crest. The denticles from the tail are similar to those from the trunk region, though the basal end of each blade is elongated, so that the lateral teeth reach about three-quarters of the way along the blade instead of only half-way. The base of each caudal denticle has only the four primary angles and ridges, there being no scalloping on the anterior margins.

Head measured to 1st gill-opening 5. 1 to 5. 3 in the total length. The least fleshy inter-orbital distance 2. 4 in the head. Length of snout measured to eye 3. 2 in the head. Horizontal diameter of eye 2. 8 in the head. Lengths of the gill-openings increasing slightly from the 1st to the 5th, the latter 2. 4 in the horizontal diameter of the eye. Interspace between the nostril 1. 8 to 2.0 in the snout.

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Teeth 16–17/14–15 in the female of 515 mm. Some specimens with a symmetrical median upper tooth, but none with a symmetrical median lower tooth. The degree of obliquity of the cusps of both the upper and lower teeth varies somewhat, but in all specimens it increases considerably towards the angles of the jaws. Lower teeth on the larger specimens with irregular serrations on their cutting edges.

Height of the 1st dorsal fin 1. 6 in the length of that part of its base measured from the origin of the 1st dorsal spine to the posterior insertion of the base. Tip of the 1st dorsal spine just failing to reach the apex of the fin. The 2nd dorsal fin just higher than the 1st, but with a shorter base. The 2nd dorsal spine similar to the 1st, but slightly longer. Caudal measured from the hypural origin 4. 2 to 4. 3 in the total length. Height of the epiural lobe