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Volume 87, 1959
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Review of Results and Acknowledgments

Relative Stratigraphic Importance of Fossil Groups.

Foraminifera are of the greatest importance in the uppermost Cretaceous and define the contact between the Cretaceous and Tertiary, which at most places in New Zealand is gradational and not easily defined by macrofossils. Foraminifera become progressively less useful in the lower stages, in part because of the higher degree of compaction of the strata, and are less reliable than molluscs for stratigraphic division in the Raukumara and pre-Raukumara stages.

Ammonites have been less useful than might be expected. They are extremely rare at most places and of little use for internal correlation. Several have proved to be reliable for overseas correlation, but some have provided misleading ages, or have suggested internal correlations that have been given undue weight. Belemnites are abundant and well preserved only in the Piripauan and Arowhanan shelf sediments at a few places. They appear to have little stratigraphic importance, but have not been studied closely.

Inoceramus and Aucellina are by far the most useful fossils. Distinct species of Inoceramus are known from all stages except the Teurian and Korangan, and division is based largely on this genus. At present Aucellina is known only in the Motuan and Korangan, but it is a facies tolerant genus and useful new species will probably be found in pre-Ngaterian beds.

The usefulness of the other molluscs is limited by their virtual restriction to a small range of shelf sediments. Several small faunas remain to be studied, but it is unlikely that many large well preserved faunas remain undiscovered.

The rapid increase in the abundance and number of species of angiosperms from the Albian to Senonian represents a floral revolution as important as the faunal revolution at the end of the Cretaceous. Within the critical Albian to Senonian age-range pollens may prove to be the most diagnostic fossils. Microfloras have been studied from a few of the marine stages, but further work is required for close correlation of the non-marine beds of the southern and western parts of the South Island.

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Validity of Stages and Possibility of Finer Divisions..

The sequence of the Mata and Raukumara stages has been established in many sections. A new stage or substage could possibly be established for the upper part of the Haumurian, which contains ammonites and belemnites but is without Inoceramus, but the independent foraminiferal evidence required to prove its validity is not evident at present. The relation of Inoceramus australis to I. pacificus in the Piripauan is not well known. The two fossils do not occur together, and it is possible that three zones are present, I. australis lying below I. aff. pacificus and above I. pacificus, but more close collecting is required to establish these zones.

The Inoceramus zones within the Raukumara Series are separated at most places by barren zones as thick as or even thicker than the fossiliferous beds themselves. It would be of interest to know whether the “barren zones” contain gradational forms, or whether the three upper key species—I. nukeus, I. opetius and I. bicorrugatus are as distinct as they now appear to be I. rangatira is undoubtedly a distinct and not closely related species.

The stages of the Clarence Series are less well established. The Ngaterian is the best defined. Its contact with the Arowhanan is known at several places and its contact with the Motuan, although not as well known, is reasonably good. The Motuan occurs at several places but it is difficult to understand why the lower Cretaceous stages are represented by unfossiliferous sediments in so many apparently continuous pre-Motuan sections. The Urutawan and Coverian are known with certainty only at their type localities, and they may overlap. Coverham is a likely place in which to establish their true relationship. The Coverian in particular is poorly defined stratigraphically and is included as a stage partly for historical reasons. The Korangan and Mokoiwian present a similar problem. The Korangan fossils are poorly preserved, inconspicuous, and easily missed, and new localities are likely to be found, most probably in the Wairarapa. The uniform dark mudstone lithology of the Mokoiwian Stage at all localities is in itself a problem. The stage would be better established if it were also represented by other kinds of sediments.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Drs. J. Marwick and C. A. Fleming for criticising the original draft of this paper and for their willing assistance and encouragement. I also wish to thank Dr. Fleming for providing the lists of macrofossils and Mr. N. de B. Hornibrook for the lists of Foraminifera, and Dr. J. A. Jeletsky for plaster casts of Canadian Inoceramus specimens. In the field I have been assisted by many geologists all of whom I wish to thank. In particular I am grateful to Mr. H. E. Fyfe for showing me the important Cretaceous sections in the Kaikoura Subdivision.

The original draft of this paper, written in 1956 while the writer was working for the New Zealand Geological Survey, N.Z. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, has been considerably amplified while at the Victoria University of Wellington, information gained during 1957 and 1958 being added. I have to thank the directors of the British Petroleum Company of England for permission to include a description of new fossil localities near Gisborne and Mr. J. Bradley, of Wellington University, and Mr. I. G. Speden, of the New Zealand Geological Survey for corrections to the final draft. I have also to thank Mr. R. W. Willett, Director of the New Zealand Geological Survey, for arranging the drafting of the illustrations.

Appendix

New Species of Inoceramus from the New Zealand Cretaceous

Eighteen species have been recognized, but only five have been named previously I australis, I. pacificus, I. concentricus, and I. concentricus var. porrectus (now I. tawhanus) by Woods in 1917, and I. bicorrugatus by Marwick in 1926. Brief.

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diagnoses of the species not previously described are now given to allow citation of their names in the text of the foregoing paper.

The holotypes of the new species are in the New Zealand Geological Survey, Lower Hutt (catalogue numbers with prefix: TM).

Inoceramus matotorus n.sp. (Plate 23, Fig. 1)

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. M: Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

A large species of Inoceramus generally found only as fragments, so that its shape is not well known. Shell up to 10 mm thick, but much thinner near the beak. Fairly well inflated when young, but shell flattening and even becoming concave near the ventral margin when adult. Concentric ribs weak and irregular, obsolete in adult part of shell. Shell structure of overlapping prismatic layers that project as frills on the exterior of shell. The overlapping layers are best seen in cross section of the shell. The sculpture and shell-cross-section-structure are diagnostic.

Holotype. Height 210 mm, shell thickness 2 mm. GS1604, lower part of Ihungia Stream, Mata Survey District. Coll. M. Ongley, 1922 (HM2110).

Distribution. Northland, Raukumara Peninsula, Wairarapa, Marlborough, Canterbury (Amuri Bluff, and Trelissick Basin). About ten localities known.

Age and Affinities. Haumurian Stage (Maestrichtian). No overseas affinities known.

Inoceramus nukeus n.sp. (Plate 23, Fig. 2).

  • 1917. Inoceramus sp. Woods, N.Z. geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 4, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4.

  • 1928 Inoceramus glatziae Fleg.; Heinz, Min. geol. Staatstinst, Heft 10: 126 (not of Fleg.).

  • 1955 Inoceramus sp. A. Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z., 83: 96.

  • 1956 Inoceramus sp. N, Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Shell small, almost equivalve, winged, less variable than most species, rather short and rounded. Anterior flank steep, retracted, with obsolete sculpture, meeting disc at an angle to form a sharp carina on internal moulds that is often sharpened by compaction. Two orders of concentric ribs; the large irregular, distant, steep sided especially on their ventral sides, more pronounced on inside than on outside of shell; the small more regular, 5 or 6 to each of the larger ribs. In well preserved specimens fine radial threads show on both interior and exterior of shell. Often they are not exactly normal to the concentric ribs.

The structure and shape are diagnostic in good specimens, but poor material can be confused with I. hakarius.

Holotype. Height c. 58 mm; length c. 41 mm; inflation c. 24 mm. GS6427. Waimata River, Tautane Survey District, Wairarapa. Coll. M. Ongley (TM2111).

Distribution. Northland, Raukumara Peninsula, Wairarapa, and Marlborough. About 30 localities known.

Age and Affinities. Upper part of Teratan Stage (Santonian to Campanian). Perhaps related to the European Inoceramus lobatus Goldfuss.

Inoceramus opetius n.sp. (Plate 23, Fig. 3).

  • 1955. Inoceramus sp. B, Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z. 83: 104.

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. O, Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

An abundant, gregarious, but very variable species. Medium to large, thin-shelled, mytiliform to rounded shovel shaped. Concentric ribs poorly to moderately developed and irregular, tending to cross the centre of the disc with a large radius of curvature and to climb steeply, crowded at anterior and posterior margins. Ribs low, rounded, with interspaces

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averaging half their width, sometimes with impersistent secondary threads. Axial line poorly defined. Mytiliform specimens show a broadly sinused anterior margin, and steep unsculptured anterior area joining the disc at a prominent carina.

Holotype. Height 140 mm; width 127 mm; inflation, 15 mm. GS3225. Two miles south of Waimarama, Hawke's Bay, Coll. J. Buchanan, 1938 (TM2112).

Distribution. Northland, Raukumara Peninsula, Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and eastern Marlborough. About 60 localities known.

Age and Affinities. Lower part of Teratan Stage (Santonian to Campanian). Probably related to Inoceramus lingua Goldfuss.

Inoceramus rangatira n.sp. (Plate 23, Fig. 4)

  • 1955. Inoceramus sp. (huge) Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z., 83: 105.

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. R. Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Represented by numerous fragments and a few beaks. Shell gigantic (estimated height 1.5 metres), outline and adult shape unknown. Juvenile inequivalve and moderately inequilateral. Left beak prominent, moderately incurved, right much smaller. Both thickened by secondary layers of prismatic shell. Hinge thick, strengthened by a plate extending downwards below the beaks.

Adult shell up to 17 mm thick, with broad symmetrical concentric undulations 50 to 80 mm apart and with fine, widely-spaced concentric lines parallel to the undulations. Exterior covered by a distinctive reticulate pattern of low narrow branching radial riblets. Interior smooth.

Diagnostic reticulate pattern makes it possible to identify small fragments of adult shell.

Holotype. Fragment of adult shell 270 by 190 mm, only part shown on plate. GS5993, Mangaotane River half a mile downstream from Te Rata Stream. Coll. G. W. Grindley, 1954 (TM2113).

Distribution. Northland, Raukumara Peninsula, Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and East Marlborough. About 30 localities known.

Age and Affinities. Arowhanan Stage (Coniacian). No definite overseas affinities known.

Inoceramus tawhanus, nom. nov.

  • 1917. Inoceramus concentricus var. porrectus Woods, N.Z. geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. 4: 10 pl. 4, figs. 1a and 1b.

  • 1955. Inoceramus porrectus Woods; Wellman, Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z. 83: 106.

  • 1871. not Inoceramus porrectus Eichwald. Geonost.-Palaeont. Bemerk. ü. Halbins. Mangischedk u. Aleut. Ins.: 191.

Wellman in 1955 mentioned that the form described by Woods (1917: 10, pl. iv, fig. 1) as Inoceramus concentricus var. porrectus is a distinct species and referred it to I. porrectus Woods. This name is preoccupied by I. porrectus Eichwald and the species is here renamed I. tawhanus nom. nov. vice porrectus Woods.

Distribution. Woods described the type from the Sawpit Mudstone of Coverham in the lower Clarence Valley and a variety with stronger ribs from the volcanic sandstone of the middle Awatere. Valley Both localities are in Marlborough. Specimens like the type have since been found in Northland, Raukumara Peninsula, Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and in other localities at Marlborough. Important localities are at Motu Falls Section and in a boulder derived from upper Cretaceous beds at Port Awanui. At Motu Falls I. tawhanus occurs with I. hakarius and I. fyfei in the type Ngaterian and at Port Awanui with Otoscaphites awanuiensis Wright, an ammonite that closely matches an English upper Turonian species. Allied forms occur at all the localities mentioned above. They may be distinct species with stratigraphic importance but this has not yet been established.

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Fig. 1.—Inoceramus matotorus n.sp. Holotype, X ½, TM2110, GS1604. Anterior view of two valves, exterior of shell (Haumurian Stage).
Fig. 2.—Inoceramus nukeus n.sp. Holotype, X 1, TM2111, GS6427. Left valve, interior of shell. (Teratan Stage).
Fig. 3.—Inoceramus opetius n.sp. Holotype, X ½, TM2112, GS3225. Right valve, worn exterior of shell (Teratan Stage).
Fig. 4.—Inoceramus rangatira n.sp. Holotype, X ¼, TM2113, GS5923. Fragment of adult, exterior of shell (Arowhanan Stage).

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Fig. 5. —Inoceramus fyfei n.sp. Holotype, X 1, TM2114, GS6277. Right valve, interior of shell (Ngaterian Stage).
Fig. 6. —Inoceramus ipuanus n.sp. Holotype, x ½, TM2115, GS5830. Right valve, rubber mould of exterior (Motuan Stage).
Fig. 7. —Inoceramus urius n.sp. Holotype, X 1, TM2116, GS7332. Left valve, interior of shell (Motuan Stage).
Fig. 8. —Inoceramus hakarius n.sp. Holotype, X 1, TM2117, GS6521. Right valve, partly decorticated (Ngaterian Stage).

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Fig. 9. —Inoceramus warakius n.sp. Holotype, X ½, TM2118, GS6660. Fragment of adult, exterior of shell (Mokoiwian Stage).
Fig. 10. —Inoceramus sp. Z. GS5814, X ½, TM2119, GS5814. Fragment of adult, exterior of shell (Coverian Stage).
Fig. 11. —Inoceramus kapuus n.sp. Holotype, X 1, TM2120, GS5786. Juvenile, exterior of shell (Urutawan Stage).

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Age and Affinities. Ngaterian Stage (upper Turonian). I. tawhanus is probably related to the European form I. lamarcki var. apicalis Woods, to the Canadian I. coulthardi McLearn and I. selwyni McLearn, to the Japanese I. concentricus costatus N.&M. and I. teshioensis N.&M., and to the Californian I. aduncus Anderson. The correlatives are all Turonian and probably all upper Turonian in age.

Inoceramus fyfei n.sp. (Plate 24, Fig. 5)

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. F, Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Known from a few beaks and several associated large fragments. Shell large, with regular, almost circular, concentric ribs that are replaced at margin of adult shell by irregular undulations marked by strongly irregular growth lamellae. Hinge line about half length of shell and at about 90° to anterior margin. Axial line poorly defined. The strongly irregular growth lamellae in the adult shell are diagnostic.

Holotype. Height 60 mm; length 50 mm; inflation 10 mm. GS6277, Motu Falls Section, Raukumara Peninsula. Coll. G. J. Lensen, 1956 (TM2114).

Distribution. Raukumara Peninsula (Motu Falls Section), Wairongamai Stream, Mangaotane River, Wairarapa (near Flat Point), and East Marlborough (Dee River, Wharfe Stream, Burr River).

Age and Affinities. Ngaterian Stage (Upper Turonian). The irregular growth lamellae suggest affinity with I. lamarcki Park. of the European Turonian. The ribbing and shape are similar to I. jacksonensis Anderson from the upper-Turonian of Oregon.

Inoceramus ipuanus n.sp. (Plate 24, Fig. 6)

  • 1919. Inoceramus sp. Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst., 51: 306, from Herring River (= Seymour River).

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. I, Wellman, XX Congr. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Shell medium sized, almost equivalve, extremely inequilateral and elongate, mytiliform. Axial line well defined and concave towards posterior-dorsal margin. Sculpture of strong regular concentric ribs, about half as wide as interspaces, rarely joining in pairs towards dorsal margin. Ribs stronger on interior than on exterior of shell. Curved, well defined axial line, and widely spaced ribs are diagnostic.

Holotype. Height 145 mm; width 65 mm; inflation 19 mm. GS5830, unconformably below Ngaterian basalt and freshwater beds, Seymour River, Mid-Clarence Valley. Coll. R. A. Couper and R. P. Suggate, 1953 (Suggate, 1958: 400) (TM2115).

Distribution. Raukumara Peninsula (near Motu Falls Section), Hawke's Bay (Waikopiro High), Wairarapa (Bushgrove Stream) and East Marlborough (Seymour River, type).

Age and Affinities. Upper part of Motuan Stage (Lower Turonian or Upper Cenomanian). In shape and rib pattern I. ipuanus resembles I. labiatus var. mytiloides from the lower Turonian of Europe, but the ribs are stronger in I. ipuanus and the edges of the growth lines more regular. I. glennensis Anderson (lower Turonian) and I. duplicostatus Anderson (upper Cenomanian and lower Turonian) from California are similar mytiloid forms.

Inoceramus urius n.sp. (Plate 24, Fig. 7)

  • 1955. Inoceramus porrectus (in part); Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z., 83: 100.

Shell small to medium in size, extremely elongate and oblique, with well developed posterior wing. Beak small and pointed, moderately incurved. Hinge about a third of length of shell. Axial line convex to dorsal margin. Sculpture of weak concentric ribs, close set near

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the beak, replaced by gentle irregular concentric undulations in adult. Faint radial striae in some specimens.

Holotype. Height 42 mm; length 48 mm; inflation 12 mm. GS7332; Motu Falls Section, access road, 200 feet stratigraphically below Aucellina euglypha band. Coll. H. W. Wellman, 1958 (TM2116).

Distribution. Raukumara Peninsula (Motu Falls Section, and upper Waioeka River), Wairarapa (near Tinui), and east Marlborough (Wharfe Stream, Coverham). I. urius and related forms are known from about 40 localities.

Age and Affinities. Lower part of Motuan Stage (upper Cenomanian). I. urius is close to unfigured specimens described as I. aff. crippsi Mant. from the Cenomanian of England.

Inoceramus hakarius n.sp. (Plate 24, Fig. 8)

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. H; Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Known from a few uncrushed and several crushed specimens.

Shell small, sub-quadrate. Beak small, pointed, and only slightly incurved. Maximum inflation in ventral art of shell. Hinge line about two-thirds length of shell and at about 80° to anterior margin. Axial line poorly defined. Two orders of concentric ribs; larger are rounded and only moderately regular; smaller are regular and continuous except along margins, and normally show as clearly on interior as on exterior of shell. Type from concretion and only slightly crushed. Most specimens crushed and a sharp carina formed between disc and anterior margin. Shape and two orders of ribs diagnostic, but poorly preserved specimens can be confused with I. nukeus.

Holotype. Height 33 mm; length 33 mm; inflation 18 mm. GS6521, Mata River, near mouth of Waingakia River, Raukumara Peninsula. Coll. H. W. Wellman and M. C. Pick, 1956 (TM2117).

Distribution. Raukumara Peninsula and East Marlborough (Bolton River). About ten localities known, most are in the Raukumara Peninsula.

Age and Affinities. Ngaterian Stage (Upper Turonian). I. hakarius is probably related to some forms of I. lamarcki Park. from the Turonian of England.

Inoceramus warakius n.sp. (Plate 25, Fig. 9)

  • 1877. “large flat Inoceramus”; McKay, Rep. geol. Explor., 9.

  • 1955. Inoceramus sp. C; Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z. 83: 109.

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. W; Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Diagnosis is based on many fragments of adult shells and a few associated beaks that show the shape of the juvenile shell. Juvenile similar to I. concentricus Park but left beak smaller, less incurved, and narrows more rapidly. Juvenile exterior ornament not known, interior ornament of widely spaced irregular undulations that only become prominent 20 mm from beak. Hinge about half length of juvenile. Shape of adult not known, but large flat fragments suggest a sudden change in shape, possibly about 40 mm from beak. Interior of adult shell smooth. Exterior with fairly regular concentric bands that have finely irregular margins unlike those in any other New Zealand species. Maximum thickness of shell 5 mm. Maximum height is inferred from largest radius of rib curvature to be at least 1,000 mm (3ft). Adult fine ornament probably diagnostic.

Holotype. Fragment of adult shell 250 mm by 170 mm. GS6660, trib. Wairongamai Stream, Tapuwaeroa Valley, Raukumara Peninsula. Coll. M. C. Pick 1956 (TM2118).

Distribution. Tapuwaeroa Valley and a few other localities in Raukumara Peninsula, Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, and mudstone below Wharfe Sandstone at Coverham, Marlborough.

Age and Affinities. Mokoiwian Stage (upper Neocomian or lower Aptian). No overseas affinities known.

Inoceramus sp. Z (Plate 25, Fig. 10)

  • 1919. “large flat Inoceramus”, Thomson, Trans. N.Z. Inst. 51: 313.

  • 1955. Inoceramus aff. anglicus Woods; Wellman, Trans. roy. Soc. N.Z. 83: 108.

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. Z; XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Only fragments available. Shell moderately large with fairly regular concentric ribs, some of which unite at the shell margins. Ribs separated by wide interspaces, and more conspicuous

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on interior than on exterior of shell. They are 12 mm apart on the holotype, which is a fragment judged to be about 180 mm from the beak.

Holotype. Fragment 100 mm by 105 mm, GS5814, dark mudstone in Ouse River immediately above Wharf Sandstone of Coverham, Middle Clarence Valley, Marlborough. (Anglicus? zone of Wellman, 1955.) Coll. G. W. Grindley, 1953 (TM2119).

Distribution. The species is known with certainty from Coverham only.

Age and Affinities. Coverian Stage (Albian). As far as can be judged the fragments resemble the middle Albian Inoceramus anglicus Woods, but the material available is inadequate for full diagnosis. Larger fragments that have been collected recently are similar to Inoceramus ipuanus.

Inoceramus kapuus n.sp. (Plate 25, Fig. 11)

  • 1956. Inoceramus sp. K; Wellman, XX Congr. geol. internac. Mexico, Resumenes: 352.

Shell medium to large, little inflated, with irregular, fairly strong concentric ribs. Axial line poorly defined in adult. Large posterior car. Juvenile ornament of about 12 concentric ribs per centimetre abruptly giving way to adult ornament about 23 mm from beak. Adult

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Fig. 20. —Representative Cretaceous columns showing variations in thickness and in sedimentary facies. Four columns on left from east coast of South Island; five on right from Raukumara Peninsula.

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somewhat similar to Inoceramus opetius but differs in having strong posterior ear and distinct juvenile and adult ornament.

Holotype. Height 65 mm; length 32 mm; GS5786, Motu Falls section. Coll. H. W. Wellman, 1954 (TM2120).

Distribution. Known only from the Motu and Matawai district, Raukumara Peninsula.

Age and Affinities. Urutawan Stage (Cenomanian). Related to the European Inoceramus crippsi Mantell (Cenomanian), to the Japanese I. yabe N.&M. (Cenomanian), and to the Californian I. eolobatus Anderson (lower Cenomanian).

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H. W. Wellman,


Geology Department,
Victoria University of Wellington,
P.O. Box 196, Wellington.

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